No description available.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in a sample of 12-year-old South African school children using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), and to assess the relationship between malocclusion and certain socio-demographic variables. The sample comprised 6142, 12-year-old children attending school in seven of the nine provinces of South Africa. For each subject the standard demographic information such as gender, population group, location type and employment status of the parents were collected, after which an intra-oral examination for occlusal status using the DAI was performed. The results showed that 47.7 per cent of the children in the sample presented with good occlusion or minor malocclusion, just over 52.1 per cent presented with identifiable malocclusion, a DAI score larger than 26. Of these, 21.2 per cent had definite malocclusion, 14.12 per cent had severe malocclusion and 16.89 per cent had very severe or handicapping malocclusion. Malocclusion as defined in this study was found to be significantly associated with the different provinces, the different population groups in South Africa, gender and dentition stage, but not with the location type or the employment status of parents. The results of the individual variables showed that anterior maxillary and mandibular irregularity occurred in more than 50 per cent of the sample. More than 40 per cent of the children examined showed signs of crowding. Spacing in the incisal segments occurred in almost 28 per cent of the sample and maxillary midline diastema was present in 16.66 per cent of the sample. At the age of 12 years, Black children, showed a higher prevalence of maxillary midline diastema, larger than 2mm, than their White, Coloured and Asian counterparts. A maxillary midline diastema, larger than 2mm, was more prevalent in 12-year-old females than in males. Thirty one per cent of the sample had an increased overjet larger than 3mm and a severe overjet of 6mm or more occurred in only 2.18 per cent of the sample. More Black 12-year-old children presented with an edge-to-edge anterior relationship and significantly less Black children had an increased overjet. Mandibular overjet affected only 10.43 per cent of the sample and was more prevalent in the late mixed dentition stage than in the early permanent dentition stage. Anterior openbite occurred in 7.7 per cent of the sample and ranged from 1mm to 8mm. Almost 44 per cent of the sample had a antero-posterior molar relation discrepancy. The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of malocclusion in 12-year-old South African children. The findings provide reliable base-line data regarding the prevalence, distribution and severity of malocclusion as well as useful epidemiological data on the orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old children in selected rural and urban areas in South Africa. The inclusion of occlusal traits as part of the index provided an opportunity to assess several occlusal characteristics in 12-year-old South African children, separately. / Thesis (MChD (Orthodontics))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Orthodontics / unrestricted

acase@tulane.edu / Background As a region, Francophone sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) continues to have among the highest fertility rates and lowest contraceptive prevalence rates in the world. As of the latest Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data available for each country, total fertility rates range from 4.1 (Gabon 2012) to 7.6 births per woman (Niger 2012). Modern contraceptive prevalence rates for married women range from a low of 3.3% (Guinea 2012) to a high of 20.1% (Senegal 2014). Methods Three analyses were completed utilizing nationally representative DHS data available for each Francophone SSA country. For each paper, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with weighted data to take into account the two-stage cluster sampling design of the DHS survey. In paper one, we determine whether being Muslim and/or being in a polygynous union impacts the use of modern contraceptives. In paper two, we provide detailed information on the characteristics that define users of specific contraceptive methods in this region. In the final paper, we provide a clearer picture of the reproductive health dynamic in young never married women in Francophone SSA. Results In paper #1, we found that religion and marital type generally were not predictive of modern contraceptive use. The typical predictors – education, age, residence (urban/rural) – were consistently significant across the included countries. In paper #2, profiles of users of the most common contraceptive methods in each country were created. For example, condom users had the most consistent profile across the 12 countries, with marital status, parity and education being clearly associated with condom use. For paper #3, education level was found to be the key predictor of both sexual activity and becoming pregnant for young, never married women in this region. In general, those with primary or secondary and higher education were more likely to be sexually active than those with no education. Conclusion These findings provide valuable information to government, private and nongovernmental organizations working toward increasing the numbers of contraceptive users in Francophone SSA. / 1 / Margaret Farrell

The first school reported ever to have been held in Marathon was held in a box car when Flagler was building his famous overseas extension of the Florida East Coast Railroad. Mrs. R. H. Miller, the teacher of this first school, visited in the community a few months ago. Her story of the early difficulties encountered was most interesting and enlightening. Following the "box-car school", teaching of three children was carried on in the private home of W. A. Parrish, now known as the "daddy" of Marathon and conducted by Charles Albury who is now teaching in the new, modern Coral Shores school, the only other school on the Florida Keys. Reference to the Keys" is in keeping with local usage of the term since Key West people speak often about the two "Key schools" and about "going up on the Keys." / "August, 1953." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: W. Edwards, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).

In a historical frame of reference, this is a study of rural-urban migration to demonstrate the process of urbanization in Utah between 1900 and 1960. This study estimates the amount of internal migration for the state of Utah. Selected demographic variables such as size, age, and sex of the migrating population are studied. Changes in the population composition of the sending and receiving areas as a complement of rural-urban migration constitute the crux of this study. The indirect methods of estimating the net intercensal migration, census survival and life table survival ratio met hods, are used in tabulations. Limitations were imposed, as for availability of the data , in usage of any direct methods of migration measurement. The survival ratio met hods used, however, are the most reliable in this context. The results, indicating the intercensal amount of internal migration for Utah, shed some light on the urbanization process of the state. The findings, for the first time, demonstrate the volume and direction of the internal migration for Utah during the first six decades of the twentieth century. The results may substantially contribute to the state's future socio-economic plannings. Beyond a purely demographic analysis of the significance of migration lies the broad realm of manpower economics, institutional plannings, city plannings, rural problems, transportation, pollution, and a score of others. The population factor, naturally, cannot be separated from these social phenomena. The trends and directions of migration can, therefore, be used when and where future plans are formulated and past trends are studied.

Two types of variables which might be differentially associated with the performances of prison inmates while on furloughs were studied. They were, 1) demographic data in the central files of inmates known to have been successful or unsuccessful on furlough, and 2) personality test data taken on groups of inmates who could be expected to be either successful or unsuccessful on furlough, given the demographic data in the central files which is found to discriminate between the two groups. Demographic data was gathered from the files of adult male felons housed in correctional institutions in the following states: Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York. The selection of subjects was limited to those inmates who were eligible for furlough between 1974 and 1977, and who had been approved and left the institution on at least one occasion. Personality test data was obtained from the administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, and the S-0 Rorschach Test to 70 minimum security adult male felons, potentially eligible for furlough in the Virginia Department of Corrections. The SPSS Subprogram Discriminant, a linear discriminant analysis, run on the total number of known furlough success and failure cases, produced a discriminant function containing the following variables in order of their contributions to the total equation: Length of Term, To Whom Furloughed, Relationship to Parole Eligibility, Months Served Prior to Furlough, Emotional Maturity, Number of Parole Violations, Number of Prior Furloughs, and Marital Status. These variables correctly classified the furlough success and failure cases 73% of the time. Another linear discriminant analysis run on only those cases from the Virginia Department of Corrections produced a discriminant function containing the following variables in order of their contributions to the total equation: To Whom Furloughed, Marital Status, Number of Prior Furloughs, Months to Discharge Date, Total Number of Convictions, and Emotional Maturity. These variables correctly classified the furlough success and failure cases 71% of the time. The following personality test scales and/or factors showed significant differences in means between the potential furlough success and failure groups: Panton's special MMPI scales - Habitual Criminal Scale (HC), Prison Adjustment Scale (Ap), and Escapism Scale (Es); the CPI Factor II Scales - Responsibility (Re), Socialization (So), Tolerance (To), Good Impression (Gi), and the Factor III Scale - Achievement via Conformity (Ac); five S-0 Rorschach factors - F-, M, H, P, and Fch. The generalized conclusions drawn from these results suggest that it is possible to develop a discriminative function which can correctly classify inmates into furlough success and failure groups at least 70% of the time, on the basis of demographic variables found in inmate central files. Secondly, personality test data suggest that there are measurable differences in personality characteristics between inmates likely to succeed on furlough and those most likely to fail.

Background: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15 to 29 year olds and 79% of global suicides occur in low- to-middle income countries. South Africa has the eight highest rate of suicide in the world, evidence that suicide is a serious public health concern. Identifying socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with high risk of serious self-harm or suicide, may be useful for improving patient care and strengthening appropriate referral pathways. Aim: To determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with elevated levels of suicidal intent among self-harm patients who presented for treatment in the emergency room of an urban hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Setting: A retrospective folder review of all patients who presented for treatment of deliberate self-harm to Groote Schuur Hospital. Methods: During the time period, 238 consecutive presentations for deliberate self-harm were identified and recorded on a data capture form.which obtained information about demographics, clinical characteristics and suicidal intent. The data was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: In our sample of 238 patients, 128 (54%) self-reported an elevated level of suicidal intent. Being of male gender, higher levels of education and having multiple reasons for selfharm were significant predictors of an elevated level of suicidal intent. Conclusion: Suicide is increasingly recognised as a serious public health problem globally, and in South Africa. Determining the socio demographic and clinical correlates for those at increased risk of suicidal behaviours, provides useful information on identifying vulnerable patients. This allows clinicians to improve patient risk assessment and public health awareness interventions may be closer targeted to at risk groups

No description available.

No description available.

The ethnic demographic composition of the United States is changing (NCES, 2014). The increase in diversity in the country, has changed the ethnic demographic composition in public schools. In the 1980s the United States saw an increase in minority educators in public schools (Ingersoll and May, 2016) that continued to rise over the next two decades. Currently, the percentage of minority students in public schools exceeds the percentage of White students. Specifically, in the Commonwealth of Virginia 49% of public school students are ethnic minorities (TDVEP, 2017). The increase in diversity in both students and teachers did not create proportional representation between the two groups. The hypothesis that a school division with a proportionate ethnic demographic representation of teachers and students will increase student academic performance can be measured by determining whether a disparity between licensed minority teachers and minority students exist. This study investigated the status of student academic performance based on the ethnic demographic representation of public middle school teachers and students in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The ethnicities of teachers and students in all comprehensive middle school students were collected and reported by the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE). The Reading and Mathematics Standards of Learning Pass rates data were also collected and reported by the VDOE. There were seven key findings collected from this study. The first finding was when reviewing for disproportionality of targeted subgroups, the teacher student ratio indicated an overrepresentation of White teachers to White students. The second finding was five of the eight middle schools with the highest Hispanic disproportionality rates when considering the ratio of Hispanic teachers to Hispanic students were in the Commonwealth of Virginia's, Superintendent's Region 4. Finding three indicates that Asian students, even in schools with high disproportionality rates, exceeded state benchmarks for SOL pass rates in Reading and Mathematics. Finding 4 revealed seven of the eight middle schools (88%) with the highest disproportionality rates for Black students had reading SOL pass rates below the state benchmark. Finding 5 indicates that when reviewing the number of schools with disproportionate representation for any of the subgroups, disproportional representation of Hispanic teachers to students was the most frequently identified. The sixth finding was When reviewing the number of schools with disproportionate representation for any of the subgroups, disproportional representation of Black teachers to students was the second most frequently identified. Finally, finding seven displays Hispanic students in all eight schools with the highest disproportionality rates of Hispanic teachers to Hispanic students fell below the state benchmarks in SOL pass rates. / Doctor of Education / For the first time in decades, the percentage of minority students in public education has exceeded the percentage of White students in the United States public schools. The increase in the number of minority students in public schools changes the demographic makeup of schools across the country. While research has cited an increase in minority teachers in public schools, there has also been research to show the disparity between student and teacher demographics. Specifically, in the Commonwealth of Virginia, there is a greater disparity between teacher and student ethnic representation than its regional counterparts. The demographic gap between teachers and students in public schools has been connected to the achievement gap between minority students and White students. It is argued that schools that have a teaching staff whose ethnic demographics match the ethnicities of their student population show positive trends in student academic performance. This argument can only be measured by finding whether a disparity between licensed minority teachers and students exists. This study investigated the status of student academic performance based on the ethnic demographic representation of public middle school teachers and students in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The ethnicities of the teachers and students in Grades 6-8 each in each comprehensive middle school were gathered by the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE). The Reading and Mathematics Standards of Learning Assessment data were also gathered by the VDOE. This study found that there is an overrepresentation of White teachers and students. The most frequently identified disproportional representation teachers to student was Hispanic, followed by Black.