Dyscalculia and General Mathematical Dificulties

Abstract My essay is about pupils with difficulties in mathematics. I have choosed to do a literaturestudy and interviews of teachers to get some answers to my framing of the questions. · What is mathematical difficulties? · How do we discover pupils with mathematical difficulties? · What can a teather do to facilitate for pupils with mathematical difficulties? · What resources is there to help pupils with mathematical difficulties? I have done my investigationin two schools to be abel to see if the schools are working in the same way and have the same prerequisite of pupils with mathematical difficulties. By doing an interview with both teachers and remedial teachers I have got a better insight how to help pupils in the best way. Both of this schools are putting the pupils in the middle and give them wath they need to get to the destinations that claims. The procedure are not the same between the schools. The bigger school have more resources while the smaller school have more material.

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Syftet med detta arbete var att studera hemspråket betydelse för elevens utveckling i matematik och undersöka lärarens och elevens syn på matematiskt undervisning på modersmålet. Jag har intervjuat nio elever och fyra lärare i den mångkulturella skolan som jag jobbar i. Genom detta arbete har jag kommit fram till att studiehandledningen på modersmålet i studieverkstadsverksamheten som startades i skolan sedan 2005 är av stor betydelse för eleverna, där studiehandledningen på modersmålet gör att elevernas inlärning i både matematik och språk blir starkare. Nyckelord: modersmål, studiehandledning, andraspråkselever.

Let C and C′ be two smooth self transverse immersions of S1 into R2. BothC and C′ divide the plane into a number of disks and one unbounded component.An isotopy of the plane which takes C to C′ induces a 1-1 correspondence betweenthe disks of C and C′. An obvious necessary condition for there to exist an areapreserving isotopy of the plane taking C to C′ is that there exists an isotopy forwhich the area of every disk of C has the same area as the corresponding disk ofC′. In this paper we show that this is also a sufficient condition.

Examensarbetet ger en bild av både lärares och forskares syn på matematiksvårigheter samt deras uppfattning om orsakerna bakom problemen. Vi har undersökt vilka områden i matematiken som elever med matematiksvårigheter har mest problem med samt hur läraren förklarar och underlättar matematiken för dessa elever. Både forskningen och de lärare vi intervjuat är överens om att begreppet matematiksvårigheter är väldigt komplext. Orsakerna kan vara av medicinsk/neurologisk, psykologisk, sociologisk och didaktisk karaktär. I våra intervjuer framkommer att positionssystemet, bråk, procent, enheter, multiplikation och division är de områden som kan ställa till mest problem för elever med matematiksvårigheter. Dessa områden nämns även inom forskningen som möjliga problemområden. För att underlätta matematiken för elever med matematiksvårigheter anser forskarna att det är viktigt att undervisningen utgår från elevernas erfarenheter och förkunskaper. De påpekar också vikten av att undervisningen varieras och bör innefatta såväl laborativa som teoretiska arbetssätt där även diskussioner och gruppuppgifter ska förekomma. För att se på vilken nivå lärarna börjar förklara för elever med matematiksvårigheter gav vi dem tre uppgifter som de fick förklara. Svaren placerades in i fyra kategorier: 1 Erfarenhet/vardag, 2. Konkret material, 3. Rita, 4. Räkna. Resultatet visar att lärarna oftast börjar sin förklaring i kategori fyra. Många hamnar i kategori tre och väldigt få hamnar i kategori ett och två.

Ill-posed mathematical problem occur in many interesting scientific and engineering applications. The solution of such a problem, if it exists, may not depend continuously on the observed data. For computing a stable approximate solution it is necessary to apply a regularization method. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate regularization approaches and develop numerical methods for solving certain ill-posed problems for parabolic partial differential equations. In thermal engineering applications one wants to determine the surface temperature of a body when the surface itself is inaccessible to measurements. This problem can be modelled by a sideways heat equation. The mathematical and numerical properties of the sideways heat equation with constant convection and diffusion coefficients is first studied. The problem is reformulated as a Volterra integral equation of the first kind with smooth kernel. The influence of the coefficients on the degree of ill-posedness are also studied. The rate of decay of the singular values of the Volterra integral operator determines the degree of ill-posedness. It is shown that the sign of the coefficient in the convection term influences the rate of decay of the singular values. Further a sideways heat equation in cylindrical geometry is studied. The equation is a mathematical model of the temperature changes inside a thermocouple, which is used to approximate the gas temperature in a combustion chamber. The heat transfer coefficient at the surface of thermocouple is also unknown. This coefficient is approximated via a calibration experiment. Then the gas temperature in the combustion chamber is computed using the convection boundary condition. In both steps the surface temperature and heat flux are approximated using Tikhonov regularization and the method of lines. Many existing methods for solving sideways parabolic equations are inadequate for solving multi-dimensional problems with variable coefficients. A new iterative regularization technique for solving a two-dimensional sideways parabolic equation with variable coefficients is proposed. A preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residuals Method (GMRS) is used to regularize the problem. The preconditioner is based on a semi-analytic solution formula for the corresponding problem with constant coefficients. Regularization is used in the preconditioner as well as truncating the GMRES algorithm. The computed examples indicate that the proposed PGMRES method is well suited for this problem. In this thesis also a numerical method is presented for the solution of a Cauchy problem for a parabolic equation in multi-dimensional space, where the domain is cylindrical in one spatial direction. The formal solution is written as a hyperbolic cosine function in terms of a parabolic unbounded operator. The ill-posedness is dealt with by truncating the large eigenvalues of the operator. The approximate solution is computed by projecting onto a smaller subspace generated by the Arnoldi algorithm applied on the inverse of the operator. A well-posed parabolic problem is solved in each iteration step. Further the hyperbolic cosine is evaluated explicitly only for a small triangular matrix. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the performance of the method.