Darbo apimtis ir struktūra Darbas parašytas lietuvių kalba, kurį sudaro: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, medžiagos ir metodai, rezultatai, išvados, naudotos literatūros sąrašas; darbo apimtis 65 puslapiai, darbe yra: 78 literatūros šaltiniai, 15 lentelių ir 13 paveikslėlių. Darbo tikslas įvertinti klinoptilolito įtaką skirtingo amžiaus ir lyties šuniukų augimo spartai ir sveikatingumui. Darbo uždaviniai:  įvertinti šuniukų ir suaugusių šunų šėrimui vartojamų ėdalų maistinę ir energinę vertę;  nustatyti ėdalų suvartojimo kiekius atskirais auginimo periodais priklausomai nuo gyvūno lyties;  nustatyti šuniukų ir suaugusių šunų svorio kitimą priklausomai nuo gyvūno lyties atskirais auginimo periodais;  paskaičiuoti gyvūnų kūno masės priaugimą atskirais auginimo periodais;  nustatyti pagrindinių maisto medžiagų kiekius patinėlių ir kalyčių išmatose;  paskaičiuoti maisto medžiagų pasisavinamumo lygį šuniukų ir suaugusių šunų organizme;  pateikti stebėjimo rezultatus apie išskiriamų išmatų konsistenciją;  pateikti šunų išmatų bakteriologinio tyrimo rezultatus;  pateikti išmatų pH dydžius atskirais auginimo tarpsniais. Šuniukų ir šunų šėrimui buvo naudojamas visavertis ėdalas „NATURE’S PROTECTION“, kurio sudėtyje nustatyta 920 g kg-1 sausosios medžiagos, 260 g kg-1 žalių baltymų, 150 g kg-1 žalių riebalų, 52 g kg-1 žalių pelenų, energinė vertė 20,25 MJ kg-1. Nustatyta, kad tiriamosios grupės šunys ir kalytės tiriamojo laikotarpio atskirais mėnesiais suvartojo mažesnius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The scope of work and structure The Master's project is written in Lithuanian and consists of introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, conclusions, references. The project comprises of 65 pages, 78 references, 15 tables and 13 pictures. Project aims: the main aim of this project is to evaluate the impact of a clinoptilolite of different age puppies growth rate and their health status. Objectives of the project:  to evaluate the puppies and dogs feeds nutritional and energy values  to determine the amount of food consumptions of different gender animals of various growth periods  to measure the weight alteration of different gender puppies and adult dogs of various growth periods  to estimate the animals weight gain of various growth periods  to measure the amount of the basic nutrients in male and female dogs faeces  to calculate the nutrients absorption level of puppies and adult dogs organisms  to represent the observation results about the dogs faeces consistency  to introduce the results of a bacteriological analysis of the dogs feaces  to present the dogs feaces values of pH of various growth periods Dogs and puppies have been fed with a full-rate dog‘s fodder “NATURE’S PROTECTION“, containing 920 g kg-1 of dry substance, 260 g kg-1 of raw protein, 150 g kg-1 of raw fats, 52 g kg-1 of raw ash; its energetic value - 20,25 MJ kg-1. As research data reveal, female and male dogs of a test group have been consuming lower amount of full-rate... [to full text]

For many data access applications, the availability of the most updated information is a fundamental and rigid requirement. In spite of many technological improvements, in wireless networks, wireless channels (or bandwidth) are the most scarce resources and hence are expensive. Data access from remote sites heavily depends on these expensive resources. Due to affordable smart mobile devices and tremendous popularity of various Internet-based services, demand for data from these mobile devices are growing very fast. In many cases, it is becoming impossible for the wireless data service providers to satisfy the demand for data using the current network infrastructures. An efficient caching scheme at the client side can soothe the problem by reducing the amount of data transferred over the wireless channels. However, an update event makes the associated cached data objects obsolete and useless for the applications. Frequencies of data update, as well as data access play essential roles in cache access and replacement policies. Intuitively, frequently accessed and infrequently updated objects should be given higher preference while preserving in the cache. However, modeling this intuition is challenging, particularly in a network environment where updates are injected by both the server and the clients, distributed all over networks. In this thesis, we strive to make three inter-related contributions. Firstly, we propose two enhanced cache access policies. The access policies ensure strong consistency of the cached data objects through proactive or reactive interactions with the data server. At the same time, these policies collect information about access and update frequencies of hosted objects to facilitate efficient deployment of the cache replacement policy. Secondly, we design a replacement policy which plays the decision maker role when there is a new object to accommodate in a fully occupied cache. The statistical information collected by the access policies enables the decision making process. This process is modeled around the idea of preserving frequently accessed but less frequently updated objects in the cache. Thirdly, we analytically show that a cache management scheme with the proposed replacement policy bundled with any of the cache access policies guarantees optimum amount of data transmission by increasing the number of effective hits in the cache system. Results from both analysis and our extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed policies outperform the popular Least Frequently Used (LFU) policy in terms of both effective hits and bandwidth consumption. Moreover, our flexible system model makes the proposed policies equally applicable to applications for the existing 3G, as well as upcoming LTE, LTE Advanced and WiMAX wireless data access networks.

O cimento Portland, em seus diferentes tipos e classes, é o principal constituinte dos concretos e das argamassas, e é aplicado em todas as tipologias de obras de construção civil. Caso as propriedades do mesmo sofram variações, em função de diversos fatores, esta variabilidade influenciará nas propriedades do concreto, pelo fato do cimento Portland ser seu principal constituinte. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visa analisar a variabilidade de diferentes tipos e marcas de cimentos produzidos no Brasil através do cálculo da média, do coeficiente de variação, da resistência característica à compressão, bem como determinar os coeficientes de crescimento de resistência à compressão entre as idades preconizadas, conforme as especificações normativas de cada cimento. Os dados para o estudo pertencem ao registro de ensaios efetuados pelo Laboratório de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, compreendidos entre o período de 1992 a 2012. Este banco de dados permitiu a realização das análises considerando duas faixas de tempo relacionadas a dois distintos momentos da economia brasileira, entre 1992 a 2003, referente ao pequeno crescimento do país e da indústria cimenteira, e entre 2004 a 2012, relacionado à retomada do crescimento do Brasil e consequente aumento do consumo de cimento. Da mesma forma, foi possível, separar os fabricantes de cimento que possuem o selo de qualidade segundo os padrões da Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland (ABCP) – “Com Selo” – dos que não possuem – “Sem Selo”. Dentre as principais conclusões, pode-se ressaltar que quando analisado de forma geral, por tipo de cimento, os índices de consistência médios variam de 165mm para o CP I S a 186 mm para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 7,77% para o CP II Z 32 a 13,70% para o CP IV 32 RS; as superfícies específicas Blaine médias variam de 3480 cm²/g para o CP I S a 5170 cm²/g para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 6,21% para o CP I S 32 a 12,2% para o CP IV 32 RS; as resistências mínimas especificadas em norma foram respeitadas para todas as idades, tomando as resistências médias à compressão; em contraposição, somente os cimentos CP II Z 32 e CP II Z 32 RS atingiram as resistências características à compressão mínimas em relação à norma para todas as idades. / The Portland cement, in its different types and classes, is the main component of concrete and mortar and is applied in all types of civil construction works. If its properties suffer changes, depending on various factors, this variability will influence the properties of the concrete, because the Portland cement being its main constituent. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the variability of different types and marks of cement produced in Brazil by calculating the mean, coefficient of variation, characteristic compression strength, and determining the coefficients of the development of compressive strength among the recommended ages, according to the normative specifications of each cement. The database for the study belong to the record of tests conducted by the Laboratory for Civil Construction Materials of Foundation of Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul state , ranging from the period 1992-2012. This database allowed the analyzes considering two time slots related to two distinct moments of the Brazilian economy, between 1992 and 2003, concerning the small development of the country and cement industry, and between 2004 and 2012, related to the resumption of development in Brazil and consequently an increase in cement consumption. Similarly, was possible to separate the cement manufacturers who have the seal of quality standards in the ABCP (Brazilian Association of Cement Portland) – “With Seal” - of those without the seal – “Without Seal”. Among the main conclusions, can be noted that when analyzed in general, by type of cement, the rate of medium consistency ranging from 165mm to 186mm for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.77% to 13.70% for the CP II Z 32 to CP IV 32 RS; averages Blaine specific areas ranging from 3480cm²/g to 5170cm²/g for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 6.21% to 12.2% for the CP I S 32 to CP IV 32 RS; the minimum resistance specified in the standard have been respected for all ages, taking the average compressive strength; in contrast, only CP II Z 32 and CP II Z 32 RS cements reached the resistance characteristics to the minimum compression relative to the standard for all ages.

Via, condutor e veículo são os principais componentes de um sistema viário. A segurança viária decorre de como estes agentes se relacionam entre si. Esta relação pode ser avaliada através da velocidade operacional que o condutor aplica em seu veículo segundo a percepção de conforto e segurança repassada pela rodovia. A análise da consistência geométrica é uma ferramenta de análise para rodovias de pista simples que permite identificar o padrão de utilização das mesmas, através de modelos de estimativa da velocidade operacional e de critérios classificatórios. A análise de consistência geométrica vem sendo utilizada como ferramenta para avaliar problemas de projeto e operação de rodovias existentes e em projeto. A Federal Highway Administration – FHWA recomenda a utilização deste tipo de análise para avaliar a segurança viária de rodovias de pista simples. Os modelos utilizados na análise de consistência geométrica estão calibrados para condicionantes culturais do condutor, de veículos e de rodovias dos Estados Unidos. Assim, a aplicação direta do software IHSDM – Interactive Highway Safety Design Model em rodovias de pista simples do Brasil não é recomendada. A presente Tese propõe um método para análise da consistência geométrica de rodovias brasileiras de pista simples. O método utiliza modelos próprios para estimativa da velocidade operacional, critérios de aplicação das taxas de aceleração e desaceleração e propõe um índice para classificação das rodovias por quilômetro e por trecho: o ICG (índice de consistência geométrica). No estudo de caso, 14 trechos rodoviários, totalizando 225 quilômetros, são submetidos à análise pelo método proposto. A classificação obtida é confrontada com quatro índices de acidentes distintos, resultantes de uma base de dados de acidentes de seis anos, com 14.608 ocorrências. O resultado deste confronto apresenta uma correlação entre o índice de consistência geométrica por trecho, proposto, e o índice de acidentes totais e parciais de 0,59. O valor obtido confirma a relação prevista entre a freqüência de acidentes e indicadores de consistência geométrica, verificada pela FHWA, surpreendendo pela sua intensidade. O melhor desempenho do índice proposto é associado a sua composição, contemplando os critérios de segurança I (consistência do projeto) e II (consistência da velocidade operacional) e ao comportamento verificado em condutores brasileiro, menos sensíveis a restrições geométricas. / The highway, the individual users and the vehicle are the main agents of a traffic system. Traffic safety is determined by how these agents interconnect. Such relation may be assessed by the observation of the operational speed the driver uses in the vehicle according to his perception of comfort and safety of the roadways. The design consistency analysis is an assessment tool for rural two-lane highways which allows the identification of their usage patterns by using operational speed estimate models and sorting criteria. The design consistency analysis has been used as a tool to assess project and operation flaws of existing highways and projects to construct new highways. The Federal Highway Administration – FHWA recommends the use of this kind of analysis to assess the traffic safety of rural two-lane highways. The models used for the design consistency analysis are calibrated to the conditional cultural aspects of United States of America’s drivers, vehicles and highways. Therefore, the straight application of IHSDM – Interactive Highway Safety Design Model software in Brazilian rural two-lane highways is not recommended. This doctoral thesis aims at presenting a method of design consistency analysis of Brazilian rural two-lane highways. Such method uses original models for estimating the operational speed, new criteria for application of acceleration vehicle dynamics rate and introduces a new index to classify highways by kilometer and by segment: the ICG or Design Consistency Index. In this case study, 14 roadway segments – of a total of 225 kilometers – were analyzed by the proposed method. The resulting classification was compared to four other accident indexes from a database of 14,608 official records collected in six years. The result of this comparison leads to a correlation between the proposed design consistency index by highways segment and the total and partial accident index of 0.59. The result confirms the foreseen relation between the accident frequency and the design consistency indicators verified by FHWA – and its intensity is astonishing. The best performance of the proposed index is associated to its composition, which involves the safety criteria I (design consistency) and II (operational speed consistency), and to the behavior observed in Brazilian drivers, less sensitive to geometric restrictions.

Cette thèse traite du problème de segmentation sémantique d'une séquence d'images calibrées acquises dans un environnement urbain. Ce problème consiste, plus précisément, à partitionner chaque image en régions représentant les objets de la scène (façades, routes, etc.). Ainsi, à chaque région est associée une étiquette sémantique. Dans notre approche, l'étiquetage s'opère via des primitives visuelles de niveau intermédiaire appelés super-pixels, lesquels regroupent des pixels similaires au sens de différents critères proposés dans la littérature, qu'ils soient photométriques (s'appuyant sur les couleurs) ou géométriques (limitant la taille des super-pixels formés). Contrairement à l'état de l'art, où les travaux récents traitant le même problème s'appuient en entrée sur une sur-segmentation initiale sans la remettre en cause, notre idée est de proposer, dans un contexte multi-vues, une nouvelle approche de constructeur de superpixels s'appuyant sur une analyse tridimensionnelle de la scène et, en particulier, de ses structures planes. Pour construire de «meilleurs» superpixels, une mesure de planéité locale, qui quantifie à quel point la zone traitée de l'image correspond à une surface plane de la scène, est introduite. Cette mesure est évaluée à partir d'une rectification homographique entre deux images proches, induites par un plan candidat au support des points 3D associés à la zone traitée. Nous analysons l'apport de la mesure UQI (Universal Quality Image) et montrons qu'elle se compare favorablement aux autres métriques qui ont le potentiel de détecter des structures planes. On introduit ensuite un nouvel algorithme de construction de super-pixels, fondé sur l'algorithme SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) dont le principe est de regrouper les plus proches voisins au sens d'une distance fusionnant similarités en couleur et en distance, et qui intègre cette mesure de planéité. Ainsi la sur-segmentation obtenue, couplée à la cohérence interimages provenant de la validation de la contrainte de planéité locale de la scène, permet d'attribuer une étiquette à chaque entité et d'obtenir ainsi une segmentation sémantique qui partitionne l'image en objets plans. / This thesis deals with the semantic segmentation problem of a calibrated sequence of images acquired in an urban environment. The problem is, specifically, to partition each image into regions representing the objects in the scene such as facades, roads, etc. Thus, each region is associated with a semantic tag. In our approach, the labelling is done through mid-level visual features called super-pixels, which are groups of similar pixels within the meaning of some criteria proposed in research such as photometric criteria (based on colour) or geometrical criteria thus limiting the size of super-pixel formed. Unlike the state of the art, where recent work addressing the same problem are based on an initial over-segmentation input without calling it into question, our idea is to offer, in a multi-view environment, another super-pixel constructor approach based on a three-dimensional scene analysis and, in particular, an analysis of its planar structures. In order to construct "better" super-pixels, a local flatness measure is introduced which quantifies at which point the zone of the image in question corresponds to a planar surface of the scene. This measure is assessed from the homographic correction between two close images, induced by a candidate plan as support to the 3D points associated with the area concerned. We analyze the contribution of the UQI measure (Universal Image Quality) and demonstrate that it compares favorably with other metrics which have the potential to detect planar structures. Subsequently we introduce a new superpixel construction algorithm based on the SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) algorithm whose principle is to group the nearest neighbors in terms of a distance merging similarities in colour and distance, and which includes this local planarity measure. Hence the over-segmentation obtained, coupled with the inter-image coherence as a result of the validation of the local flatness constraint related to the scene, allows assigning a label to each entity and obtaining in this way a semantic segmentation which divides the image into planar objects.

Avec le développement de l'Internet, l'informatique s'est basée essentiellement sur les communications entre serveurs, postes utilisateurs, réseaux et data centers. Au début des années 2000, les deux tendances à savoir la mise à disposition d'applications et la virtualisation de l'infrastructure ont vu le jour. La convergence de ces deux tendances a donné naissance à un concept fédérateur qu'est le Cloud Computing (informatique en nuage). Le stockage des données apparaît alors comme un élément central de la problématique liée à la mise dans le nuage des processus et des ressources. Qu'il s'agisse d'une simple externalisation du stockage à des fins de sauvegarde, de l'utilisation de services logiciels hébergés ou de la virtualisation chez un fournisseur tiers de l'infrastructure informatique de l'entreprise, la sécurité des données est cruciale. Cette sécurité se décline selon trois axes : la disponibilité, l'intégrité et la confidentialité des données. Le contexte de nos travaux concerne la virtualisation du stockage dédiée à l'informatique en nuage (Cloud Computing). Ces travaux se font dans le cadre du projet SVC (Secured Virtual Cloud) financé par le Fond National pour la Société Numérique " Investissement d'avenir ". Ils ont conduit au développement d'un intergiciel de virtualisation du stockage, nommé CloViS (Cloud Virtualized Storage), qui entre dans une phase de valorisation portée par la SATT Toulouse-Tech-Transfer. CloViS est un intergiciel de gestion de données développé au sein du laboratoire IRIT, qui permet la virtualisation de ressources de stockage hétérogènes et distribuées, accessibles d'une manière uniforme et transparente. CloViS possède la particularité de mettre en adéquation les besoins des utilisateurs et les disponibilités du système par le biais de qualités de service définies sur des volumes virtuels. Notre contribution à ce domaine concerne les techniques de distribution des données afin d'améliorer leur disponibilité et la fiabilité des opérations d'entrées/sorties dans CloViS. En effet, face à l'explosion du volume des données, l'utilisation de la réplication ne peut constituer une solution pérenne. L'utilisation de codes correcteurs ou de schémas de seuil apparaît alors comme une alternative valable pour maîtriser les volumes de stockage. Néanmoins aucun protocole de maintien de la cohérence des données n'est, à ce jour, adapté à ces nouvelles méthodes de distribution. Nous proposons pour cela des protocoles de cohérence des données adaptés à ces différentes techniques de distribution des données. Nous analysons ensuite ces protocoles pour mettre en exergue leurs avantages et inconvénients respectifs. En effet, le choix d'une technique de distribution de données et d'un protocole de cohérence des données associé se base sur des critères de performance notamment la disponibilité en écriture et lecture, l'utilisation des ressources système (comme l'espace de stockage utilisé) ou le nombre moyen de messages échangés durant les opérations de lecture et écriture. / With the development of Internet, Information Technology was essentially based on communications between servers, user stations, networks and data centers. Both trends "making application available" and "infrastructure virtualization" have emerged in the early 2000s. The convergence of these two trends has resulted in a federator concept, which is the Cloud Computing. Data storage appears as a central component of the problematic associated with the move of processes and resources in the cloud. Whether it is a simple storage externalization for backup purposes, use of hosted software services or virtualization in a third-party provider of the company computing infrastructure, data security is crucial. This security declines according to three axes: data availability, integrity and confidentiality. The context of our work concerns the storage virtualization dedicated to Cloud Computing. This work is carried out under the aegis of SVC (Secured Virtual Cloud) project, financed by the National Found for Digital Society "Investment for the future". This led to the development of a storage virtualization middleware, named CloViS (Cloud Virtualized Storage), which is entering a valorization phase driven by SATT Toulouse-Tech-Transfer. CloViS is a data management middleware developped within the IRIT laboratory. It allows virtualizing of distributed and heterogeneous storage resources, with uniform and seamless access. CloViS aligns user needs and system availabilities through qualities of service defined on virtual volumes. Our contribution in this field concerns data distribution techniques to improve their availability and the reliability of I/O operations in CloViS. Indeed, faced with the explosion in the amount of data, the use of replication can not be a permanent solution. The use of "Erasure Resilient Code" or "Threshold Schemes" appears as a valid alternative to control storage volumes. However, no data consistency protocol is, to date, adapted to these new data distribution methods. For this reason, we propose to adapt these different data distribution techniques. We then analyse these new protocols, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. Indeed, the choice of a data distribution technique and the associated data consistency protocol is based on performance criteria, especially the availability and the number of messages exchanged during the read and write operations or the use of system resources (such as storage space used).

O cimento Portland, em seus diferentes tipos e classes, é o principal constituinte dos concretos e das argamassas, e é aplicado em todas as tipologias de obras de construção civil. Caso as propriedades do mesmo sofram variações, em função de diversos fatores, esta variabilidade influenciará nas propriedades do concreto, pelo fato do cimento Portland ser seu principal constituinte. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visa analisar a variabilidade de diferentes tipos e marcas de cimentos produzidos no Brasil através do cálculo da média, do coeficiente de variação, da resistência característica à compressão, bem como determinar os coeficientes de crescimento de resistência à compressão entre as idades preconizadas, conforme as especificações normativas de cada cimento. Os dados para o estudo pertencem ao registro de ensaios efetuados pelo Laboratório de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, compreendidos entre o período de 1992 a 2012. Este banco de dados permitiu a realização das análises considerando duas faixas de tempo relacionadas a dois distintos momentos da economia brasileira, entre 1992 a 2003, referente ao pequeno crescimento do país e da indústria cimenteira, e entre 2004 a 2012, relacionado à retomada do crescimento do Brasil e consequente aumento do consumo de cimento. Da mesma forma, foi possível, separar os fabricantes de cimento que possuem o selo de qualidade segundo os padrões da Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland (ABCP) – “Com Selo” – dos que não possuem – “Sem Selo”. Dentre as principais conclusões, pode-se ressaltar que quando analisado de forma geral, por tipo de cimento, os índices de consistência médios variam de 165mm para o CP I S a 186 mm para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 7,77% para o CP II Z 32 a 13,70% para o CP IV 32 RS; as superfícies específicas Blaine médias variam de 3480 cm²/g para o CP I S a 5170 cm²/g para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 6,21% para o CP I S 32 a 12,2% para o CP IV 32 RS; as resistências mínimas especificadas em norma foram respeitadas para todas as idades, tomando as resistências médias à compressão; em contraposição, somente os cimentos CP II Z 32 e CP II Z 32 RS atingiram as resistências características à compressão mínimas em relação à norma para todas as idades. / The Portland cement, in its different types and classes, is the main component of concrete and mortar and is applied in all types of civil construction works. If its properties suffer changes, depending on various factors, this variability will influence the properties of the concrete, because the Portland cement being its main constituent. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the variability of different types and marks of cement produced in Brazil by calculating the mean, coefficient of variation, characteristic compression strength, and determining the coefficients of the development of compressive strength among the recommended ages, according to the normative specifications of each cement. The database for the study belong to the record of tests conducted by the Laboratory for Civil Construction Materials of Foundation of Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul state , ranging from the period 1992-2012. This database allowed the analyzes considering two time slots related to two distinct moments of the Brazilian economy, between 1992 and 2003, concerning the small development of the country and cement industry, and between 2004 and 2012, related to the resumption of development in Brazil and consequently an increase in cement consumption. Similarly, was possible to separate the cement manufacturers who have the seal of quality standards in the ABCP (Brazilian Association of Cement Portland) – “With Seal” - of those without the seal – “Without Seal”. Among the main conclusions, can be noted that when analyzed in general, by type of cement, the rate of medium consistency ranging from 165mm to 186mm for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.77% to 13.70% for the CP II Z 32 to CP IV 32 RS; averages Blaine specific areas ranging from 3480cm²/g to 5170cm²/g for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 6.21% to 12.2% for the CP I S 32 to CP IV 32 RS; the minimum resistance specified in the standard have been respected for all ages, taking the average compressive strength; in contrast, only CP II Z 32 and CP II Z 32 RS cements reached the resistance characteristics to the minimum compression relative to the standard for all ages.

Via, condutor e veículo são os principais componentes de um sistema viário. A segurança viária decorre de como estes agentes se relacionam entre si. Esta relação pode ser avaliada através da velocidade operacional que o condutor aplica em seu veículo segundo a percepção de conforto e segurança repassada pela rodovia. A análise da consistência geométrica é uma ferramenta de análise para rodovias de pista simples que permite identificar o padrão de utilização das mesmas, através de modelos de estimativa da velocidade operacional e de critérios classificatórios. A análise de consistência geométrica vem sendo utilizada como ferramenta para avaliar problemas de projeto e operação de rodovias existentes e em projeto. A Federal Highway Administration – FHWA recomenda a utilização deste tipo de análise para avaliar a segurança viária de rodovias de pista simples. Os modelos utilizados na análise de consistência geométrica estão calibrados para condicionantes culturais do condutor, de veículos e de rodovias dos Estados Unidos. Assim, a aplicação direta do software IHSDM – Interactive Highway Safety Design Model em rodovias de pista simples do Brasil não é recomendada. A presente Tese propõe um método para análise da consistência geométrica de rodovias brasileiras de pista simples. O método utiliza modelos próprios para estimativa da velocidade operacional, critérios de aplicação das taxas de aceleração e desaceleração e propõe um índice para classificação das rodovias por quilômetro e por trecho: o ICG (índice de consistência geométrica). No estudo de caso, 14 trechos rodoviários, totalizando 225 quilômetros, são submetidos à análise pelo método proposto. A classificação obtida é confrontada com quatro índices de acidentes distintos, resultantes de uma base de dados de acidentes de seis anos, com 14.608 ocorrências. O resultado deste confronto apresenta uma correlação entre o índice de consistência geométrica por trecho, proposto, e o índice de acidentes totais e parciais de 0,59. O valor obtido confirma a relação prevista entre a freqüência de acidentes e indicadores de consistência geométrica, verificada pela FHWA, surpreendendo pela sua intensidade. O melhor desempenho do índice proposto é associado a sua composição, contemplando os critérios de segurança I (consistência do projeto) e II (consistência da velocidade operacional) e ao comportamento verificado em condutores brasileiro, menos sensíveis a restrições geométricas. / The highway, the individual users and the vehicle are the main agents of a traffic system. Traffic safety is determined by how these agents interconnect. Such relation may be assessed by the observation of the operational speed the driver uses in the vehicle according to his perception of comfort and safety of the roadways. The design consistency analysis is an assessment tool for rural two-lane highways which allows the identification of their usage patterns by using operational speed estimate models and sorting criteria. The design consistency analysis has been used as a tool to assess project and operation flaws of existing highways and projects to construct new highways. The Federal Highway Administration – FHWA recommends the use of this kind of analysis to assess the traffic safety of rural two-lane highways. The models used for the design consistency analysis are calibrated to the conditional cultural aspects of United States of America’s drivers, vehicles and highways. Therefore, the straight application of IHSDM – Interactive Highway Safety Design Model software in Brazilian rural two-lane highways is not recommended. This doctoral thesis aims at presenting a method of design consistency analysis of Brazilian rural two-lane highways. Such method uses original models for estimating the operational speed, new criteria for application of acceleration vehicle dynamics rate and introduces a new index to classify highways by kilometer and by segment: the ICG or Design Consistency Index. In this case study, 14 roadway segments – of a total of 225 kilometers – were analyzed by the proposed method. The resulting classification was compared to four other accident indexes from a database of 14,608 official records collected in six years. The result of this comparison leads to a correlation between the proposed design consistency index by highways segment and the total and partial accident index of 0.59. The result confirms the foreseen relation between the accident frequency and the design consistency indicators verified by FHWA – and its intensity is astonishing. The best performance of the proposed index is associated to its composition, which involves the safety criteria I (design consistency) and II (operational speed consistency), and to the behavior observed in Brazilian drivers, less sensitive to geometric restrictions.

Les scénarios hydrologiques requis pour les études d'impacts hydrologiques nécessitent de disposer de scénarios météorologiques non biaisés et qui soient de surcroît adaptés aux échelles spatiales et temporelles des hydro-systèmes considérés. Les scénarios météorologiques obtenus en sortie brute des modèles de climat et/ou des modèles de prévision numérique du temps sont de ce fait non appropriées. Les sorties de ces modèles sont par suite souvent adaptées à l'aide de Méthodes de Descente d'Echelle Statistique (MDES). Depuis les années 2000, les MDES ont beaucoup été utilisées pour la génération de scénarios météorologiques en un site. En revanche, la génération de scénarios spatiaux couvrant de larges territoires est une tâche plus difficile, en particulier lorsque l'on souhaite respecter la cohérence spatiale des précipitations à prédire. Parmi les MDES usuelles, les approches basées sur la recherche de situations analogues passées permettent de satisfaire cette contrainte. Dans cette thèse, nous évaluons la capacité d'un Modèle Analog (MA) – où l'analogie porte sur les géopotentiels 1 000 et 500 hPa – pour la génération de scénarios de précipitation spatialement cohérents pour le territoire Français métropolitain. Dans un premier temps, la transposition spatiale du modèle MA est évaluée : le modèle s'avère utilisable pour la génération de scénarios spatiaux cohérents sur des territoires couvrant plusieurs dizaines de milliers de kilomètres carrés dès lors qu'aucune barrière climatique n'est rencontrée. Dans un second temps, nous évaluons la sensibilité des performances de prédiction à l'agrégation spatiale de la variable à prédire. L'augmentation de performance avec l'agrégation s'explique alors par la diminution de la variabilité du prédictand, pour autant que les variables de grande échelle considérées soient de bons prédicteurs pour la région considérée. Dans une dernière étude, nous explorons la possibilité d'améliorer la performance locale du modèle analogue par l'ajout de prédicteurs locaux. Le modèle combiné qui en résulte permet d'accroître sensiblement les performances de prédiction par l'adaptation du lien d'échelle sur la base d'un jeu de prédicteurs additionnels. Il apparaît de plus que la pertinence de ces prédicteurs dépend de la situation de grande échelle rencontrée ainsi que de la région considérée. / Hydrological scenarios required for the impact studies need to have unbiased meteorological scenarios adapted to the space and time scales of the considered hydro-systems. Hence, meteorological scenarios obtained from global climate models and/or numerical weather prediction models are not really appropriated. Outputs of these models have to be post-processed, which is often carried out thanks to Statistical Downscaling Methods (SDMs). Since the 2000's, SDMs are widely used for the generation of scenarios at a single site. The generation of relevant precipitation fields over large regions or hydro-systems is conversely not straightforward, in particular when the spatial consistency has to be satisfied. One strategy to fulfill this constraint is to use a SDM based on the search of past analog situations. In this PhD, we evaluate the ability of an Analog Model (AM) – where the analogy is applied to the geopotential heights 1000 and 500 hPa – for the generation of spatially coherent precipitation scenarios over the French metropolitan territory. In a first part, the spatial transferability of an AM is evaluated: the model appears to be usable for the generation of spatial coherent scenarios over territories covering several tens of thousands squared kilometers if no climatological barrier is met in between. In a second part, we evaluate the sensitivity of the prediction performance to the spatial aggregation of the predictand. The performance increases with the aggregation level as long as the large scale variables are good predictors of precipitation for the region under consideration. This performance increase has to be related to the decrease of the predictand variability. We finally explore the possibility of improving the local performance of the AM using additional local scale predictors. For each prediction day, the prediction is obtained from a parametric regression model, for which predictors and parameters are estimated from the analog dates. The resulting combined model noticeably allows increasing the prediction performance by adapting the downscaling link for each prediction day. The selected predictors for a given prediction depend on the large scale situation and on the considered region.

The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is an emerging measure used to map pathological personality traits. In this thesis, the reliability and facet structure of the Swedish version of the PID-5 is evaluated. Further, the possible occurrence of higher-order factors of the pathological personality traits is explored. Using a sample of 275 observations, the facet structure and higher-order factors are investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results show that the internal consistency, measured with Cronbach's alpha, is strong for the facets and adequate for the domains from the PID-5. The theorized facet structure could not be confirmed for the Swedish version of the PID-5. Treating the five domains as observed variables, support for a general factor of psychopathology and indications of the two factors internalizing and externalizing are found.