Labour migration from Mozambique to South Africa is a historical process in Southern African region that dates from the 18th century. However, its formalisation and regulation took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, becoming a part of the Southern African labour market system. Within this labour market system Mozambique is one of the longstanding suppliers, with relatively consistent numbers of contract migrants for the South African mines. In the last two decades the number of contract migrant labourers for the mining industry in South Africa has declined. In contrast, there has been an increase in undocumented migrants from Mozambique to South Africa. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the dynamics of undocumented labour migration to South Africa. The undocumented migrants are mostly male youths from rural areas of southern Mozambique who are pushed by poverty and lack of employment conditions. They enter into the South Africa pulled by a demand for cheap unskilled labour, and they work mainly in the agriculture, construction, informal trade and domestic sector. Their aim is to send or carry back home remittances in cash or kind. However, the presence of undocumented Mozambican immigrants, as well as those from other parts of Southern Africa, has given cause for concern. There is social pressure in South Africa, where in some circles the undocumented migrants are seen as taking jobs from locals, which leads to xenophobic attitudes. The South African government has been forced to adopt restrictive measures, including the repatriation or deportation of undocumented immigrants. Notwithstanding the undocumented migration from Mozambique continues to increase. Findings from the fieldwork in Mozambique and South Africa, obtained through both quantitative and qualitative approaches, confirmed that the undocumented Mozambican labour migration to South Africa was a self-sustaining process through social networks, which helped in the process of adjustment and also allowed migrants to make multiple entries into South Africa. The study concludes that stopping undocumented migration requires the creation of job opportunities in migrant sending areas, particularly in the rural areas, so that people can be employed locally, reducing their dependency on migrant labour. In addition, policies are required that encourage migrants to organize in order to be involved productively in development projects of their communities. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

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Since the advent of world travel and exploration, humans have been introducing animals to new countries and environments to which they were not native. Wild horses in North America are protected by the Wild Free-Roaming Horses & Burros Act, and their growing populations can damage native species and ecosystems. These feral horses organize themselves into harems consisting of several mares, a dominant stallion, and occasionally subordinate stallions. In the breeding season, a peak in stallion libido and mare ovulation elicit distinct reproductive behaviors. Population numbers of feral horses (Equus caballus) need to be humanely controlled without the disruption of these key behaviors. The Adopt-A-Horse program, a current program consisting of roundup and public adoption for a fee, is not effective on its own. The proposed study examines two minimally-invasive immunocontraceptive methods that may be effective in reducing population growth: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, antibodies that prevent mares from entering estrous, and porcine zona pellucida (PZP), an antibody that changes the conformation of ova sperm receptors to prevent fertilization. This potential study proposes that 8 independent populations of feral horses will be tracked for 4 years to assess normal behavior. After 4 years, populations will undergo one of four treatments: control (n=1), roundup and adoption (n=1), mares treated with 2-year remotely administered PZP vaccine (n=3), and mares treated with 2-year remotely administered GnRH agonist (n=3). Urinalysis will be used to test for pregnancy, and behavior of mares will be monitored over the course of 4 years after administration. Combined observations of behavioral effects and growth rates will be used to determine the most efficient and humane method of population control. Both chemical methods of fertility control should greatly reduce the overall number of foals produced. Where PZP will potentially be the better choice for immunocontraception due to its minimal interference with the endocrine system of feral horses, GnRH agonists are likely to affect normal behavior and may not be suitable for implementation in wild rangelands. Efforts to control populations will be most effective when the current Adopt-A-Horse program is combined with administration of PZP every second year. Success of an immunocontraception program for feral horses in overpopulated rangelands may pave the way for more invasive populations to be controlled in this manner.

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Red grouse (<I>Lagopus lagopus scoticus </I>Lath.) populations often show cycles in numbers. It has been suggested that these are caused by positive feedback between population kin structure and recruitment of young cocks to the territorial population, and by negative feedback between population density and recruitment. In previous studies of red grouse in north-east Scotland, recruitment was the key demographic factor affecting population change. Changes in recruitment were the result of changes in breeding success and changes in the proportion of young cocks establishing territories in autumn. This thesis investigates the differences between those young males which successfully established a territory and those that did not, on a heather moorland on the edge of the Cairngorm mountains, north-east Scotland. It describes the behaviour and movements of young cocks during the period of territory establishment. In particular it is shown that young cocks which had more close relatives as neighbours were more likely to establish a territory. However, investigation of the effect of relatedness on the aggressive interactions between cocks did not reveal any robust behavioural mechanism by which this relationship might have come about. Relatedness between individuals was estimated from microsatellite genetic data. Young cocks which established territories had larger supra-orbital combs than those which did not. This suggests that hormonal status is important in determining recruitment success, since comb size is an indicator of the level of circulating androgens of an individual. Territory establishment by young cocks took place rapidly in mid-September following the break up of broods. Young cocks were never observed to win encounters with old established cocks during territory establishment. Persistence in engaging in encounters may be more important than winning them.

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