This thesis investigates the place-names of four parishes in Berwickshire and compares coastal and inland naming patterns. Berwickshire is a large county that borders on northern England and historically formed part of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria. Partly due to the survival of extensive archives from the medieval priory of Coldingham, preserved in Durham Cathedral Archives, this county holds some of Scotland’s earliest recorded place- names. The parishes that form the research area are grouped together in the north-east of the county. Two of these parishes, Abbey St Bathans and Bunkle & Preston, are inland, and two, Cockburnspath and Coldingham, have extensive coastlines. The diversity of this group of parishes allows a comparative study of the place-names of coastal and inland areas to be undertaken. The topography of Berwickshire’s thirty-two parishes is very varied, and the four parishes have been chosen to reflect this range of landscapes. The place-names within the four parishes examined in this thesis derive almost exclusively from Old English, Older Scots, Modern Scots including Standard Scottish English, with a small minority derived from Old Norse, Gaelic, and Brittonic. The chronology of Old English, Older Scots, and Modern Scots is defined as given in the Concise Scots Dictionary: Old English is the period up to 1100, Older Scots is the period 1100-1700, and Modern Scots is the period 1700 onwards (CSD, 1985: xiii). Often with place-names it is not possible to give a precise dating for the coining of a toponym. For the purposes of this study, the language label given for a toponym is that of the date of the earliest record of the place-name with earlier linguistic evidence supplementing discussion. This thesis focuses on the names of topographic features, for example hills, rocks and woodland, and the role of perception in their naming. In order to compare the role of perception in inland and coastal naming, this thesis includes a diachronic study of the toponymy of the research area, along with two case studies. The first of these is a study of the toponymy of relief features, which focuses on generic elements in order to compare the perception of one type of referent in the two environments. The second is a study of the ‘colour’ category, which focuses on qualifying elements in order to compare the use of colour terms in the two environments. This thesis is the first comparative study of inland and coastal place-names, and it is one of the first to investigate new ways of using fieldwork as a central part of its methodology. In doing so it proposes innovative and nuanced ways to understand the toponymy of diverse landscapes within a community.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-03T13:26:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RenatoBorgesBernardes_Parcial.pdf: 6099591 bytes, checksum: e23ad3bc65bb97dd620a60ae3fb5afd0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-18T12:34:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RenatoBorgesBernardes_Parcial.pdf: 6099591 bytes, checksum: e23ad3bc65bb97dd620a60ae3fb5afd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T12:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_RenatoBorgesBernardes_Parcial.pdf: 6099591 bytes, checksum: e23ad3bc65bb97dd620a60ae3fb5afd0 (MD5) / O perfil PABBRISE consiste em experimento sísmico de refração/reflexão de ângulo amplo realizado no Estado de São Paulo. O perfil possui aproximadamente 700 km de extensão e atravessa a porção nordeste da Bacia do Paraná, passando por parte da Faixa Brasília meridional (Nappe Socorro), até a margem continental adjacente (Faixa Ribeira central). A modelagem do tempo de trânsito das ondas P resultou em modelo sísmico em que a descontinuidade de Mohorovičić é estruturada e heterogênea, com profundidades entre 32,0 e 43,5 km, sendo mais rasa próximo à margem continental. A geometria obtida possibilitou a segmentação da crosta continental em três domínios sísmicos.Em todos os domínios a crosta inferior foi modificada, hora por intrusões máficas, estiramento dúctil localizado ou delaminação. Próximo ao Rio Paraná (km 0–170 do perfil),a crosta inferior (Vp = 6,70–7,05 km/s) mostra reverberações sísmicas descontínuas. Essas indicam que parte dessa crosta foi intrudida por corpos máficos tabulares. No domínio central (km 170–525), a crosta superior chega a ser quase três vezes mais espessa do que a inferior, com a crosta inferior associada a um forte gradiente positivo de velocidade. Este interpretado comounderplating máfico na base da crosta (Vp = 7,10–7,25 km/s).A crosta inferior próximo à margem continental (km 525–700) mostra velocidades anomalamente baixas (Vp = 6,48–6,65 km/s) que,quando associadas às proeminentes elevações das serras do Mar e da Mantiqueira, à espessura crustal de 32 km e à anomalia gravimétrica Bouguer, sugerem que a porção máfica da crosta inferior tenha sido delaminada por processo geodinâmico desencadeadopela abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul.A delaminação foi seguida por soerguimento flexural regional e proeminente magmatismo alcalino, e ajudou a moldaro que hoje é a atual borda nordeste da Bacia do Paraná. O topo do manto superior mostra Vp = 7,88–7,92 km/s, próximo à margem continental (porção SE do perfil), e Vp = 8,25 km/s sob a bacia(porção NW do perfil). Issorevela que esses dois domínios de manto litosférico possuem origens e evoluções distintas. / The PABBRISE profile consists of a ca. 700-km wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic experiment carried out in the São Paulo State. The profile crosses the northeast part of the Paraná Basin, the southernmost part of the Brasilia fold belt (the Socorro nappe), and ends on the adjacent continental margin, which comprises the central Ribeira fold belt. Modelling of the P-wave travel-times provided a seismic model in which the Mohorovičić discontinuity is shown as a structured and heterogeneous interface, with depths between 32.0 and 43.5 km, getting shallower to the southeast, near the continental margin. The obtained geometry allowed the segmentation of the continental crust in three different seismic domains. In all of the domains the lower crust has been modified in some way: by mafic intrusions, localized ductile stretching or delamination. Near the Paraná River (profile distance km 0–170), the lower crust (Vp = 6.70–7.05 km/s) shows discontinuous seismic reverberations. These indicates that tabular mafic bodies (i.e. sills) intruded parts of this crust. In the central domain (profile distance km 170–525), the upper crust is almost three times thicker than the lower crust. The latter is associated with a strong positive velocity gradient, interpreted as mafic underplating at the base of the crust (Vp = 7.10–7.25 km/s). The lower crust near the continental margin (profile distance km 525–700) shows anomalous low velocities (Vp = 6.48–6.65 km/s). These, associated with the prominent elevations of the Mar and Mantiqueira ranges, a crustal thickness of 32 km, and the Bouguer anomaly, suggests that the mafic portion of the lower crust has been delaminated by a geodynamic process somehow correlated to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. The delamination was followed by regional flexural uplift and prominent alkaline magmatism. That event helped to mold the current geometry of the northeastern flank of the Paraná Basin. The top of the upper mantle has Vp = 7.88–7.92 km/s near the continental margin (SE part of the profile), and Vp = 8.25 km/s under the basin (NW part of the profile). These Vp reveals that the two lithospheric mantle domains have distinguished origins and evolutions.

Between 1790 and 1850, the novel was used widely "for doing God's work," and English female authors, specifically those who identified themselves as Christians, were exploiting the novel's potential to challenge dominant discourse and middle-class gender ideology, particularly in relationship to marriage. I argue in this thesis that Mary Wollstonecraft, Jane Austen, Anne Brontë and Elizabeth Gaskell used the novel to construct Christian heroines who, as unlikely agents, make resistive choices shown to be undergirded by faith. All practicing some form of Christianity, Wollstonecraft, Austen, Brontë and Gaskell engage evangelicalism's belief in "transformation of the heart." They construct heroines who are specifically shown to question the value of a narrative that assumes wayward husbands would somehow be transformed as a result of the marriage union. The heroines in this study come to resist such reforming schemes. Instead, they paradoxically leverage the very Christian faith that dominant discourse would use to subjugate them in unequal unions.

The theoretical and experimental work presented in this thesis investigates the spray/load and dative alternations. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the alternations in terms of their syntactic structures and to account for how contextual information drives differences in the linear order of their VP arguments. This analysis shows that the syntactic structures of the spray/load and dative alternations are identical; each variant in an alternation is characterised by one of two available structures proposed in Janke and Neeleman (2012). Each structure is shown to respect a novel thematic hierarchy that is based on the value of binary feature clusters (Reinhart, 2000) rather than by direct reference to semantic labels. The choice of a particular structure is demonstrated to be affected by the non-semantic context in which the spray/load or dative sentence is generated. This is a consequence of the limited processing capacity of Working Memory and the allocation of attentional resources to a stimulus. Experimental data from an as yet untested variable of the visual context – the egocentric perception of distance – is found to interact with word order preferences of the alternations. I conclude that non-semantic contextual information interacts with the encoding of an event which ultimately has consequences for syntactic choices.

What is the role of intertextuality and ekphrasis in A.S. Byatt's novels and short stories? How does Byatt deploy intertextuality to address the relationship between art as experience and representation? And how do intertextuality and ekphrasis enhance creativity and destructive forces across characters, texts and discourses? This thesis examines how the numerous intertextual and ekphrastic references in Byatt's fiction challenge and complicate the crucial relationship between ideas and matter, and between mental processes and bodily experiences. Starting from Kristeva's theory of intertextuality, I argue how in Byatt reading, storytelling and writing are not only the highly demanding intellectual activities that most of her characters engage with, but also potentially dangerous: writing can kill once written words come to replace actual experience (Chapter 1). Conversely, the visual arts, medicine and science, appearing throughout Byatt's fiction in the form of intertextual and ekphrastic presences, represent more positive, empowering and liberating elements because of the greater balance between the mental and the physical dimensions they encourage (Chapters 2 and 3). The two final chapters shift their attention from the metatextual, theoretical perspective of the first part and focus on how Byatt deploys intertextual strategies to address political and historical discourses, in particular war trauma and the construction of national identity. Where the weight of history defines material existence, intertextuality unleashes its most creative powers of self-defence and survival, and allows characters to defend themselves, through mythology and storytelling, against the traumas of war and cross-cultural encounters. Ultimately, Byatt's are stories of individual development: intertextuality and ekphrasis thus become the ultimate strategies with which her protagonists are given agency over themselves, either to fight for their own emancipation, or be the tragic cause of their own self-destruction.

Background and aims: This PhD is part of the Thales Aphasia project. The Thales Aphasia project aimed to provide an in-depth exploration of neuropsychological and linguistic deficits in Greek speaking people with aphasia and to investigate the efficacy of speech and language therapy interventions. Two interventions were evaluated: mapping therapy and Elaborated Semantic Feature Analysis (ESFA). This thesis reports on the efficacy of ESFA. ESFA is a modified version of Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA), which prompts the participant to elaborate the features described into a sentence. Two different aims are investigated: (a) the efficacy of Elaborated Semantic Features Analysis (ESFA) therapy versus no therapy (b) the relative efficacy of two different approaches of delivering therapy – direct (individual therapy) versus combination therapy (individual together with group therapy) and the relative impact of each therapy approach on a range of outcome measures tapping different WHO ICF domains. Methods: The study is a randomised trial using a waiting list control. Of the 72 participants of Thales, 58 met the eligibility criteria for speech and language therapy and 39 were allocated to ESFA (19 allocated to mapping therapy). Participants were randomised via recruitment order to one of three groups- two groups of therapy (direct or combination) and the waiting list control group. Of the 38 that had ESFA, 12 were randomised to the waiting list control group and 26 to one of the two ESFA therapy approaches. Participants on the therapy approaches were assessed two times before therapy (double baseline, week 1- 6), post-therapy (week 19), and 3-months later (followup). Participants on the waiting list control were assessed three times before therapy (week 1-6-19) and then were randomly allocated to one of the two approaches for ESFA treatment and were reassessed after the 12-week treatment (post-therapy) and 3 months later (follow-up). Both therapy groups had equal intensity and dosage- three hours of ESFA per week for 12 weeks (36 hours): those that received direct ESFA had three 1- hour sessions per week; those that received combination ESFA had one 90-minute session of group ESFA and two 45-minute sessions of individual ESFA per week. The primary outcome measure was confrontation naming of the 260 colourised pictures initially developed by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) (Rossion & Pourtois, 2004). Secondary outcome measures included a range of assessments tapping on all WHO ICF levels: Boston Naming Test (BNT), Discourse Measurement with Cookie Theft picture, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for adults (ASHA – FACS), Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life scale (SAQOL-39g), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and EQ-5D. Therapy materials appropriate to each person were chosen at baseline before initiation of therapy. At baseline, each participant had to name the 260 pictures. The pictures were randomly presented to each participant for naming across three trials without any cuing or feedback. Based on the results of these trials, the pictures that participants failed to name on at least two trials were selected as potential treatment materials. This process of stimulus selection resulted in a set of treatment and probe items that were individual to each participant. To test (a) the efficacy of ESFA therapy (n=26) versus no therapy (n=12) mixed within-between ANOVAs were used with group as the between variable (2 groups: ESFA versus control) and time as the within variable (3 levels: weeks 1, 6, 19). To test (b) the relative efficacy of direct (n=22) versus combination (n=14) ESFA, mixed withinbetween ANOVAs were used with group as the between variable (2 groups: direct versus combination ESFA) and time as the within variable (4 levels: two baselines, post-therapy and follow-up). Results: After applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, for (a) therapy versus control, there was a significant main effect of time on the primary outcome measure Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.1, 39.38) = 26.04, p< .001 with a large effect size (η2 p = .42), and a significant interaction effect Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.1, 39.38) = 9.56, p= .003 with a large effect size (η2 p = .21); whereby the therapy group improved significantly more from pre-therapy (week 6) [mean (SD) = 61.96 (49.40)] to post-therapy (week 19) [mean (SD) = 104.38 (73.91)] than the control group [week 6 mean (SD) = 74.33 (62.94), week 19 mean (SD) = 81.83 (69.90)]. There was a significant main effect of time for the BNT (p = .002) with a large effect size (η2 p = .19), with the significant difference between the firsts two baselines and BL3/post therapy. There was an interaction effect, which did not remain significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons, for the SAQOL-39g psychosocial domain (p = .013) (η2 p = .12) and the overall SAQOL-39g score (p = .015) (η2 p =.11), with the therapy group improving with therapy, and the control group not improving. For (b) direct versus combination ESFA, there was a significant main effect of time on the primary outcome measure for both approaches, Greenhouse-Geisser F (1.89, 64.53) = 32.95, p < 0.001 with large effect size (η2 p = .49). Pairwise comparisons showed there was a significant difference between the two baselines (mean difference = 10.23, p= .003), a significant difference between both the baselines and post-therapy (mean differences= 49.70 and 39.45, ps< .001) and a significant difference between both the baselines and follow- up (mean differences = 43.45 and 33.22, ps< .001). The post therapy gains were maintained, i.e. there was no significant drop from post-therapy to follow up. There was also a significant main effect of time with large effect size for the BNT (p< .001) (η2 p = .29), with significant differences in pairwise comparisons between both baselines and post therapy and both baselines and follow-up; and the ASHA-FACS (p = .001) (η2 p =.18), with significant differences between both baselines and the follow -up assessment. The interaction and group effects were not significant. Conclusion: This PhD is the first to explore the efficacy of ESFA in a randomised group design. Results supported the efficacy of ESFA therapy versus no therapy. ESFA therapy led to gains in naming, communication and quality of life for people with aphasia. Gains were similar in the two therapy approaches and were maintained over a threemonth follow-up. Pending further research to confirm the reliability of the results and allow meaningful effects to be detected on a range of outcome measures, ESFA may be a useful therapy to adopt in practice.

Despite the diversity of research on the Libyan Revolution across a spectrum of academic fields, very little work has focused on the representation of this event in media discourse. More specifically, no studies have approached this topic from a critical linguistic perspective using a large corpus, focusing on the qualitative analysis of the corpus findings. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate linguistically how the Libyan Revolution of 2011 is constructed within a corpus of British broadsheet newspapers. The focus of this study was to explore linguistic evidence to substantiate the claim that British newspapers are biased in their coverage in favour of anti-Gaddafi forces. The investigation of textual bias was guided and assisted by tools and methods from corpus linguistics. In particular, the keyword linguistic tool in WordSmith (Scott, 2004) was utilised as an entry point to the data to provide potential foci for further analysis. The findings of the corpus analysis revealed that keywords referring to the participants involved in the conflict during the Libyan Revolution and action-related words are the dominant lexical items in the coverage of this event in British newspapers. These corpus findings are further studied in context using the concord function in WordSmith, and then interpreted using the tools offered by Critical Stylistics (Jeffries, 2010). The occurrence of different nominal choices referring to the key participants in the Libyan conflict in the keyword list also led me to focus on investigating how those participants have been named and referred to linguistically. The analysis reveals linguistic evidence and discursive strategies showing a biased representation of the Libyan Revolution in the British newspapers in favour of anti-Gaddafi forces. This study has shown that the UK broadsheet newspapers represented a negative stereotypical image of Gaddafi’s side, while simultaneously presenting a neutral and at times even a positive portrayal of the opposition side. Specifically, the choices of linguistic structures result in the legitimation of Gaddafi’s opponents and, conversely, the delegitimisation and suppression of Gaddafi and his government. Finally, it was also observed that the language of British newspapers was highly ideological in representing this event despite British news outlets endorsing the values of democracy, freedom and universal rights. It is important to also recognize that the wider social context influences the processes of production and interpretation of news discourse and helps to explain the reasons behind giving Gaddafi and his government the worst negative image. Considering the socio-political contexts and the close examination of the relation between Libya and Britain reveals that Gaddafi’s negative representation could be seen as a reflection of the excesses of his dictatorship over his own people during his years in power as well as a reflection of his accumulated stock of past wrongdoings and tense relations between him and Britain. Therefore, this representation could be taken as a fact, given Gaddafi’s historical background. However, the analysis reveals that there was unequal treatment of the two sides in the conflict. There was a complete lack of any mitigation on the description of Gaddafi’s side, whereas the rebel side are treated in an apologetic manner. The British newspapers are biased in covering up the violent actions that were committed by the opposition and their violation of human rights. It was obvious that British newspapers act as a dominant source of hegemony by deciding what and how to report. The analysis reveals that the British newspapers tried to support their government in their leading role in the military intervention in Libya. This confirms that news reporting is not free from the subjective interpretation of events, rather it constructs them in a way that reflects their ideological and political viewpoints. Overall, the positive representation of the opposition could be seen as a problematic, as the political consequence of overthrowing Gaddafi results in plaguing Libya in chaos and violence with internal wars run by rebels who were described as good during the revolution.

Vocabulary knowledge is key to the successful use of any language skill (Nation & Webb, 2011) and learning to map a particular meaning to an L2 form for a great number of words is therefore crucial for learners of a foreign language. Vocabulary assessments can play a facilitating role in this learning process, which is why there is now an abundance of assessment tools to measure lexical knowledge. However, few of these tests have undergone sophisticated validation, even after their release into the public domain. Although vocabulary tests are used in numerous pedagogical and research settings, there has been “relatively little progress in the development of new vocabulary tests” (Webb & Sasao, 2013, p. 263). Instead, conventionalized traditions are being reiterated without questioning them. This PhD project has set out to address this gap of an innovative measure of vocabulary knowledge by developing a new diagnostic computer-adaptive measure of form-meaning link knowledge: The Vocabulary Knowledge Profiler. The present test development project started from scratch by questioning the underlying assumptions and trying to make design decisions based not only on theoretical considerations but empirical evidence. In a series of studies, three major weaknesses of existing vocabulary tests were problematized: (1) selection of item formats, (2) sampling in terms of unit of counting, frequency bands and representativeness, and (3) the general lack of validation evidence and validation models. These issues were explored across four studies in this thesis to design a novel instrument and gather initial validation evidence for it along the way. The first set of studies presented in this thesis investigated the usefulness and informativeness of different item formats for vocabulary tests and found in a comparison of four different formats that all formats show considerable error in measurement but the MC format may be the most useful because of its systematicity in overestimating scores. The second set of studies found support for the adoption of the lemma as an appropriate counting unit and for a new approach to frequency banding that takes into account the relative importance of frequency bands in terms of the coverage they provide. Based on these foundation studies, test specifications were drawn up and an item bank was created, which was subjected to a large scale trial to admit functioning items to an item pool for creating a computer-adaptive test. A study was conducted to compare two different computer-adaptive algorithms for implementation in the test design, suggesting that a “floor first” design would generate more consistent and representative score profiles. For initial validation evidence, a final study was then conducted to relate scores from the finished test to that of a reading comprehension measure. The findings of the studies presented throughout the thesis are then synthesized to produce an initial version of a validation argument in the structure of Bachman and Palmer’s (2010) Assessment Use Argument to outline both the necessary areas for further research before the launch of the test as well as the collected validation evidence to date that builds a tentative argument that the Vocabulary Knowledge Profiler and of the diagnostic decisions that are made based on its results and use are beneficial to English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and EFL teachers for classroom learning and teaching.

This study explores a shift situation among Libyan Tuareg in the southwestern region of Libya. They are shifting from Targia (Tamaheq), an indigenous minority language, to Arabic, the predominant language in the country. The two communities under investigation are Ghat, ethnically and linguistically heterogeneous and Barkat, ethnically and linguistically homogeneous. The investigation focuses on Targia’s use and transmission across generations as well as domains of language use.

The purpose of the thesis is to find patterns of gender and (im)politeness within the Javanese language. To attain its goals, the research discussion focused on the patterns of gender and (im)politeness in its formal aspects, power relations, and criticism. To accomplish the goals, the research applied a participation order and quantified data related to recurring actions (frame-based analysis). The research participants were Javanese families living in Surakarta and its surrounding areas, which are in Central Java, Indonesia. The data recorded natural conversations, involving voluntarily recorded daily conversations within familial settings. The formal aspects analysis indicated (1) husbands use a low style (ngoko) to address their wives; (2) Javanese women of the middle social class use different linguistic styles. Additionally, to express their respect, a higher number of women spoke in ngoko, while others addressed their husbands in higher level (basa). Those who used ngoko speech level displayed a minimal sign of deference by using honorific pronouns (e.g. panjenengan) and titles. The analysis on power relations reflected higher agreement in relation to the Javanese norm of indirection. However, the discussion on criticism demonstrated overtness and mock impoliteness, which disagrees with the norm of indirection. The last two analyses indicated that the evaluation of (im)politeness is different across social actions (e.g. asking, criticising, etc.). Among the three areas of analysis (formal aspects, power relations and criticism), there were persistent aspects involved in the evaluation of (im)politeness) such as intention, identity, moral orders, and utterances or actions.