Corporal punishment continues to be a controversial topic. Many people who experienced spanking as children feel that they were not harmed by the corporal punishment and go on to believe that using corporal punishment on their children will not harm them, especially if it is administered calmly. This study looked at the attitudes of 203 parents in the context of religion using Holden's "Attitudes Toward Spanking a Child" questionnaire. The results of this study showed that parents that said religion guided their parenting were more likely to view corporal punishment positively and were more likely to believe that corporal punishment is not harmful to their children. The results also showed that calm spanking creates a positive view of corporal punishment, thus leading to a greater likelihood of denying that spanking is harmful to children.

Esta pesquisa analisa violência física contra crianças, nas suas diferentes manifestações rotineiras e em seu modo de reprodução da sociedade. A violência física é compreendida como uma prática cotidiana na qual adultos dispõem do corpo da criança, seja na “palmada educativa”, seja nas violências ou no abuso sexual. A violência se apresenta de múltiplas formas: de Estado, contra o Estado, simbólica, nas relações familiares e nos diversos processos de disciplinarização. Nesta última forma, é onde residem as violências sobre o corpo, que podem ser observadas em diferentes sociedades, diversos processos sociais e, podem até constituírem-se em ‘marcas’ de cada sociedade. É nesta perspectiva que esta tese se fundamenta, sobre a compreensão das formas de disciplina que incidem violentamente no corpo infantil. Os discursos sobre a violência contra crianças são a matéria-prima considerados como fonte de pesquisa para a realização desta tese. Para tal foram analisados: 1) A criança em toda a sua complexidade, seu lugar social, as representações construídas, os discursos produzidos sobre ela e sua história; 2) Os discursos da literatura, onde a violência contra a criança se apresentava; 3) O discurso da mídia, a violência contra a criança no jornal, especificamente, a campanha “O Amor É a Melhor Herança. Cuide das Crianças”, veiculada no jornal Zero Hora, de Porto Alegre/RS, nos anos de 2003-2004; 4) O discurso da Lei, com todo o debate legislativo que resultou na promulgação da Lei 13013/2014, a Lei Menino Bernardo ou Lei da Palmada; 5) O discurso da clínica, onde são apresentadas quatro histórias de crianças atendidas em psicoterapia, por ordem judicial, no Conselho Tutelar de uma cidade do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Compreendemos que discursos trazem em si práticas, neste caso, práticas que incidem sobre o corpo do infante. Sobre estes corpos, o discursoprática produz um efeito de subjetivação ou sujeição onde a posse e o domínio aparecem sob a égide da disciplina. Ao final desta tese, concluiu-se que a permanência do castigo corporal no processo educativo denota a privatização da família e a impossibilidade da formulação de políticas eficazes para conter estas práticas e por estas razões permanece no processo de socialização primária das crianças. / This research reviews physical violence against children, in its various routine expressions and in its reproduction mode in the society. Physical violence is understood as a routine practice where adults dispose of the child's body, whether in the "educative smack", or in violence or sexual abuse. Violence is presented in multiple forms: state violence, violence against the state, symbolic, in family relations and in several discipline processes. The latter is where there are violence on the body, which may be noted in different societies, in several social processes and may even represent "trademarks" of each society. This thesis is based on this perspective, on understanding the forms of discipline that violently affect the child's body. The speeches on violence against children are the raw material used as a research source to build this thesis. Therefore, the following items were analyzed. 1) The child in all his/her complexity, his/her social place, the representations built, the speeches produced on him/her and his/her history; 2) The literature speeches, where violence against children was presented; 3) The media speech, the violence against children in the news, specifically the campaign "Love Is The Best Heritage. Take Care of Children", conveyed in the Zero Hora newspaper, from Porto Alegre/RS, in the years 2003-2004; 4) The speech of the Law, with all the legislative debate that resulted in the Law 13,013/2014, the "Menino Bernardo" Law or Slap Law; 5) The speech of the clinic, where we present the story of four children assisted in psychotherapy by legal order, in the Guardianship Council of a city in the country side of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We understand that speeches involve practices, in this case, ones that affect the infant's body. On this bodies, the speech-practice produces a subjetification or subjection effect, where possession and domination appear under the aegis of discipline. By the end of this thesis, the conclusion is that the permanence of corporal punishment in the education process shows the privatization of the family and the impossibility of formulating effective policies to restrain these practices and, due to these reasons, it remains in the process of primary socialization of children.

Veteran suicide is a public health issue that requires more research to understand the multidimensional factors, such as resilience, that lead someone to suicide. Adverse childhood events (ACEs), such as poverty and abuse, have affected how resilience is developed. This study examined the association between childhood factors of socioeconomic status, parental discipline, and being a military child, and adult resiliency level. Dienstbier's theory of mental toughness framed the study, which posits that a child who experiences mild ACEs and has time to recover between events, will be more resilient than children who experience serious ACEs, and children who experience little to no ACEs. Army veterans recruited through social media and veterans' organizations, answered an online survey consisting of demographic questions, the Harsh Discipline Scale and 9 item Resiliency Scale. No significant associations were found between these ACEs and resilience level. However, when the harsh discipline scale was analyzed by individual questions, associations were shown between spanking and high resilience with reported answers of "almost always" having higher level of resilience (OR = 12.001, p = .032), and those who reported they were hit with an object scored much lower on resilience than any other category measured. Examining resilience questions individually showed that low and middle socio-economic status had statistically significant higher resilience in responding to extreme pressure in a positive way. More research is needed on these specific ACEs using Dienstbier's theory. Understanding how specific ACEs affect resilience could lead to developing better prevention strategies that focus on helping children process these ACEs and develop higher resilience as adults, thus reducing suicide in the civilian and veteran population.

Discipline relationships are consensual adult relationships between submissive and dominant partners who employ authority and corporal punishment. This population uses social media to discuss the private nature of their ritualized fantasies, desires, and practices. Participants of these relationships resist a sadomasochistic label of BDSM or domestic abuse. I conducted in-depth interviews and narrative analysis of social media to explore experiences and identities of people in discipline relationships. The sample includes social media bloggers and past and present participants in discipline relationships. I compared explanations participants give for wanting and participating in discipline relationships. I combine identity theory, constructionism, post-structuralism, and critical feminism as an analytic frame to understand this practice sociologically. I found gender differences in the media format and communication style of participants, but the ritualized expressions for discipline relationships remain consistent regardless of gender. The social process of community identification for participants includes coming out, educating others and “inviting in.” The online community provides a forum for relationship negotiation techniques, and encouraging the embrace of non-normative sexual identity. Participants use social media to form a nascent social movement that resists normative views of sexuality and relationships in the dominant culture.

No description available.

What actions constitute reasonable correction (or reasonable corporal punishment) of children pursuant to section 43 of the Criminal Code has been the subject of much legal debate in recent years. In this thesis, I argue that the Supreme Court of Canada’s analysis of section 43 in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General) (2004) failed to sufficiently delineate the justification, as demonstrated by the fact that the Court’s ruling has subsequently been manipulated and misinterpreted by lower courts across Canada. The post-Canadian Foundation jurisprudence has established a need for clarity, both with respect to the scope of section 43 and the provision’s proper application. I argue that Parliamentary reform of section 43 is required and I conclude by suggesting an amendment to the justification that seeks to incorporate current social science views on the issue and resolve the post-Canadian Foundation issues.

Esta pesquisa analisa violência física contra crianças, nas suas diferentes manifestações rotineiras e em seu modo de reprodução da sociedade. A violência física é compreendida como uma prática cotidiana na qual adultos dispõem do corpo da criança, seja na “palmada educativa”, seja nas violências ou no abuso sexual. A violência se apresenta de múltiplas formas: de Estado, contra o Estado, simbólica, nas relações familiares e nos diversos processos de disciplinarização. Nesta última forma, é onde residem as violências sobre o corpo, que podem ser observadas em diferentes sociedades, diversos processos sociais e, podem até constituírem-se em ‘marcas’ de cada sociedade. É nesta perspectiva que esta tese se fundamenta, sobre a compreensão das formas de disciplina que incidem violentamente no corpo infantil. Os discursos sobre a violência contra crianças são a matéria-prima considerados como fonte de pesquisa para a realização desta tese. Para tal foram analisados: 1) A criança em toda a sua complexidade, seu lugar social, as representações construídas, os discursos produzidos sobre ela e sua história; 2) Os discursos da literatura, onde a violência contra a criança se apresentava; 3) O discurso da mídia, a violência contra a criança no jornal, especificamente, a campanha “O Amor É a Melhor Herança. Cuide das Crianças”, veiculada no jornal Zero Hora, de Porto Alegre/RS, nos anos de 2003-2004; 4) O discurso da Lei, com todo o debate legislativo que resultou na promulgação da Lei 13013/2014, a Lei Menino Bernardo ou Lei da Palmada; 5) O discurso da clínica, onde são apresentadas quatro histórias de crianças atendidas em psicoterapia, por ordem judicial, no Conselho Tutelar de uma cidade do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Compreendemos que discursos trazem em si práticas, neste caso, práticas que incidem sobre o corpo do infante. Sobre estes corpos, o discursoprática produz um efeito de subjetivação ou sujeição onde a posse e o domínio aparecem sob a égide da disciplina. Ao final desta tese, concluiu-se que a permanência do castigo corporal no processo educativo denota a privatização da família e a impossibilidade da formulação de políticas eficazes para conter estas práticas e por estas razões permanece no processo de socialização primária das crianças. / This research reviews physical violence against children, in its various routine expressions and in its reproduction mode in the society. Physical violence is understood as a routine practice where adults dispose of the child's body, whether in the "educative smack", or in violence or sexual abuse. Violence is presented in multiple forms: state violence, violence against the state, symbolic, in family relations and in several discipline processes. The latter is where there are violence on the body, which may be noted in different societies, in several social processes and may even represent "trademarks" of each society. This thesis is based on this perspective, on understanding the forms of discipline that violently affect the child's body. The speeches on violence against children are the raw material used as a research source to build this thesis. Therefore, the following items were analyzed. 1) The child in all his/her complexity, his/her social place, the representations built, the speeches produced on him/her and his/her history; 2) The literature speeches, where violence against children was presented; 3) The media speech, the violence against children in the news, specifically the campaign "Love Is The Best Heritage. Take Care of Children", conveyed in the Zero Hora newspaper, from Porto Alegre/RS, in the years 2003-2004; 4) The speech of the Law, with all the legislative debate that resulted in the Law 13,013/2014, the "Menino Bernardo" Law or Slap Law; 5) The speech of the clinic, where we present the story of four children assisted in psychotherapy by legal order, in the Guardianship Council of a city in the country side of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We understand that speeches involve practices, in this case, ones that affect the infant's body. On this bodies, the speech-practice produces a subjetification or subjection effect, where possession and domination appear under the aegis of discipline. By the end of this thesis, the conclusion is that the permanence of corporal punishment in the education process shows the privatization of the family and the impossibility of formulating effective policies to restrain these practices and, due to these reasons, it remains in the process of primary socialization of children.

Esta pesquisa analisa violência física contra crianças, nas suas diferentes manifestações rotineiras e em seu modo de reprodução da sociedade. A violência física é compreendida como uma prática cotidiana na qual adultos dispõem do corpo da criança, seja na “palmada educativa”, seja nas violências ou no abuso sexual. A violência se apresenta de múltiplas formas: de Estado, contra o Estado, simbólica, nas relações familiares e nos diversos processos de disciplinarização. Nesta última forma, é onde residem as violências sobre o corpo, que podem ser observadas em diferentes sociedades, diversos processos sociais e, podem até constituírem-se em ‘marcas’ de cada sociedade. É nesta perspectiva que esta tese se fundamenta, sobre a compreensão das formas de disciplina que incidem violentamente no corpo infantil. Os discursos sobre a violência contra crianças são a matéria-prima considerados como fonte de pesquisa para a realização desta tese. Para tal foram analisados: 1) A criança em toda a sua complexidade, seu lugar social, as representações construídas, os discursos produzidos sobre ela e sua história; 2) Os discursos da literatura, onde a violência contra a criança se apresentava; 3) O discurso da mídia, a violência contra a criança no jornal, especificamente, a campanha “O Amor É a Melhor Herança. Cuide das Crianças”, veiculada no jornal Zero Hora, de Porto Alegre/RS, nos anos de 2003-2004; 4) O discurso da Lei, com todo o debate legislativo que resultou na promulgação da Lei 13013/2014, a Lei Menino Bernardo ou Lei da Palmada; 5) O discurso da clínica, onde são apresentadas quatro histórias de crianças atendidas em psicoterapia, por ordem judicial, no Conselho Tutelar de uma cidade do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Compreendemos que discursos trazem em si práticas, neste caso, práticas que incidem sobre o corpo do infante. Sobre estes corpos, o discursoprática produz um efeito de subjetivação ou sujeição onde a posse e o domínio aparecem sob a égide da disciplina. Ao final desta tese, concluiu-se que a permanência do castigo corporal no processo educativo denota a privatização da família e a impossibilidade da formulação de políticas eficazes para conter estas práticas e por estas razões permanece no processo de socialização primária das crianças. / This research reviews physical violence against children, in its various routine expressions and in its reproduction mode in the society. Physical violence is understood as a routine practice where adults dispose of the child's body, whether in the "educative smack", or in violence or sexual abuse. Violence is presented in multiple forms: state violence, violence against the state, symbolic, in family relations and in several discipline processes. The latter is where there are violence on the body, which may be noted in different societies, in several social processes and may even represent "trademarks" of each society. This thesis is based on this perspective, on understanding the forms of discipline that violently affect the child's body. The speeches on violence against children are the raw material used as a research source to build this thesis. Therefore, the following items were analyzed. 1) The child in all his/her complexity, his/her social place, the representations built, the speeches produced on him/her and his/her history; 2) The literature speeches, where violence against children was presented; 3) The media speech, the violence against children in the news, specifically the campaign "Love Is The Best Heritage. Take Care of Children", conveyed in the Zero Hora newspaper, from Porto Alegre/RS, in the years 2003-2004; 4) The speech of the Law, with all the legislative debate that resulted in the Law 13,013/2014, the "Menino Bernardo" Law or Slap Law; 5) The speech of the clinic, where we present the story of four children assisted in psychotherapy by legal order, in the Guardianship Council of a city in the country side of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We understand that speeches involve practices, in this case, ones that affect the infant's body. On this bodies, the speech-practice produces a subjetification or subjection effect, where possession and domination appear under the aegis of discipline. By the end of this thesis, the conclusion is that the permanence of corporal punishment in the education process shows the privatization of the family and the impossibility of formulating effective policies to restrain these practices and, due to these reasons, it remains in the process of primary socialization of children.

Nearly 19 out of every 20 parents with 3- or 4-year-old children report spanking their child within the past year, and in schools spanking is a legal form of discipline in 19 states (nearly a quarter-million students received corporal punishment at school at least once during the 2006–2007 academic year). Although corporal punishment is a widely accepted form of child discipline in the United States, little is known about differences concerning attitudes toward the use of corporal punishment among subcultures within the United States. To address this gap, three studies were designed to examine attitudes toward corporal punishment in a few distinct subgroups that may show a propensity or aversion to spanking relative to the general public. Specifically, these studies were conducted using a panel of 420 active duty military personnel, a simple random sample of 1,357 undergraduate college students at a major research university, and a general population sample of 732 people obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial vignette design was used to examine whether sex, ethnicity or race, education, parental status, religion, religiosity, and culture affect attitudes toward corporal punishment, and whether the effects of those factors varies across subgroups. Binary logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect that the contextual variables had on respondents’ support for the use of corporal punishment, as well as whether the respondents would use corporal punishment on their own child given the same scenario. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and content analysis was also used to examine in greater detail how attitudes toward corporal punishment vary according to religion and religiosity. Overall, 73.6 % of active duty military respondents indicated that the use corporal punishment in the vignette was appropriate, and 52.4% indicated that they would use corporal punishment on their own child given the same situation presented in the vignette. There was not a statistically significant difference between males and females in the sample, χ2 (2, N = 420) = 3.15, p = .207. In addition, those who read about a mother or a military parent were roughly 2.5 times more likely to say it was appropriate to spank the child than non-military parents and fathers respectively. When comparing the military, college student, and general population samples in the second study results show military respondents (73.6%) indicated that the use corporal punishment in the vignette was appropriate at a statistically significant, higher rate than the general population (42.8%), and college students (40.1 %), χ2 (2, N = 2,485) = 110.05, p = < .001. Similarly, 52.4% of military respondents indicated they would spank their own child given the same scenario at a statistically significant higher rate than general population (28.7%), and college students (32.4%), χ2 (2, N = 2,485) = 71.12, p = < .001. In the third study, descriptive statistics indicate attitudes toward corporal punishment vary according to religion and religiosity, as well as between active duty military personnel and civilians but that religion and religiosity do not statistically enhance the prediction of attitudes toward corporal punishment after accounting for several respondent characteristics. Open-ended rationales provided by respondents provide insight and directions for family life educators wishing to intervene with military and religious individuals (i.e., two groups with relatively high endorsement of corporal punishment).

Objective: Differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance and use of ordinary corporal punishment and use of explaining/reasoning as a disciplinary tool are examined from a sociobiological theoretical perspective. Method: Cross tabulations are used on data from a national survey conducted by the Gallup Organization in 1995. Results: Contrary to predictions, differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance of ordinary corporal punishment and the use of explaining/reasoning are not statistically significant. In addition, biologic parents are found to use ordinary corporal punishment significantly more often than non-biologic parents. Conclusions: The sociobiological theoretical perspective likely underestimates the influence of culture and social structure on parent-child interactions.