Dans la première partie de la thèse, on se concentre sur la conception d'un système de communication par satellite complet se basant sur la construction de faisceaux adaptatifs aux terminaux mobiles. Comparé à la construction classique de faisceaux fixes, le système à faisceaux adaptatifs peut considérablement améliorer la capacité du système en termes du nombre de STs desservies et de l'efficacité énergétique. Pour la conception du système à faisceaux adaptatifs, les informations sur l'état de canal (CSI) sont essentielles. Vu que le temps de propagation est trop long par rapport au temps de cohérence du canal, le CSI instantané est déjà périmé lorsqu'il est reçu pour la construction des faisceaux. Cependant, une partie de l'information du canal, plus particulièrement, les vecteurs de directivité ont une variation assez lente. On utilise cette connaissance partielle du CSI pour concevoir le système à base de faisceaux adaptatifs. Afin d'estimer les vecteurs de directivité, on propose un algorithme basé sur un critère de minimisation de l'erreur quadratique. Puis, basées sur l'estimation des vecteurs de directivité, on présente deux approches heuristiques pour la conception des faisceaux. En outre, on propose également deux approches qui reposent sur l'estimation de la directivité pour la détection des STs et la résolution possible des collisions sur le canal d'accès aléatoire au satellite. Comme la performance du système SDMA dépend fortement des positions spatiales des STs co-existants, on propose deux algorithmes de faible complexité pour l'attribution des fréquences dans le système de communication par satellite / In the first part of the thesis, we focus on the design of a complete satellite communication system adopting adaptive beamforming with mobile satellite terminals. Compared with conventional fixed beamforming, adaptive beamforming can signi_cantly improve the capacity of a satellite system in terms of served satellite terminals (ST) and power e_ciency. For the design of an adaptive beamforming system, channel state information (CSI) is critical. Since the propagation delay is too long compared to the coherence time of the channel, the instantaneous CSI is already stale when processed for beamforming. However, some parts of the channel, more speci_cally, directivity vectors change quite slowly. We utilize this partial knowledge of CSI to design an adaptive beamforming system. In order to estimate the directivity vectors, we propose an algorithm based on a least square error criterion. Then, based on the estimation of directivity vectors, we propose two heuristics approaches to the design of adaptive beamforming. Additionally, we also propose two approaches, based on directivity estimation for the detection of transmitting terminals and the possible resolution of collisions in the random access channel of the satellite system. Since SDMA system performance depends strongly on the spatial locations of co-existing terminals, we also propose two low complexity algorithms for frequency allocation in a satellite communication system. Finally, we simulate a complete satellite system, including a random access channel and a connection-oriented channel. We analyze the system performance and compare it to conventional fixed beamforming systems

The development of phased array antenna systems requires considerable resources and time. Due to this constraint, the Naval Air Command (NAVAIR) needs a phased array that can be physically reconfigured to meet the demands of multiple missions without added development time or cost. This work develops and demonstrates a solution to this problem by implementing an adaptive calibration approach to the development of electronically steerable antennas (ESAs). In contrast to previous analog adaptive beamformer systems, this system allows for an arbitrary antenna configuration with a variable number of antenna elements and locations. A simulation model of arbitrary phased array configurations was developed to test the beamformer calibration algorithm and was used to show practical tile locations. To demonstrate this approach, four 4x4 ULA phased array antenna tiles were built and tested together in various configurations to show the viability of developing a physically reconfigurable phased array system.

An aeroacoustic study was conducted on a 26%-scale Boeing 777 main landing gear in the Virginia Tech (VT) Anechoic Stability Wind Tunnel. The VT Anechoic Stability Wind Tunnel allowed noise measurements to be carried out using both a 63-elements microphone phased array and a linear array of 15 microphones. The noise sources were identified from the flyover view under various flow speeds and the phased array positioned in both the near and far-field. The directivity pattern of the landing gear was determined using the linear array of microphones. The effectiveness of 4 passive noise control devices was evaluated. The 26%-scale model tested was a faithful reproduction of the full-scale landing gear and included most of the full-scale details with accuracy down to 3 mm. The same landing gear model was previously tested in the original hard-walled configuration of the VT tunnel with the same phased array mounted on the wall of the test section, i.e. near-field position. Thus, the new anechoic configuration of the VT wind tunnel offered a unique opportunity to directly compare, using the same gear model and phased array instrumentation, data collected in hard-walled and semi-anechoic test sections. The main objectives of the present work were (i) to evaluate the validity of conducting aeroacoustic studies in non-acoustically treated, hard-walled wind tunnels, (ii) to test the effectiveness of various streamlining devices (passive noise control) at different flyover locations, and (iii) to assess if phased array measurements can be used to estimate noise reduction. As expected, the results from this work show that a reduction of the background noise (e.g. anechoic configuration) leads to significantly cleaner beamforming maps and allows one to locate noise sources that would not be identified otherwise. By using the integrated spectra for the baseline landing gear, it was found that in the hard-walled test section the levels of the landing gear noise were overestimated. Phased array measurements in the near and far-field positions were also compared in the anechoic configuration. The results showed that straight under the gear, near-field measurements located only the lower-truck noise sources, i.e. noise components located behind the truck were shielded. It was thus demonstrated that near-field, phased-array measurements of the landing gear noise straight under the gear are not suitable. The array was also placed in the far-field, on the rear-arc of the landing gear. From this position, other noise sources such as the strut could be identified. This result demonstrated that noise from the landing gear on the flyover path cannot be characterized by only taking phased array measurement right under the gear. The noise reduction potential of various streamlining devices was estimated from phased array measurements (by integrating the beamforming maps) and using the linear array of individually calibrated microphones. Comparison of the two approaches showed that the reductions estimated from the phased array and a single microphone were in good agreement in the far-field. However, it was found that in the near-field, straight under the gear, phased array measurements greatly overestimate the attenuation. / Master of Science

No description available.

The development of technologies to reduce turbofan engine noise reveals the fan noise, the first stage of an engine, as a great contributor for the total noise of an airplane. So a better understanding of the fan noise generation came up and motivated the construction of a fan rig test facility at the University of São Paulo in São Carlos by a partnership between the university and EMBRAER S.A.. The fan rig is composed of a long duct (12mlong) comprising a 16-bladed fan rotor and 14-vaned stator. The rotor is powered by an 100 hp electrical motor allowing speed up to 4250 RPM resulting in 0.1Mach axial flow. A 77-microphone wall-mounted array was designed for fan noise analysis. A cooperation with NASA-Glenn allowed data and information exchanging from their similar fan rig setup, the ANCF, grating then the validation of the in-house developed software. A short guide for duct-array is proposed in this work. Complex software was developed to process the data from the microphones array. We performed 3 different types of analysis: power spectral density, noise imaging obtained by acoustic beamforming and modal analysis.We proposed a different technique for modal analysis based on beamforming images in this work.We did not find any similar technique in the references. The results obtained by this technique were validated with data from ANCF-NASA. Comparative results are presented for both fan rigs, such as: power spectral densities for different fan speeds, modal analysis at the blade passing frequency (strong tones generated by the fan), noise imaging obtained by beamforming for rotating and static noise sources. Finally, results achieved in this work are in agreement with those observed in the references consulted. / Como desenvolver de tecnologias para redução de ruído de motores aeronáuticos turbofans, o ruído gerado pelo fan (primeiro estágio do motor) vem se mostrando cada vez mais um grande contribuinte na emissão total de ruído em um avião. Com isso, a necessidade de se estudar mecanismos geradores de ruído nestes motores veio à tona e motivou a construção de uma bancada de experimentos aero-acústicos junto àUniversidade de São Paulo, campus São Carlos, oriundo da parceria entre EMBRAER S.A. e Universidade de São Paulo. A bancada de ensaios compõe um conjunto rotor/estator, sendo que o fan (rotor) é equipado com 16 pás e a estatora 14 pás, conectado a um motor elétrico de 100 hp através de um eixo ao rotor, alcançando 4250 RPM com velocidade de escoamento axial médio de 0,1 Mach. Esta bancada é composta por um longo duto e a seção de ensaio com o fan localiza-se ao centro. Uma antena dispondo de 77 microfones foi especialmente projetada para fazer aquisição do ruído gerado pelo fan. Uma parceria com a NASA-Glenn possibilitou a troca de informações e dados experimentais de sua bancada de experimentos similar (ANCF) ajudando assim a validar os códigos desenvolvidos bem como comparar resultados para ambas as bancadas. Umpequeno roteiro para projeto de antena para análise modal e beamforming em duto é apresentado neste trabalho. Um complexo software foi desenvolvido a fim de processar sistematicamente os dados aquisitados pelos microfones da antena. Três tipos de análise são feitas: Via espectro densidade de potência; Imagem de ruído acústico obtido através da técnica de beamforming, e por último, análise modal. Uma técnica diferente para análise modal baseada em imagens obtidas através de beamforming é proposta neste trabalho. Nada similar foi encontrado nas referências consultadas. Os resultados foram validados com dados de fontes sintéticas produzidas pela bancada ANCF-NASA. Resultados comparativos para ambas as bancadas são exibidas neste trabalho, tais quais: Análise do espectro densidade de potência para diferentes rotações do fan; análise modal nas frequências de passagem das pás (forte ruído tonal gerado pelo fan); imagem acústica do ruído gerado tanto por fontes rotativas quanto para fontes estáticas. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com o esperado e de antemão observados nas referências consultadas.

The first bypass turbofan engines came into operation in the early 1970s. The need for reductions in the fuel consumption affected aircraft noise positively through reductions in the jet noise. Over the past decades, the bypass ratio of turbofan engines has continuously increased and, as a result, aircraft engine noise has decreased to a level comparable to the noise originated from the turbulent flow around the airframe for take-off and landing conditions. Although aircraft have become quieter, the number of individuals affected by the aviation growth is likely to increase. Airframe noise has been currently identified as the ultimate aircraft noise barrier and many efforts devoted to its reductions have focused specifically on landing gears and high-lift devices, which are the most relevant noise contributors. Some devices have been designed to reduce flap noise, however, not all of them have been successfully tested in a detailed large-scale flap model due to their difficult implementation in real flap side-edges. This research investigates the relationship between the parameters of a large-scale flap model at 1.50×106 Reynolds number and the physics responsible for flap side-edge noise generation, one of the most dominant sources of the airframe noise. Experimental tests were conducted in a wind-tunnel and flow-field measurements were taken by a multi-hole pitot probe and an aerodynamic balance and complemented by phased microphone array techniques towards a deeper understanding of flap side-edge noise sources and their correlations to unsteady vorticity fluctuations. Conventional beamforming and CLEAN-SC and DAMAS deconvolution methodologies provided far-field acoustic spectra estimations and noise source mapping. The model used for the tests consists of an unswept isolated flap element with representative tip details present in conventional medium-range transport aircraft. The instrumentation includes 106 steady pressure taps distributed chord-wise and span-wise and a sand trip tape to transition the laminar boundary layer. Different side-edge devices were assessed towards airframe noise reductions. A perforated side-edge treatment was also applied to the flap side-edge. Results of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic tests conducted in the LAE-1 closed circuit wind tunnel with a closed test section at the São Carlos School of Engineering - University of São Paulo (EESC-USP) at up to 40 m/s flow speeds provided specific information on the aeroacoustic and aerodynamic characterization of the dominant acoustic source mechanisms of the flap model. / Os primeiros motores turbofan com razão de desvio entraram em operação no início dos anos 70. A necessidade de reduções no consumo de combustível afetou positivamente o ruído das aeronaves através de reduções no ruído do jato. Nas últimas décadas, a razão de desvio de motores turbofan aumentou continuamente e, como resultado, o ruído do motor da aeronave diminuiu para um nível comparável ao ruído originado do fluxo turbulento ao redor do airframe para as condições de decolagem e pouso. Embora as aeronaves tenham-se tornado mais silenciosas, é provável que o número de indivíduos afetados pelo crescimento da aviação aumente. Atualmente, o ruído de airframe tem sido identificado como a barreira máxima de ruído para aeronaves e muitos esforços dedicados à sua redução se concentraram especificamente no trem de pouso e dispositivos de alta sustentação, que são os contribuidores de ruído mais relevantes. Alguns dispositivos foram projetados para reduzir o ruído do flap, no entanto, nem todos deles foram testados com sucesso em um modelo detalhado de flap de grande escala, devido a sua difícil implementação nas bordas laterais do flap real. Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre os parâmetros de um modelo de flap de grande escala com número de Reynolds de 1.50 × 106 e a física responsável pela geração de ruído na borda lateral do flap, uma das fontes mais dominantes do ruido de airframe. Testes experimentais foram realizados em um túnel de vento e as medidas do escoamento foram tomadas por uma sonda pitot de múltiplos furos e uma balança aerodinâmica e complementadas por técnicas de antenas de microfones para um entendimento mais profundo das fontes de ruído da ponta do flap e suas correlações com flutuações instáveis de vorticidade. O beamforming convencional e as metodologias de deconvolução CLEAN-SC e DAMAS forneceram estimativas de espectros acústicos de campo distante e mapeamento de fontes de ruído. O modelo usado para os testes consiste em um elemento de flap isolado, sem enflechamento, com detalhes de ponta representativos presentes em aeronaves convencionais de transporte de médio alcance. A instrumentação inclui 106 tomadas de pressão estacionárias distribuídas na corda e na envergadura e um trip de fita de areia para fazer a transição da camada limite laminar. Diferentes dispositivos de borda lateral foram avaliados em relação às reduções de ruído de airframe. Um tratamento perfurado de borda lateral também foi aplicado à borda lateral do flap. Os resultados dos testes aerodinâmicos e aeroacústicos realizados no túnel de vento de circuito fechado LAE-1, com seção de provas fechada na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo (EESC-USP) com velocidade de fluxo de até 40 m/s forneceram informações específicas sobre a caracterização aeroacústica e aerodinâmica dos mecanismos dominantes de fonte acústica do modelo de flap.

The development of technologies to reduce turbofan engine noise reveals the fan noise, the first stage of an engine, as a great contributor for the total noise of an airplane. So a better understanding of the fan noise generation came up and motivated the construction of a fan rig test facility at the University of São Paulo in São Carlos by a partnership between the university and EMBRAER S.A.. The fan rig is composed of a long duct (12mlong) comprising a 16-bladed fan rotor and 14-vaned stator. The rotor is powered by an 100 hp electrical motor allowing speed up to 4250 RPM resulting in 0.1Mach axial flow. A 77-microphone wall-mounted array was designed for fan noise analysis. A cooperation with NASA-Glenn allowed data and information exchanging from their similar fan rig setup, the ANCF, grating then the validation of the in-house developed software. A short guide for duct-array is proposed in this work. Complex software was developed to process the data from the microphones array. We performed 3 different types of analysis: power spectral density, noise imaging obtained by acoustic beamforming and modal analysis.We proposed a different technique for modal analysis based on beamforming images in this work.We did not find any similar technique in the references. The results obtained by this technique were validated with data from ANCF-NASA. Comparative results are presented for both fan rigs, such as: power spectral densities for different fan speeds, modal analysis at the blade passing frequency (strong tones generated by the fan), noise imaging obtained by beamforming for rotating and static noise sources. Finally, results achieved in this work are in agreement with those observed in the references consulted. / Como desenvolver de tecnologias para redução de ruído de motores aeronáuticos turbofans, o ruído gerado pelo fan (primeiro estágio do motor) vem se mostrando cada vez mais um grande contribuinte na emissão total de ruído em um avião. Com isso, a necessidade de se estudar mecanismos geradores de ruído nestes motores veio à tona e motivou a construção de uma bancada de experimentos aero-acústicos junto àUniversidade de São Paulo, campus São Carlos, oriundo da parceria entre EMBRAER S.A. e Universidade de São Paulo. A bancada de ensaios compõe um conjunto rotor/estator, sendo que o fan (rotor) é equipado com 16 pás e a estatora 14 pás, conectado a um motor elétrico de 100 hp através de um eixo ao rotor, alcançando 4250 RPM com velocidade de escoamento axial médio de 0,1 Mach. Esta bancada é composta por um longo duto e a seção de ensaio com o fan localiza-se ao centro. Uma antena dispondo de 77 microfones foi especialmente projetada para fazer aquisição do ruído gerado pelo fan. Uma parceria com a NASA-Glenn possibilitou a troca de informações e dados experimentais de sua bancada de experimentos similar (ANCF) ajudando assim a validar os códigos desenvolvidos bem como comparar resultados para ambas as bancadas. Umpequeno roteiro para projeto de antena para análise modal e beamforming em duto é apresentado neste trabalho. Um complexo software foi desenvolvido a fim de processar sistematicamente os dados aquisitados pelos microfones da antena. Três tipos de análise são feitas: Via espectro densidade de potência; Imagem de ruído acústico obtido através da técnica de beamforming, e por último, análise modal. Uma técnica diferente para análise modal baseada em imagens obtidas através de beamforming é proposta neste trabalho. Nada similar foi encontrado nas referências consultadas. Os resultados foram validados com dados de fontes sintéticas produzidas pela bancada ANCF-NASA. Resultados comparativos para ambas as bancadas são exibidas neste trabalho, tais quais: Análise do espectro densidade de potência para diferentes rotações do fan; análise modal nas frequências de passagem das pás (forte ruído tonal gerado pelo fan); imagem acústica do ruído gerado tanto por fontes rotativas quanto para fontes estáticas. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com o esperado e de antemão observados nas referências consultadas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this master thesis it is proposed a MIMO communication scheme with four transmit antennas and unitary transmission rate. The performance and robustness of the scheme are evaluated and compared with other good proposals recently presented in the literature. The proposed scheme uses a preprocessor based on phase feedback. The preprocessor allows the proposed scheme to obtain full diversity and also coding gain. The pre-processing considers a codebook design, whose size is dependent on the number of feedback bits. Error probability analysis is provided, where the upper and lower bounds for different numbers of feedback bits and antennas are presented, considering two different types of constellations, QAM and PSK. For robustness analysis, channels estimators were used. For the channel estimators model it was added the effects of spatial correlation, enabling the evaluation the losses caused by the spatial correlation among the antennas, and the Doppler effect, for evaluating the loss performance due to the relative mobilitys between trnamitter and receiver. / Nesta dissertação propõe-se um esquema de comunicação MIMO para quatro antenas transmissoras com taxa de transmissão unitária. O desempenho e a robustez do esquema proposto são avaliados e comparados com outras boas propostas recentemente apresentadas na literatura. O esquema proposto utiliza um pré-processador baseado na realimentação de fase provinda do receptor. O pré-processamento permite que o esquema proposto alcance um grau de diversidade completo bem como um ganho de codificação. A pré-codificação considera o uso de um codebook, cujo comprimento depende do número de bits de realimentação disponível. Faz-se uma análise de desempenho da probabilidade de erro, mostrando os limitantes superior e inferior do esquema para diferentes quantidades de bits de realimentação, diferentes números de antenas e para as constelações do tipo PSK e QAM. Para a análise de robustez, considerou-se o emprego de estimadores de canais clássicos. No modelo utilizado para os estimadores de canais foram acrescentados os efeitos da correlação espacial, para se verificar as perdas decorrentes da correlação espacial entre as antenas, e do efeito Doppler, para se avaliar a perda de desempenho decorrente da mobilidade relativa entre transmissor e receptor.

Master’s thesis deals with description of issues of reading spatial audio signals using microphone array. Basic method of beamforming (Delay and Sum) is characterized on basis of chosen conception of the microphone array. Specific issues of audio detection and digital signal processing of converted audio signals are characterized and some ways how to solve the issues are adumbrated. Features and limitations of chosen ARM processor in the digital processing of multiple audio signals are described. Especially features and limitations of an internal A/D converter from the perspective of the beamforming are described.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’exploitation des propriétés de non-circularité et de non-gaussianité des signaux d’intérêt (SOI) et/ou des interférences pour les transmissions sans fil et l’écoute passive. Dans une première partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’extension des récepteurs SIMO-MLSE conventionnels vers de nouvelles architectures exploitant la potentielle non-circularité au second ordre des interférences co-canal (CCI), pour la démodulation de signaux rectilignes (BPSK, ASK), quasi-rectilignes (MSK, GMSK et OQAM) et à symboles complexes (QAM). L’architecture générale des récepteurs développés est basée sur un prétraitement avec une extension widely linear (WL) du filtre adapté spatio-temporel, ramenant le traitement de démodulation à un problème scalaire, un échantillonnage au rythme symbole et ensuite un organe de décision basé sur une version modifiée de l’algorithme de Viterbi. Pour le cas particulier des signaux quasi-rectiligne, on intercale un traitement de dérotation entre l’échantillonneur et l’organe de décision. Un travail de modélisation à temps discret des SOI, brouilleurs et du bruit de fond a été mené afin de créer des modèles de simulations pour la validation des expressions SINR analytiques interprétables, via l’évaluation des probabilités d’erreur symboles. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la formation de voies (Beamforming) non-linéaire à travers des structures de Volterra complexe du troisième ordre. Ces dernières permettent l’exploitation de la non-circularité jusqu’au sixième ordre ainsi que du caractère non-gaussien des SOI et/ou des interférences. Dans le contexte de l’écoute passive, nous avons introduit un beamformer MVDR de Volterra du troisième ordre utilisant la seule information a priori du vecteur directionnel du SOI et implémentable grâce à une structure équivalente GSC. Nous avons étudié ses performances en particulier par l’évaluation analytique des expressions du SINR en fonction des statistiques de l’interférence, et par sa vitesse d’apprentissage, démontrant ainsi sa supériorité par rapport aux beamformers MVDR linéaire et WL classiques. Dans un contexte de radiocommunications, nous avons étudié une version MMSE de ce beamformer de Volterra complexe du troisième ordre qui prend lui en compte les propriétés statistiques de non-circularité jusqu’au sixième ordre et de non-gaussianité du SOI et du CCI. La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la robustesse de tests de détection de rectilinéarité de signaux en présente d’offsets de fréquence. Ces tests sont importants pour ajuster la nature du traitement (linéaire ou WL) en fonction de la rectilinéarité des signaux, afin de garantir le meilleur rapport performance/temps de convergence des algorithmes / This thesis is devoted to exploit the non-circularity and non-gaussianity properties of signals of interest (SOI) and/or interference for wireless transmissions and passive listening. In the first part of this thesis, we are interested in the extension of conventional SIMO-MLSE receivers to new architectures exploiting the potential second order non-circularity of co-channel interference (CCI), for the demodulation of rectilinear signals (BPSK, ASK), quasi-rectilinear (MSK, GMSK and OQAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The general architecture of the developed receivers is based on a pre-processing with a widely linear (WL) extension of the spatio-temporal matched filter, bringing the demodulation processing back to a scalar problem, a sampling at the symbol rate and then a decision block based on a modified version of the Viterbi algorithm. For the particular case of the quasi-rectilinear signals, a derotation processing is interposed between the sampler and the decision block. A work on equivalent discrete time modeling of SOI, interferers and background noise has been carried out in order to create simulation models as for the validation of the interpretable analytic SINR expressions, by the evaluation of the symbol error rates. In a second part, we are interested to the beamforming through complex Volterra structures of the third order. These structures allow us the exploitation of the non-circularity up to the sixth order as well as the non-gaussian nature of the SOI and/or the interferences. For passive listening applications, we have introduced a third-order Volterra MVDR beamformer using only a priori information of SOI steering vector and implemented by an equivalent GSC structure. We have studied its performance, in particular by interpretable closed-form expressions as functions of statistics of the interference, and by its speed of learning, thus proving its advantages with respect to the conventional linear and WL MVDR beamformers. For wireless communications applications, we have studied an MMSE version of this complex Volterra beamformer of the third order that takes into account of the non-circularity up to the sixth order as well as the non-gaussian nature of the SOI and interference. The last part of this thesis is devoted to the robustness of rectilinearity tests in the presence of frequency offset. These tests are important for adjusting the processing (linear or WL) as a function of the rectilinearity of the signals in order to guarantee the best performance/convergence rate ratio of algorithms