碩士 / 國立中興大學 / 資訊科學與工程學系所 / 98 / This dissertation implements an efficient Taiwanese Pinyin input method. You do not need to input the tone when you input Pinyin, so you do not need to consider the problem of Taiwanese tone sandhi. Users can input many types of Taiwanese phonetic symbols, which are Tongyong Pinyin, Taiwan Pinyin, Taiwanese Romanization System, and Peh-Oe-Ji. Novice users also can fuzzy input those Pinyin. We add three input modes, which are First-Syllable input mode, English input mode, and abbreviation input mode, to increase input efficiency. First-Syllable means the first letter sequence of each syllable. This means that a user only needs to input a Taiwaness phonetic symbol per character (syllable), which is very efficient compared to the current methods. In English mode and abbreviation mode, you can input the English word or English abbreviation to get Chinese word. You can use those input mode when you don''t konw the Taiwinese Pinyin of the word but you know its English translation or abbreviation. Users may not like some Taiwanese words, so we provide Chinese words for choice. And we provide this function that users can mark Taiwanese Pinyin. In order to deal with the lack of Taiwanese language corpus, we apply the Chinese word frequency instead of Taiwanese word frequency in phoneme to character translation. We use an algorithm based on three word maximum matching combined with unigram probability. The accuracy is improved from 45% to 60.3%.

Desde os primeiros trabalhos lingüísticos efetuados sobre o quimbundo, língua banta H20 na classificação de Guthrie (1948), nota-se uma ausência de informações detalhadas e confiáveis a respeito de elementos sua estrutura prosódica e de sua fonologia como um todo. Essa lacuna me instigou a realizar, seguindo o quadro de pesquisas sobre as línguas africanas estabelecido pelo Departamento de Lingüística da Universidade de São Paulo, um estudo descritivo da fonologia segmental e supra-segmental do quimbundo, cujos resultados se organizam nesta tese de doutorado. O presente trabalho, tomando como base de investigação quatro variedades regionais representadas por cinco falantes nativos do quimbundo, abrange, no bojo da descrição lingüística, fenômenos verificáveis na estrutura segmental e prosódica da língua, tais como a harmonia vocálica, alterações de natureza fonética na configuração da estrutura silábica, casos de mudança de timbre vocálico, apagamento de segmentos, direção e extensão do espraiamento de traços consonantais e de tons fonológicos. Finalmente, a observação e a análise do fenômeno de sândi ao nível dos suprasegmentos permitem afirmar que o quimbundo utiliza variações de altura com valor distintivo apenas numa perspectiva paradigmática, o que comprova, portanto, seu estatuto de língua tonal. Acredito que a descrição aqui realizada é uma forma de lançar visibilidade ao quimbundo nas pesquisas sobre as línguas africanas e de atualizar as perspectivas de estudo da língua dentro das teorias lingüísticas. / From the first linguistic works on Kimbundu, a Bantu language coded as H20 according to Guthries zone classification (1948), there has been a lack of detailed and reliable information about the elements comprising its prosodic structure, and its phonology altogether. This gap has instigated my conducting a detailed description of both segmental and prosodic phonology of Kimbundu within the research framework for African languages set forth by the Linguistics Department of the University of São Paulo, and whose results make up this Ph.D. dissertation. Based on four regiolects represented by five native Kimbundu speakers, this descriptive study covers phenomena which can be found in the segmental and prosodic structure of this language, such as vowel harmony, phonetic alternations in the setup of the syllable structure, vowel quality changes, segment deletion, and the direction and range of consonantal feature and phonological tone spreading. Finally, the study of prosodic sandhi corroborates that Kimbundu makes use of different distinctive pitches only on a paradigmatic perspective, which proves true the claim that this is a tonal language. I strongly believe that this description work can be used to shed light upon Kimbundu on further research on African languages, in addition to updating the prospect studies of this language within linguistic theories.

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Resumo: A presente Dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo da possibilidade de geminação em Português Arcaico, no período conhecido como trovadoresco, de dois pontos de vista: a partir da determinação do status de grafias duplas de consoantes e vogais e a partir da análise de casos específicos de grafias simples que podem representar sons complexos (no nível fonológico). Como corpus, são consideradas 114 cantigas de amigo e de amor, extraídas de quatro fontes diferentes: Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Pergaminho Vindel e Pergaminho Sharrer. Realizou-se, primeiramente, uma investigação a respeito das relações entre letras e sons, na escrita do Português Arcaico, a partir do estabelecimento de contextos de ocorrência e variações de escrita possíveis para uma mesma palavra, ou palavras que contenham contextos de ocorrências semelhantes para um dado valor consonantal e vocálico. Em um segundo momento, os dados obtidos foram interpretados dentro da perspectiva dos modelos de Fonologia Não-Linear a respeito da sílaba, tendo em vista, principalmente, a hierarquia de constituintes proposta pelo modelo métrico (SELKIRK, 1980; HOGG; MCCULLY, 1987; HAYES, 1995; CAGLIARI, 1997; MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999a). Foram mapeados todos os casos de consoantes e vogais duplas na escrita e também os casos de escritas de vogais simples, mas que podem ter status de geminadas, interpretando-os, no nível fonológico. Foi feito um levantamento dos casos de sândi de vogais idênticas e dos verbos nos pretéritos perfeito e imperfeito do indicativo que apresentam vogais "suspeitas", por razões dos processos flexionais dos verbos e interpretamos fonologicamente todos os casos quanto ao seu status...(Resumo completo, clicar no acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This Dissertation aims to study the possibility of gemination in Medieval Portuguese, in trovadoresco period (XIIIth - XIVth centuries), from two different viewpoints: the determination of the phonological status of double spelling consonants and vowels; and the analysis of specific cases of simple spelling vowels that could possibly represent complex sounds in phonological level. The corpus is composed by 114 secular cantigas, from four different sources: Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Pergaminho Vindel and Pergaminho Sharrer. Firstly, the relations between letters and sounds in Medieval Portuguese writing system were investigated, aiming to determinate the contexts of occurrence and possible variations for the same word representation - or words that contain similar occurrences for consonantal and vocalic values. The data was interpreted from Non-Linear Phonology approach, chiefly those theories concerning the hierarchical structure of the syllable (SELKIRK, 1980; HOGG; MCCULLY, 1987; HAYES, 1995; CAGLIARI, 1997; MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999). All the cases of double consonants and vowels in the cantigas writing system were mapped, as well as all the cases of simple vowels that possibly represent complex sounds in phonological level. The cases of external vocalic sandhi of identical vowels and inflexion of verbs in indicative past perfect and past imperfect tenses were also taken into consideration. The analysis shows that gemination in Medieval Portuguese exists, although quantitative distinctions (long vs. short segments) have been lost, from Latin do Portuguese...(Complete abstract, acess undermentioned eletronic address) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 somenzari_t_me_arafcl.pdf: 849739 bytes, checksum: 7571209995f59d8f387a3c822eb1c9a5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente Dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo da possibilidade de geminação em Português Arcaico, no período conhecido como trovadoresco, de dois pontos de vista: a partir da determinação do status de grafias duplas de consoantes e vogais e a partir da análise de casos específicos de grafias simples que podem representar sons complexos (no nível fonológico). Como corpus, são consideradas 114 cantigas de amigo e de amor, extraídas de quatro fontes diferentes: Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Pergaminho Vindel e Pergaminho Sharrer. Realizou-se, primeiramente, uma investigação a respeito das relações entre letras e sons, na escrita do Português Arcaico, a partir do estabelecimento de contextos de ocorrência e variações de escrita possíveis para uma mesma palavra, ou palavras que contenham contextos de ocorrências semelhantes para um dado valor consonantal e vocálico. Em um segundo momento, os dados obtidos foram interpretados dentro da perspectiva dos modelos de Fonologia Não-Linear a respeito da sílaba, tendo em vista, principalmente, a hierarquia de constituintes proposta pelo modelo métrico (SELKIRK, 1980; HOGG; MCCULLY, 1987; HAYES, 1995; CAGLIARI, 1997; MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999a). Foram mapeados todos os casos de consoantes e vogais duplas na escrita e também os casos de escritas de vogais simples, mas que podem ter status de geminadas, interpretando-os, no nível fonológico. Foi feito um levantamento dos casos de sândi de vogais idênticas e dos verbos nos pretéritos perfeito e imperfeito do indicativo que apresentam vogais suspeitas, por razões dos processos flexionais dos verbos e interpretamos fonologicamente todos os casos quanto ao seu status... / This Dissertation aims to study the possibility of gemination in Medieval Portuguese, in trovadoresco period (XIIIth - XIVth centuries), from two different viewpoints: the determination of the phonological status of double spelling consonants and vowels; and the analysis of specific cases of simple spelling vowels that could possibly represent complex sounds in phonological level. The corpus is composed by 114 secular cantigas, from four different sources: Cancioneiro da Ajuda, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Pergaminho Vindel and Pergaminho Sharrer. Firstly, the relations between letters and sounds in Medieval Portuguese writing system were investigated, aiming to determinate the contexts of occurrence and possible variations for the same word representation - or words that contain similar occurrences for consonantal and vocalic values. The data was interpreted from Non-Linear Phonology approach, chiefly those theories concerning the hierarchical structure of the syllable (SELKIRK, 1980; HOGG; MCCULLY, 1987; HAYES, 1995; CAGLIARI, 1997; MASSINI-CAGLIARI, 1999). All the cases of double consonants and vowels in the cantigas writing system were mapped, as well as all the cases of simple vowels that possibly represent complex sounds in phonological level. The cases of external vocalic sandhi of identical vowels and inflexion of verbs in indicative past perfect and past imperfect tenses were also taken into consideration. The analysis shows that gemination in Medieval Portuguese exists, although quantitative distinctions (long vs. short segments) have been lost, from Latin do Portuguese...(Complete abstract, acess undermentioned eletronic address)

Desde os primeiros trabalhos lingüísticos efetuados sobre o quimbundo, língua banta H20 na classificação de Guthrie (1948), nota-se uma ausência de informações detalhadas e confiáveis a respeito de elementos sua estrutura prosódica e de sua fonologia como um todo. Essa lacuna me instigou a realizar, seguindo o quadro de pesquisas sobre as línguas africanas estabelecido pelo Departamento de Lingüística da Universidade de São Paulo, um estudo descritivo da fonologia segmental e supra-segmental do quimbundo, cujos resultados se organizam nesta tese de doutorado. O presente trabalho, tomando como base de investigação quatro variedades regionais representadas por cinco falantes nativos do quimbundo, abrange, no bojo da descrição lingüística, fenômenos verificáveis na estrutura segmental e prosódica da língua, tais como a harmonia vocálica, alterações de natureza fonética na configuração da estrutura silábica, casos de mudança de timbre vocálico, apagamento de segmentos, direção e extensão do espraiamento de traços consonantais e de tons fonológicos. Finalmente, a observação e a análise do fenômeno de sândi ao nível dos suprasegmentos permitem afirmar que o quimbundo utiliza variações de altura com valor distintivo apenas numa perspectiva paradigmática, o que comprova, portanto, seu estatuto de língua tonal. Acredito que a descrição aqui realizada é uma forma de lançar visibilidade ao quimbundo nas pesquisas sobre as línguas africanas e de atualizar as perspectivas de estudo da língua dentro das teorias lingüísticas. / From the first linguistic works on Kimbundu, a Bantu language coded as H20 according to Guthries zone classification (1948), there has been a lack of detailed and reliable information about the elements comprising its prosodic structure, and its phonology altogether. This gap has instigated my conducting a detailed description of both segmental and prosodic phonology of Kimbundu within the research framework for African languages set forth by the Linguistics Department of the University of São Paulo, and whose results make up this Ph.D. dissertation. Based on four regiolects represented by five native Kimbundu speakers, this descriptive study covers phenomena which can be found in the segmental and prosodic structure of this language, such as vowel harmony, phonetic alternations in the setup of the syllable structure, vowel quality changes, segment deletion, and the direction and range of consonantal feature and phonological tone spreading. Finally, the study of prosodic sandhi corroborates that Kimbundu makes use of different distinctive pitches only on a paradigmatic perspective, which proves true the claim that this is a tonal language. I strongly believe that this description work can be used to shed light upon Kimbundu on further research on African languages, in addition to updating the prospect studies of this language within linguistic theories.

碩士 / 國立中央大學 / 客家研究碩士在職專班 / 102 / This paper aims at the Hakka language of Liantang district, Hezhou city, Guangxi province of China. The author collects local phonetics and vocabularies as the research objects by way of field investigation and interviews to probe the local voice sound, rhyme, tone of voice systems and the evolution of such phenomena as well as the tone sandhi and the structure of vocabulary. The author employs research methods as follows: fieldwork method, voice description method, synchronic comparative method, diachronic comparative method, etc. Through these research methods, we aims to complete the collection of the elements of Hakka language, to understand the structure of linguistics and the law of Hakka language evolution, and to further explore the meaning, use and structure of Hakka words. This study uses synchronic comparative methods to explore the Hakka language’s evolution and the language of the masses, and also uses diachronic comparative methods to compare Liantang Hakka’s language with ancient Chinese phonology so as to understand the evolution and development of Liantang Hakka’s language. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction. It is to introduces and discusses the following: 1. the motivation and purpose of the research, 2. historical background, 3. language overviews, 4. research methods,5. literature review, 6. pronunciation collaborators. The second chapter discusses the plane pronunciation systems of Liantang Hakka language, including consonants, compound vowels, tones, tone Sandhi, literary and colloquial variant pronunciation and some other synchronic phenomenon and cites homophone table. The third chapter compares Liantang Hakka’s language with ancient Chinese phonology diachronically. Through the comparison between Liantang Hakka language and ancient Chinese phonology of Guang Yun branch from vowels, consonants, tones aspects, this study is going to find out the evolution of Liantang Hakka languages from ancient to nowadays. The fourth chapter is to analyze the dialect phonological characteristics of Liantang Hakka language, the different characteristics of phonology under the synchronic and diachronic influences from initial consonants, vowels and tones aspects. The features of initials included: 1. The initials of ancient voiced plosives and affricates usually read as aspirated sound after purified.2. There are literary and colloquial pronunciation in non-group words, the latter still maintains the feature of "ancient non light-labials"; " zhi-group" words show the feature of "ancient no tip-tongued affricates".3. No mixing between Ni initial and Lai initial.4. The confluence of “Jing, Zhuang, Zhi, Zhang "initials, and so on.Compound vowels' features included: 1. There is a [- o: -a] vowel distinction between first grade and second grade in a mouth-opened vocabularies.2. The phenomenon of round-mouth characters which pronounce mouth openly.3. Emergence of fine-mouth characters in first grade and second grade vocabularies.4. Disappearance of medial [-i] in third grade and fourth grade vocabularies.5. Parts of vowel in Yu and Zhi Sir is read [- ] .6 .A few vowels in Zhi Sir is read [- e] and [- ai], and so on.Tones’ features include the following:1. Most of sub- turbid words with four tones: level, bounce, fall,and enter, are in Yang tone, while few sub- turbid words are in Yin tone.2. Part of full- turbid falling-rising tones belongs to level tone; others belong to falling tone.3 Part of sub- turbid falling-rising tones belong to level tone; others belong to rising tone, etc. The fifth chapter compares the Hakka vocabulary of Liantang with the Hakka vocabulary used elsewhere,including Hakka languages of four counties in Taiwan, Mei County, Shui Zhai, Wu Hua in Guangdong province and other places. Through the comparison and analyzation,in order to understand the Hakka vocabularies’ usages and the differences respectively. The sixth chapter is conclusion. Regarding integrated phonetic systems, phonetic characteristics and vocabulary comparison, and summarizes the research and give suggestions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 migliorini_lmq_dr_arafcl_parcial.pdf: 118726 bytes, checksum: 06055348f788f9bf0c773266e7c034c2 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-12-01T14:49:46Z: migliorini_lmq_dr_arafcl_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-12-01T14:50:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000723068.pdf: 1651490 bytes, checksum: e621df001ac1b0b1fb4fbae8dc2b1629 (MD5) / Esta tese objetiva analisar a ocorrência de processos fonológicos de cunho estilístico, isto é, processos considerados não esperados, a partir de um corpus do Português Medieval: as Cantigas de Santa Maria. Trata-se, portanto, de verificar os possíveis condicionamentos linguísticos envolvidos na sua realização, sobretudo no que se refere a fenômenos de sândi – crase elisão e hiato – e paragoge. As Cantigas de Santa Maria são atribuídas à lavra de Afonso X de Castela, o rei “Sábio”. Esta coleção é composta por 420 cantares em louvor à Virgem Maria, de quem o monarca é adorador. Todavia, para o presente estudo, foi feito um recorte no que se refere ao cancioneiro mariano, sendo coletados, assim, os processos estilísticos atuantes nas cem primeiras cantigas. Entende-se como processo não esperado aquele que deixa de atuar em contextos em que sua realização é esperada, o que inclui casos típicos de opacidade (cf. KIPARSKY, 1985). Desta forma, pode-se dizer que esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, ainda, descrever as regras opacas dos referidos fenômenos. O objetivo principal é, contudo, fazer uma análise do tratamento que vêm recebendo tais formas tidas como desviantes, no âmbito de teorias fonológicas, desde o estruturalismo até modelos mais recentes, como a teoria da Otimalidade. O que foi possível constatar é que as teorias, de modo geral, encontram sérias dificuldades de inserir processos estilísticos na gramática da língua, sendo a Fonologia Lexical (KIPARSKY, 1982, 1985; MOHANAN, 1986; PULLEYBLANK, 1986) o modelo que mais se aproxima de uma solução, à medida que descreve tais fenômenos e os enquadra na gramática fonológica. Por conta disso, esta tese defende que esses casos não podem ser relegados à margem da gramática. Deste modo, para descrição e análise das regras de sândi e paragoge, lançaremos... / This thesis aims to analyze the occurence of stylistic phonological processes occurrence, or processes considered unexpected, from a corpus of Medieval Portuguese: The Cantigas de Santa Maria. Possible linguistic constraints involved in their performance are analyzed particularly as regards the phenomena of sandhi – crasis, elision and hiatus – and paragoge. The Cantigas de Santa Maria are attributed to Alfonso X of Castile, the king Wise. This collection is composed of 420 cantigas in praise of Virgin Mary. However, for the present study a necessary cutout was made with regard to the Marian repertoire, being collected stylistic processes which operate in the first hundred cantigas. It is considered as an unexpected process the rule which do not act in contexts where its occurrence is expected, which includes typical cases of opacity (cf. Kiparsky, 1985). So, we can say this research aims also to describe the rules of said opaque phenomena. However, the main objective is to analyze the treatment of deviant forms in the context of phonological theories from structuralism to newer models like Optimality Theory. It was possible to note that theories generally have serious difficulties in inserting stylistic processes in grammar being Lexical Phonology (KIPARSKY, 1982, 1985; MOHANAN, 1986; PULLEYBLANK, 1986) the theory that most approaches a solution, as it describes such phenomena and fits them in phonological grammar. Because of this, this thesis argues that these cases can not be relegated to the margins of grammar. Thus, for description and analysis of sandhi and paragoge rules we will use the model proposed by Lexical Phonology (KIPARSKY, 1982, 1985, MOHANAN 1986; PULLEYBLANK, 1986), as well as studies on syllable structure – like Selkirk (1982) and Collischonn (2005) –, since this analysis requires detailed syllabic structure... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Актуальность магистерской работы обусловлена глобализацией, взаимопроникновением культур, большой интеграцией в политике, экономике, образовании и других сферах, интеграцией русских специалистов в Китае – все это делает изучение китайского языка актуальным, и подразумевает, что в будущем понадобятся специалисты со знанием данного языка, что также предполагает и владение фонетикой китайского языка. Объектом исследования является процесс обучения китайскому языку. Предметом исследования выступает методика обучения фонетике китайского языка. Цель магистерского исследования – разработать методику обучения фонетике китайского языка и комплекс упражнений для формирования и отработки фонетических навыков. Данная магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка использованных источников. Работа содержит 28 рисунков и 15 таблиц. Список использованных источников насчитывает 72 наименований на русском и английском языках. Объем работы составляет 154 страницы. Первая глава «Фонетика китайского языка и принципы ее обучения» магистерской диссертации посвящена особенностям китайской фонетической системы: звуковой состав и тональность китайского языка, постановка ударения в слогах, изменение звуков и тонов в потоке речи. Чтобы подчеркнуть характерные черты фонетической системы китайского языка, описание проходило посредством сравнения их с признаками фонетической системой русского языка. Во второй части первой главы нашего исследования была подчеркнута важность овладения произносительными навыками при обучении любому иностранному языку. особенно важно уделить фонетике при изучении китайского языка, так как это напрямую связано с особенностями его фонетической системы. Для преподавания фонетики китайского языка в первую очередь были определены общедидактические, общеметодические и частные методические принципы обучения, на основе которых была составлена методика ее обучения, которая получила название «комплексная» и «комбинаторная», так как она состоит из нескольких комплексов упражнений, направленных на развитие различных фонетический навыков, и которые зависят не только от уровня, потребностей и способностей обучающихся, но и от индивидуальных особенностей преподавателя. Во второй главе «Комплексная и комбинаторная методика обучения фонетике китайского языка» были рассмотрены и описаны методические приемы и рекомендации при обучении фонетики китайского языка. Была приведена последовательность, в которой рекомендуется овладевать звуками, звукосочетаниями и тонами для того, чтобы добиться более эффективных результатов в обучении фонетике китайского языка. Также были подробно рассмотрены особенности произнесения китайских гласных и согласных звуков и звукосочетаний и тонов. Вторая часть главы посвящена комплексу упражнений на формирование и отработку фонетических навыков в произнесении и различении звуков, звукосочетаний, тонов, постановку ударений в словах, отработку таких явлений как сандхи тонов и эризация, которые характерны для китайского языка. Также в комплекс упражнений были включены игровые упражнения на отработку произношения и дополнительные упражнения, которые включают в себя межкультурный аспект обучения китайскому языку. В этот вид упражнений вошли детские песни, скороговорки, идиоматические сказки из китайского фольклора и ряд стихотворений из эпохи династии Тан. / The relevance of the master's thesis is caused by globalization, cross-cultural interaction, great integration into politics, economics, education and other fields, the integration of Russian specialists in China. As a result, learning of Chinese is relevant, and it means that in future specialists with language proficiency will be needed, which also implies mastering of Chinese phonetics. The target of the research is the process of teaching Chinese. The research subject is the methodology of teaching Chinese phonetics. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology for teaching the phonetics of Chinese and a set of exercises to train the pronunciation skills. This master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, list of cited references. The work contains 28 figures and 15 tables. The list of cited references includes 72 titles in Russian and English. The body of work is 154 pages. The first chapter “Chinese phonetics and the principles of its teaching” of the master's thesis is devoted to the features of Chinese phonetic system: the sounds, tones, stress, change in sounds and tones in the flow of speech. To emphasize the characteristic features of the phonetic system of Chinese, the description was carried out by comparing them with the features of the phonetic system of Russian. In the second part of the research, the importance of mastering pronunciation skills in teaching any foreign language was emphasized. On account, it is especially important to pay attention to phonetics while learning Chinese, since it is directly related to the peculiarities of its phonetic system. For teaching Chinese phonetics, general didactic, general methodical and particular methodological principles of teaching were determined. On their basis the “complex and combinatorial methodology” of teaching Chinese phonetics was compiled. In the second chapter "Complex and combinatorial methodology of teaching Chinese phonetics”, methodological techniques and recommendations for teaching Chinese phonetics were reviewed and described. A sequence was given in which it is recommended to master the sounds, sound combinations and tones in order to achieve more effective results in learning Chinese phonetics. The features of the pronunciation of Chinese vowels, consonants, sound combinations and tones were reviewed in detail. The second part of the chapter is devoted to a set of exercises for development of phonetic skills in pronouncing and distinguishing sounds, sound combinations, tones, stress; practicing sandhi tones and erization. The set of exercises also includes game exercises for practicing pronunciation and additional exercises that include the cross - cultural aspect of teaching Chinese. This type of exercise includes children's songs, tongue twisters, idiomatic tales from Chinese folklore, and several poems from the Tang Dynasty.

碩士 / 國立高雄師範大學 / 英語學系 / 87 / There has not been much work on the neutral tone of SM. Two major traces of research on SM neutral tone can be represented by Cheng (1968, 1992, 1993, 1994) and Hung (1987, 1996, 1997). Their studies on this issue mainly take a descriptive perspective. Therefore, this study, based on Cheng''s and Hung''s observations and analyses, is an attempt to explore the nature of SM neutral tone through acoustic analyses. The aims of this study are fivefold: (a) to re-examine the environments in which SM neutral tone occurs, (b) to define the syllable domain of SM neutral tone, (c) to discuss the phonemic status of SM neutral tone, (d) to discuss the phonemic status of the glottal stop in SM, and (e) to investigate acoustic features related to SM neutral tone. Based on the collected data and instrumental analyses, the findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, SM neutral tone indeed results from the interaction among the morphemic, syntactic, and semantic/pragmatic factors. In general, the occurrence of SM neutral tone is rule-governed and thus is predictable. Second, for neutral tones without tone spreading, theoretically, the syllable domain can be infinitely extended as long as it does not exceed one''s speech production limit. However, the syllable domain of neutral tones with tone spreading is rather fixed due to the constraint of tone spreading. Third, SM neutral tone results from loss of any of the citation tones when being unstressed at the end of a phrase, a sentence, or a tone group. Therefore, it is not necessary to treat neutral tone as an independent tone in SM phonology. Fourth, the glottal stop at the end of a syllable is argued to be an E-tone feature rather than a phonemic segment. Phonologically, the existence of the glottal stop is significant for it helps identify the tonal variation, but in phonetics, it plays no salient role in distinction. Finally, based on the acoustic study, the characteristics of SM neutral tone are: (a) losing the originally distinctive tone and being toneless, (b) having no fixed tonal values, (c) showing the downdripping of fundamental frequency, and (d) being unable to trigger tone sandhi of the stressed syllable immediately preceding the neutral tone. In brief, the salient acoustic characteristics of SM neutral tone are the declination of fundamental frequency and intensity. And the most significant indicator of SM neutral tone is the unaltered pitch of the stressed syllable immediately preceding the neutral tone. As a preliminary study, the hope of the present study is to shed more light on the understanding of the nature of SM neutral tone.

Speech errors in normal speech provide important information about the processing mechanisms of speaking, one of the most complex cognitive, linguistic, and motor skills that human beings use for communication. Studies of speech errors form a major part of psycholinguistic research on speech production, but until recently such research has been largely based on the evidence from only a few European languages. In contrast to most speech error analyses in English, this dissertation focuses on the discussion of speech errors in Chinese, illustrating that speech errors featuring Chinese language-specific characteristics imply some processing steps that are not observed in previous speech production models. Similarities between speech errors in Chinese and English in terms of their patterns and classification suggest universality in speech production disorders in normal speech, but language-specific characteristics of the two languages suggest that English and Chinese speakers experience different processing steps in speech production, and err at different rates in different domains. For example, tonal errors in Chinese indicate that Chinese speakers undergo a special phonological process sub-step for tonal specification, this sub-step involves tone sandhi rule application, a processing task that does not concern non-tonal language speakers. A second example arises when, in the course of articulating a retrieved lexical item, the logophonographic features of the Chinese writing system provide phonological information about the lexical item through a processing step of "mental visualization". Partial visualization or incorrect phonological processing of the mentally visualized items can lead to errors of the logo-phonographic type which are not found in alphabetic languages such as English. Third, bilingual errors show that mixing of syntactic and phonological features of two different languages can occur when speech is being planned by bilingual speakers. Lastly, socio-cultural values in Chinese, such as those that involve address patterns and kinship term systems, can lead to errors that are rarely experienced by English speakers. Such different types of speech errors found in Chinese provide evidence that speech in Chinese is mediated by certain steps that have not been described in the many speech production models based on evidence derived from English errors. In general agreement with the functional-positional speech production model of Garrett (1975. 1988) and the overall language production schema of Levelt (1989. 1992), this dissertation argues for a unified speech production model that describes each of the ordered steps in the speech production process, including conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. Such a model does not overemphasize either the linguistic or psychological factors that cause speech errors. In order to precisely account for speech errors of all types in all natural languages, this model involves a set of ordered cognitive activities with psychological, linguistic, socio-cultural and contextual factors under full consideration. / Graduate