This study is an analysis of the relationship between the attitude of Texas school principals toward corporal punishment and their knowledge of the law pertaining to corporal punishment as it relates to the principals' school and personal characteristics.

This thesis focuses on the shifting status of teachers in the United Kingdom which results from the findings of the European Court and Commission of Human Rights on cases involving corporal punishment. Teachers have traditionally held a right to administer corporal punishment to pupils with whom they stand "in loco parentis" and providing that it was moderate and reasonable, they have been provided with a defence against a charge of assault. The position began to alter when education became compulsory in the 1870's, but there was no effective legal remedy until 1949. At this time, Britain joined the Council of Europe and became a party to the European Convention on Human Rights, subsequently recognising the competence of its chief enforcement agencies, the European Court and Commission of Human Rights. A number of important decisions have been provided by these bodies regarding the use of corporal punishment in British schools which imply an unwillingness to endorse its use. Moreover, as the only Member- State, prior to 1987, which still employed this disciplinary sanction, Britain appeared to be clearly out of step with the rest of Western Europe. The Government moved some distance towards rectifying the problem by enacting the Education (No. 2) Act (1986). This statute contains a number of shortcomings, however, in that some categories of pupils are still liable to receive corporal punishment. What also remains unclear is the new status that teachers will occupy as a consequence of this legislative enactment. Indeed, the teacher's right to inflict physical punishment has now been severely fettered and whilst the notion of "in loco parentis" is not rendered defunct as an educational doctrine, there is a pressing need for redefinition of the concept. The thesis employed six methods of research: (a) a literature review examining the growth and development of the teaching profession; the historical relationship between teacher and pupil; judicial interpretation of the Common Law right to administer corporal punishment within the context of the "in loco parentis" doctrine; and the origins and workings of the European Court and Commission(b) monitoring and analysing the legal transcripts of British corporal punishment cases adjudicated by the European Court and examination of cases pending; (c) a review of European cases taken to Strasbourg pertaining to education; (d) fieldwork which involved in-depth focussed interviews with parties concerned with the educational, legal and political concerns of the litigation both in the United Kingdom and in Strasbourg; (e) examination and analysis of primary source information made available by the Council of Europe regarding the jurisprudence of the Court; and (f) related secondary source material, reflecting contemporary developments in education, especially those of a legislative nature precipitated by the Court's judgements. The legal arguments emerging from the United Kingdom corporal punishment cases centre on the issues of "the right to education", respect for parents' "philosophical convictions" and the "degrading" nature of physical chastisement. Observed from a broader perspective, the litigation also raises concerns about the very essence of the British educational and political systems, namely: the authority of the teacher; the concept of corporal punishment; and the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Further, the human rights of pupils in the school system are highlighted and the limitations they may present to the teacher's authority, together with the interaction between British education law and the European Convention. Finally, the implications of the Strasbourg findings demand critical analysis, since, alternative sanctions to corporal punishment may ultimately require support, both legislative and financial, in order to be effective. Accordingly, the consequences for educationalists, politicians and administrators are far-reaching, necessarily precipitating a significant change to what can hitherto be considered a relatively "in stasis" profession.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Greifswald, 1913. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [7]-9).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1963. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

The study sought to analyse the South African common law defence of moderate and reasonable child chastisement. Regarded by those with religious and cultural beliefs as a way of instilling child discipline, child chastisement has been a centre of contestation in recent years. Constitutionally, children have rights to care, dignity and protection. Thus, child chastisement infringes upon these rights. However, regardless of its intentions, child chastisement has an effect of inflicting pain onto its victims thereby infringing on their rights to human dignity, equality and protection. It can also lead to unintended consequences such as injury or death to its victims. Subjecting children to this cruel, inhuman and degrading action affects the development of children and sometimes haunts them at a later stage in life. In addition, child chastisement lacks the measure of determining whether it is moderate or severe, thereby making it prone to abuse or misuse. The study used a qualitative research paradigm, where data was collected from existing documents and analysed towards understanding child chastisement and finding sustainable ways of improving child welfare in the home or in society. The study also analysed the legal framework on child welfare and chastisement globally, regionally and locally. Instruments such as the UNCRC, ACRWC and the UDHR have a clear stance abolishing child chastisement. The study established that, despite the existence of global instruments promoting child care and protection, the common law defence of corporal punishment in the home and society remains a loophole that needs closing and enactment of laws that outlaws it completely.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zululand, 1992. / The aims of this investigation were: to provide an analysis of the problems surrounding corporal punishment in the Department of Education and Culture (DEC) in Kwa-Zulu schools; to give a description of the life-world in which the Black adolescent finds himself as influenced by enculturation and the adoption of new parental styles regarding authority; and in the light of the findings obtained from the literature study determine certain guide1ines according to which accountable administration of corporal punishment can be instituted. As an introduction a psychopedagogical perspective is given. Education is a universal phenomenon which is limited to human beings. Education involves an action where a responsible adult leads, helps, supports and accompanies an educand to self-actualization and ultimate adulthood. An educational situation is a situation where authority prevails. If authority does not prevail there cannot be an educational situation and education cannot take place. The educational acts of the adult as a helping and supporting guidance of the child imply that the educator has authority. The educational relationship is essentially a relation of authority. For successful teaching it is essential that good discipline should exist in the entire school. Firm but sympathetic and meaningful discipline is a sine qua nan for effective teaching. It means that education is essentially an (vii) inter—human relationship. This is actually a constel1 ation of re1ationshi ps which is called the re 1 a tionshi p s true ture of the peciagog ic situation and reveals the perspectives of knowing, trust and authority. The category of authority rests on the fallowing pedagogic postulates: The child is someone who desires to be somebody himself; The child experiences, in his desire to become somebody, a distinct need for an adult to support him; and The adult responds to this appeal. From these postulates it becomes clear that the child needs education in his development to adulthood. I f the relationship of knowing, trust and authority is sound, then discipline is justified in education. When the educator disciplines the child he should take into consideration the values of the community and the dignity of the child. If the educator observes that the child acts contrary to 1 ife—compulsory norms, it is the duty of the education to intervene with the view to changing the child's life far the better (pedagogic disapproval). This may involve various forms of punishment, inter alia — Reproof; Isolation; Staying in; Imposition at home; Deprivation of privileges; Temporary or permanent suspension; and Corporal punishment (viix) From the above it is clear that corporal punishment should be used as a last resort. It shouId be borne in mind that physical punishment ought to be administered according to prescribed regulations in the Department of Education and Culture in Kwa-Zulu schools. A breach of these rules may result in total rejection of czorpors.1 punishment as an educative punishment. In the light of the findings of this research the following are recommended: Effective internal management; Parental involvement and assistance; and That further in—depth research regarding parental involvement and assistance to our Black children and their relationship with parents, be conducted.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of academic requirement for the Degree of Master of Education in the Department of Planning and Administration at the University of Zululand, 2019. / The abolishment of corporal punishment has left many teachers with high stress on how to deal with undisciplined learners. Teachers in both public and independent rural primary schools find it difficult to maintain discipline resulting in the number of criminal activities and ill-discipline of learners. In South Africa, the department does not seem to be assisting educators in dealing with abusive and disruptive learners. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of alternatives to corporal punishment for maintaining discipline in rural primary schools. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used to collect data. The results of this study indicate that alternatives to corporal punishment are effectively applied in primary schools and are effective. However, some do not encourage those alternatives, they think these result in misconduct. Some educators suggest that learners need to be punished corporally in order to maintain discipline in them, which is why the majority of teachers are still practicing corporal punishment. They think it is effective in maintaining discipline. All schools using alternative methods have reported positive response to their methods in dealing with misbehaviour of learners in classroom and outdoors. It can be concluded that teachers are still applying corporal punishment in maintaining discipline and therefore need training in dealing with disruptive learners in maintaining discipline in schools as corporal punishment is lawfully banned in schools.

Nearly 19 out of every 20 parents with 3- or 4-year-old children report spanking their child within the past year, and in schools spanking is a legal form of discipline in 19 states (nearly a quarter-million students received corporal punishment at school at least once during the 2006–2007 academic year). Although corporal punishment is a widely accepted form of child discipline in the United States, little is known about differences concerning attitudes toward the use of corporal punishment among subcultures within the United States. To address this gap, three studies were designed to examine attitudes toward corporal punishment in a few distinct subgroups that may show a propensity or aversion to spanking relative to the general public. Specifically, these studies were conducted using a panel of 420 active duty military personnel, a simple random sample of 1,357 undergraduate college students at a major research university, and a general population sample of 732 people obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial vignette design was used to examine whether sex, ethnicity or race, education, parental status, religion, religiosity, and culture affect attitudes toward corporal punishment, and whether the effects of those factors varies across subgroups. Binary logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect that the contextual variables had on respondents’ support for the use of corporal punishment, as well as whether the respondents would use corporal punishment on their own child given the same scenario. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and content analysis was also used to examine in greater detail how attitudes toward corporal punishment vary according to religion and religiosity. Overall, 73.6 % of active duty military respondents indicated that the use corporal punishment in the vignette was appropriate, and 52.4% indicated that they would use corporal punishment on their own child given the same situation presented in the vignette. There was not a statistically significant difference between males and females in the sample, χ2 (2, N = 420) = 3.15, p = .207. In addition, those who read about a mother or a military parent were roughly 2.5 times more likely to say it was appropriate to spank the child than non-military parents and fathers respectively. When comparing the military, college student, and general population samples in the second study results show military respondents (73.6%) indicated that the use corporal punishment in the vignette was appropriate at a statistically significant, higher rate than the general population (42.8%), and college students (40.1 %), χ2 (2, N = 2,485) = 110.05, p = < .001. Similarly, 52.4% of military respondents indicated they would spank their own child given the same scenario at a statistically significant higher rate than general population (28.7%), and college students (32.4%), χ2 (2, N = 2,485) = 71.12, p = < .001. In the third study, descriptive statistics indicate attitudes toward corporal punishment vary according to religion and religiosity, as well as between active duty military personnel and civilians but that religion and religiosity do not statistically enhance the prediction of attitudes toward corporal punishment after accounting for several respondent characteristics. Open-ended rationales provided by respondents provide insight and directions for family life educators wishing to intervene with military and religious individuals (i.e., two groups with relatively high endorsement of corporal punishment).

Objective: Differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance and use of ordinary corporal punishment and use of explaining/reasoning as a disciplinary tool are examined from a sociobiological theoretical perspective. Method: Cross tabulations are used on data from a national survey conducted by the Gallup Organization in 1995. Results: Contrary to predictions, differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance of ordinary corporal punishment and the use of explaining/reasoning are not statistically significant. In addition, biologic parents are found to use ordinary corporal punishment significantly more often than non-biologic parents. Conclusions: The sociobiological theoretical perspective likely underestimates the influence of culture and social structure on parent-child interactions.

Full Thesis / The purpose of this research is to assess the management of discipline by educators in selected secondary schools. There are three major objectives in this study. Firstly, the study sought to examine the major causes of lack of discipline in secondary schools. Secondly, the study sought to determine the extent to which educators are affected by lack of discipline in the classrooms. Thirdly, possible strategies and alternatives to be used by educators were investigated. Data was collected from educators in different schools situated in the Lejweleputswa district of the Free State province. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative research approaches to gain primary data and a literature review for secondary data. Mostly qualitative data was supplemented by quantitative data and a literature review. The results have revealed that many educators struggle to manage discipline in secondary schools. Part of the problem is the lack of alternative disciplinary measures to corporal punishment as a discipline tool. Educators aim to put measures in place to manage discipline, without resorting to punitive measures (such as corporal punishment). There is a need to implement developmental workshops at schools to assist educators in managing discipline. It is therefore recommended by this study that educators should not only be introduced to alternative measures of keeping discipline, but a continuous mentoring and support programme to assist educators with these alternatives should be implemented at schools.