The use of an optical plankton counters in zooplankton ecology requires sampling strategies and hypothesis testing that take into account its ability to collect highresolution size-structured data, as well as its inability to distinguish zooplankton from detritus. Studies in Saanich Inlet and the Strait of Georgia, B.C. were performed to 1) compare the temporal resolution of OPC and net samples and 2) compare seasonal variation in the zooplankton community size structure against the predictions of biomass size distribution theory. The first part of this work found that OPC samples have finer resolution and require fewer replicates to approximate the mean abundance of zooplankton than net samples at time scales between 20 minutes and 48 hours. However, the OPC is subject to measurement error in high productivity waters. The second section of this work shows that the size-spectrum dynamics of zooplankton in the Strait of Georgia follow the predictions of biomass size spectrum theory. The interpretation of thse data using size-distribution theory suggests that variation in the trophic dynamics of the zooplankton community may be at the root of the observed seasonality.

This thesis attempts to revise the existing historiography of British Columbia by first. establishing the growth and presence of a significant and diversified manufacturing sector between 1860 and 1890 and second. by charting the relative and absolute decline of the secondary manufacturing sector between 1890 and 1915. It adds to the literature which argues that British Columbia has been an industrial society since before the 1880's. Even by 1890 a higher percentage of British Columbians were engaged in manufacturing than elsewhere in Canada and output per capita in British Columbia exceded that of any other province. Comparing total manufactured output. British Columbia moved from the seventh largest producer to third among Canadian provinces in the three decades after 1880. Through the whole study period British Columbia factories tended to be larger than their counterparts elsewhere in Canada. The core of the thesis describes the manufacturing sectors of British Columbia. both primary and secondary. at an aggregate level utilizing census. directory. tax. and credit data. In attempting to account for the pattern of growth and decline it considers the two main approaches to Canadian political economy. the export base (staple) approach and the dependency approach and concludes that a third, "production system." approach inspired by recent work in economic anthropology provides a better framework to discern the causal factors. Utilizing the production system framework this thesis explores some of the reasons for the decline of the secondary manufacturing sector after 1890 by using one of the central industries. the boiler and engine industry. as a case study. The thesis ' identifies three factors that were important in explaining the decline of the boiler and engine industry: discriminatory railway rates. high labour costs and. the transfer of iii ownership of much of the economy from local to non-local capitalists. This thesis reveals that although regional manufacturers were responding to the relative prices of transport and labour. these prices were the product of the interaction of social and institutional factors located both within and without the region. The third factor. the shift of ownership outside the region. is an example of how structural changes affect the whole economy. These three factors also point to a revised understanding of how regional industries are linked to one another and how frontier regions or "peripheries" are linked to the metropole. The increasing amount of ownership of the resource extractive. primary processing and transportation industries by non-locals meant that linkages that formerly connected these sectors to local manufacturers. were transferred outside the region. The thesis concludes that these linkages are socially. rather than technologically defined. The thesis argues that the de-industrialization of British Columbia was one aspect of a larger process which. viewed from central Canada. has been called "centralization". Set in a global context the British Columbia experience was one part of an international process which saw industry concentrate in other regions like southeastern Ontario. the American northeast. and parts of Great Britain as it left regions which then became the "periphery". / Graduate

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The growing interdependence between individuals and nations is reflected in the environmental conditions of our world. There is a need for individuals to be environmentally aware and proactive to live in harmony with the natural environment and prevent its continued degradation. A retrospective look at the lives of environmental educators may provide clues as to the types of experiences helpful in developing environmentally concerned and proactive citizens. A purpose of this study was to determine experiences environmental educators in British Columbia, Canada considered significant in developing their interest in and dedication to the field of environmental education. A second purpose was to explore the relevance and applicability of earlier research findings about experiences formative in developing concern for the environment to a select group of environmental educators from the same population. Leaders in environmental education in British Columbia nominated the selected environmental educators as outstanding in their field for their action oriented environmental education programs. These purposes were achieved through the use of a questionnaire sent to environmental educators in British Columbia [B.C.], Canada and through interviews of the selected outstanding environmental educators. Experiences with other people, experiences in natural areas and vocational experiences were most frequently mentioned as influential by questionnaire respondents. The interviewed educators mentioned experiences in natural areas, the influence of people and experiences of negative environmental impact, education and vocation as the most influential. The results were not entirely consistent with results reported in the literature from studies of other environmentally aware individuals. Possible reasons for the differences are presented. Information about the environmental education programs of the outstanding educators, their reasons for remaining as classroom teachers and what they consider potential barriers to teaching environmental education in a classroom based setting is alsosummarized. Recommendations for implementation of the findings are presented, as are recommendations for future research. / Graduate

Radioactive chromium-51, a waste byproduct from operation of nuclear reactors at Hanford, Washington, has been followed down the Columbia River and into the Pacific Ocean. Chemical factors influencing the partitioning of ⁵¹Cr between solution and sediment have been considered. Chromium-5l, in a hexavalent oxyanion when introduced into the Columbia River, largely remains in solution in a hexavalent anion during its passage through the lower river and after its entrance into the Pacific Ocean. A minor fraction of Hanford-induced ⁵¹Cr becomes attached to suspended particles and bottom sediments. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) apparently precedes or accompanies sorption. Iron oxides appear to be the most important sorption substrate. Sediment organic matter acts both as a reducing agent, making ⁵¹Cr less soluble, and as a sorption substrate. Ion exchange on sediment particles is not important in retention of ⁵¹Cr by Columbia River sediment. Chromium-51 is a sensitive and unique tracer for Columbia River water at sea and has been used to trace the Columbia River plume up to 525 km away from the mouth of the river. Dispersion of ⁵¹Cr by the Columbia River system would be adversely affected by: 1) lowered pH; 2) presence of particulate organic wastes; 3) increased temperature; 4) increased biological oxygen demand. These factors would increase the rate of uptake of ⁵¹Cr by sediments and thus increase the steady-state inventory of ⁵¹Cr on the bottom of the river. / Graduation date: 1967

The Columbia River plume region was investigated during the period of 20 June to 3 July, 1968 by light scattering measurements and standard hydrographic station observations. The Columbia River plume was traced by the light scattering particles of the plume water. The light scattering particles are estimated to be contained in the plume water for 30 to 50 days. On the basis of the data taken in the Columbia River plume region, a conceptual model is made to describe the flow of river originated particles to the ocean water. In the distribution of the light scattering particles a northward deep current under the plume near the river mouth and a subsurface offshore flow near the bottom of the Columbia River plume are shown. / Graduation date: 1970

Graduation date: 1970

The purpose of this study was to better understand the historical development of the British Columbia (B.C.) community college, university college, and institute system with the focus on the changing nature of voluntary inter-institutional collaboration in relation to provincial coordination. The study also examined the related themes of centralization and decentralization within B.C.'s system and the development of a provincial system of autonomous institutions. The methodology used was qualitative, and more specifically, interpretive in nature and based on the historical method and the underlying assumptions of hermeneutics. The researcher began by analyzing pertinent primary and secondary sources of literature in relation to the study's purpose. The findings from the literature analysis formed the basis for interview questions that were asked of 10 key informants to fill gaps in understanding and confirm findings. The study found that the B.C. system began as a decentralized group of autonomous, community-oriented institutions but became more centrally coordinated by government in the late 1970s and early 1980s, largely because of increased costs and a worsening economy. The 1990s witnessed a high level of centralized decision making with stakeholder involvement, which has been replaced by a move towards decentralization and greater institutional autonomy in the early 2000s based on the market ideology of the new government. Throughout the decades, the B.C. system has had a history of voluntary collaboration but that collaboration has been gradually blended over time with provincial coordination as government built a system of autonomous institutions. The main conclusions of the study are that an appropriate balance may be achievable between centralization and decentralization in order to maintain a coherent system of accountable, autonomous institutions but would need systematic efforts by government and institutions and a policy framework for system governance. Such a balance may be achieved by learning from the lessons of B.C.'s rich history and from the experiences of other jurisdictions. To achieve system goals, the Ministry and institutions could build on the history of voluntary collaborative efforts, which seem particularly important among educators at the program level. The Ministry might reward such collaboration and hold institutions accountable for it. / Graduation date: 2003

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1967. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-109). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1974. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.