"Since arithmetic is a skill that presents almost insurmountable difficulty for some children there is a need for investigation of the methods and materials of teaching. Assuming that the meaning theory is a desirable way of teaching numbers the writer has endeavored to organize some ideas and objectives for developing quantitative understanding in children at the first and second grade levels. The writer has not attempted an exhaustive study of the problem but has focused her attention on principles that would be of immediate aid during the coming school year"--Introduction. / "August, 1952." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: Elizabeth Hamlin, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 42).

Associations between characteristics of homeless clients and their return visits to a nurse-managed primary health care clinic were examined using a retrospective chart review of 1,467 records from clients seen between 1991 and 1994. Client characteristics examined included age, education, race, gender, sheltered status, report of chronic disease, and report of family living in the area. Only 47 percent of clients made return visits to the clinic. Logistic regression indicated that those with reported chronic disease, males, whites, and those living on the street were more likely to have returned to the clinic for care than those without chronic illness, females, nonwhites, and those living in some type of shelter. Results suggest the need for program planning and evaluation for this population, which particularly considers women, nonwhites, and those without chronic disease as target groups for services.

Bibliography: pages 83-85. / This study examines children's developing mathematical abilities during the first three years of their schooling. More particularly, children in grades one, two and three of three different primary schools, in two different regions, had their performances on eleven mathematics tasks monitored over the course of 1996 to examine their developing mathematical abilities. These abilities were investigated in terms of task-particular performances and the assumed competencies (internal mental processes) underlying these performances. The data was generated through the use of a repeated measures design. The theory of the methods used to gather the data and to analyse the results is rooted in Vygotsky's (1978) experimental-developmental approach to the study of higher mental functions. This method of observation proved to be successful to the degree that it allowed for the study of changes in children's performances over a seven month period. The overall findings of the study revealed that the subjects in the sample population had the developmental readiness with which to improve their mathematical abilities. However, when this developmental readiness had to be taken further through formal instruction, their performances were inadequate. The investigation exposed the complexity and importance of language in the successful development of mathematical concepts. The data indicated that the subjects' learning was neither in advance of their development nor was it indicative of the constructivist approach to the task of teaching. Furthermore, there existed a conflict between spontaneous and formal knowledge in engaging with school mathematics tasks.

Includes Course Papers. / Includes bibliographies. / Very little is known about how young children think and behave when faced by computers and the broad array of mathematical software available. Much of the software has been developed by adults in the way adults see young children reasoning. A class of twenty English-speaking boys of approximately 12 years of age were exposed to carefully selected mathematical software without adult (teacher) interference, to clarify how these pupils would react to that software. Special focus was placed on the interactions of three children throughout the series of twenty lessons, using two video cameras to record their behaviour. The size of the groupings was changed to consider the effect of group size on the pupils' interactions. Various 'themes' evolved out of reviewing the video recordings. These 'themes' were then linked to Research data. It appears that these pupils had great trouble in reading and interpreting instructions accurately. Also, the software made assumptions of what the pupils could do. The interaction and collaboration by the boys seemed at its best when they were in a group of two as 'peer equals'. The class recognised and used the services of those boys they considered 'experts' in the use of computers. The video-recordings showed that the pupils preferred having pencil and paper available to record information and their estimations, rather than having to rely on memory. It seemed to give permanence to their thoughts and make these more explicit and organised. An analysis of the data also showed that the software and the boys' reaction to it was distinctly sexist. The names of the software (SNOOKER, PILOT, MATHS - CARS IN MOTION, etc.) can be seen as male. The boys gave the computer a 'personality' and referred to it as a 'he'. Also, a disturbing tendency among these pupils was the way they interpreted the software and reacted to it in a distinctive military fashion. This can be attributed to the boys having to battle, explode or bomb their way to victory; to shoot something or be shot in much of the software available. My role of being 'non-expert' was an extremely difficult one as the pupils had expectations of me, and the shortcomings in the software obliged some form of interference. My conclusions are that the mathematical software needs to be appropriate and relevant to what is being done in the class rather than to exist on its own outside of it, and that it could aid the pupil to think about his thinking.

A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has a mortality of 80 percent. The majority of these cases present as medical emergencies, with 50 percent dying before they reach hospital. Twenty percent are not operated on because of an incorrect diagnosis and of the surviving 30 percent, there will be a peri-operative mortality of 40 percent. Thus only 20 percent of patients survive this condition. It is important to state that the long-term survival reported for patients undergoing AAA surgery approximates that of age-matched populations. This is in contrast to patients undergoing a coronary bypass procedure, where the long-term survival is affected by factors such as hypertension, angina and peripheral vascular disease. If the condition is diagnosed electively, the mortality rate is reduced to less than 5 percent. The researcher obtained the records of 18 patients who had presented to the vascular service at the New Kingsbury Hospital with a diagnosis of a ruptured or acute symptomatic AAA. He interviewed the referring family doctor and also obtained information from the case records to determine whether there were missed opportunities for the detection of such aneurysms. The results of the research showed that 12 general practitioners (GP's) out of a group of 13, were unaware that abdominal ultrasound is a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting AAA's. Only one of the group of 13 GP's regularly screens for AAA. The diagnosis of AAA was missed in 12 of the 18 patients. In this series the mean diameter of the aorta was 7,67 cm which is considered to be easily palpable. Five of the patients were referred to specialists for incidental reasons and they all failed to detect the AAA. The majority of patients with AAA's have at least 2 associated risk factors. The patients consulted their GP at least 5 times over the 24 month period. The GP's are not aware of the different modes of presentation, associated risk factors nor the value of screening for AAA's. Ten of the group of 13 GP's profess to engage in some form of Continuing Medical Education (CME). I have suggested a few guidelines to encourage family physicians to screen for AAA in all males over the age of 60, especially if they have risk factors, such as hypertension, a current or former cigarette smoker, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and a family history of AAA. The examination should include a thorough abdominal palpation and referral for an abdominal ultrasound examination to obtain the precise diameter of the AAA as treatment depends on the size of the AAA.

Tubal sterilization is the world's most popular contraceptive method. The possibility of subsequent menstrual dysfunction has been a cause for concern. This study was conducted to examine whether post-sterilisation menstrual dysfunction was measurable in a group of women attending a general practice, by means of a case-control study. Biopsychosocial factors, such as health status, social support, psychological and medical history, and reasons for sterilisation were investigated to see whether any of these factors could be predictive of post-sterilisation menstrual problems. Sterilised women attending a general practice over an eight-month period were invited to participate in the study. 143 out of 144 patients completed a highly structured interview (questionnaire) administered by two interviewers. Forty-nine cases were identified and compared to ninety-four controls. The results showed that women with menstrual dysfunction differed from a comparison group in that; those with menstrual dysfunction were generally less satisfied with their quality of life, had significantly more fears about sterilisation, felt that the quality of their social support was inferior, and suffered from depression and tension headaches more often than controls. Menstrual dysfunction was also more common during the first two years after tubal ligation. These results could point to factors other than biological factors involved in menstrual dysfunction following tubal ligation.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of academic requirement for the Degree of Master of Education in the Department of Planning and Administration at the University of Zululand, 2019. / The abolishment of corporal punishment has left many teachers with high stress on how to deal with undisciplined learners. Teachers in both public and independent rural primary schools find it difficult to maintain discipline resulting in the number of criminal activities and ill-discipline of learners. In South Africa, the department does not seem to be assisting educators in dealing with abusive and disruptive learners. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of alternatives to corporal punishment for maintaining discipline in rural primary schools. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used to collect data. The results of this study indicate that alternatives to corporal punishment are effectively applied in primary schools and are effective. However, some do not encourage those alternatives, they think these result in misconduct. Some educators suggest that learners need to be punished corporally in order to maintain discipline in them, which is why the majority of teachers are still practicing corporal punishment. They think it is effective in maintaining discipline. All schools using alternative methods have reported positive response to their methods in dealing with misbehaviour of learners in classroom and outdoors. It can be concluded that teachers are still applying corporal punishment in maintaining discipline and therefore need training in dealing with disruptive learners in maintaining discipline in schools as corporal punishment is lawfully banned in schools.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2003. / The aim of this study was to pursue an investigation into accountable parental involvement in primary schools From the literature study it became clear that there are many areas and possibilities for parents to become formally and informally involved in the schooling of their primary school children. Formal involvement of parents in school activities is based on juridical, historical and educational grounds. Juridically, legislation in South Africa stipulates that parents must be involved in the school at least at the level of governance. Parents exert a lot of influence on their child's cognitive development in the early years and thus the contact between home and school should be maintained, especially during the primary school years, if the child is to succeed in formal schooling. For the purpose of the empirical investigation a self-structured questionnaire, to be completed by primary school educators, was utilised. The completed questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics. In conclusion a summary was presented on the findings of the literature and empirical study and the following are some of the recommendations that were made: • Positive attitudes must be inculcated in parents to become actively involved in their children's formal schooling. • Educators and parents must be trained to offer parental involvement programmes. Further research should be conducted concerning the accountability of parents regarding their involvement in primary schools.

No description available.

Includes bibliographical references. / Woman abuse is now well recognised as a local and international concern that has serious repercussions for women's health and well-being. Little however is known about what it feels like to be abused by someone you love. How does a woman make sense of a life of physical and psychological abuse? Why does she stay in the abusive relationship? To gain more understanding of this complex dynamic, a qualitative study of five women's experiences of violence by an intimate partner was performed. The first part of this paper, a literature review, examines women's accounts of their experiences in abusive relationships by looking at common themes across these studies. The second part details the research process. The knowledge uncovered by the women's stories, can provide family physicians with valuable insights for devising strategies to identify and intervene in domestic violence.