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Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur personer med HIV upplevde bemötandet inom vården i I-länder. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Artikelsökningarna gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier hittades men författarna har enbart använt sig av de kvalitativa studierna (n=11). Studierna granskades sedan med modifierade granskningsmallar för kvalitetsbedömning. Resultat: De funna studiernas resultat granskades och utifrån detta identifierade författarna fyra teman; Att hållas på avstånd, Att bli annorlunda bemött, Att få en stämpel och Positivt bemötande. Resultatet visade att vårdpersonalen höll avstånd från patienter genom att använda sig av överdrivna hygienrutiner, och i vissa fall förekom det att patienterna blev nekade vård på grund av sin HIV diagnos. Att bli annorlunda bemött handlade i många fall om att patienterna blev utsatta för kränkande behandling. Flera patienter beskrev hur de upplevde att personalen kategoriserade dem och gav dem en stämpel på grund av sin diagnos. De upplevde även att vårdpersonalen offentliggjorde deras diagnos genom att bryta mot sekretessen. Resultatet visade att patienter upplevt positivt bemötande och att vårdpersonalen gett dem stöd. Litteraturöversikten visade också att flera patienter föredrog att söka vård på specialistkliniker. Slutsats: Många patienter kände sig kränkta och annorlunda bemötta i möte med sjukvårdspersonal. De föredrog att söka vård på speciella HIV kliniker eftersom de kände att personalen där hade bättre förståelse för sjukdomen.

The night shift environment in an inpatient hospice facility is unique in care and relegates challenging situations for the nursing staff. Using the Parse methodology, the purpose of this project was to explore the challenges faced by inpatient hospice facility night shift nursing staff in providing a continuum of care for dying patients and their families. Nine night shift hospice nurses participated in 45-60 minute interviews. The interviews were conducted in a hospice quiet room or a designated place of comfort for the participant, which allowed for dialogical engagement. The interviews were unstructured with open-ended questions about lived experiences. The interpretive phenomenological approach was used to understand positive outcomes and management involvement and developing positive morale. Descriptive coding was used to collect and analyze data. According to study findings, hospice night shift nursing staff were exposed to the stressors of dying patients, their families, a dissatisfied work environment, and their personal life. The core concepts addressed by the participants were feeling isolated and disrespected, staff development, and using coping strategies. Strong relationships through coping mechanisms were developed on the night shift, but the unmet issues of the staff were poorly regarded. The study perpetuates the need for further research in understanding the experiences of hospice night shift nursing staff and the changes needed to eliminate imminent night shift turnover.

The purpose of this essay is to show the opportunities and difficulties of teaching within distance education. I will show this from two different parts of the world. One being Sweden and the other Australia, both countries run a distance education program with similar reasons students whom travelling, some living hundreds of miles from any schools and some students with health and or social disadvantages. This study is based on the actual teacher’s accounts and experiences the opportunities and difficulties in teaching in distance. The main method of collecting this data has been through interviews with the teachers, a distance-school administrator and a researcher from Sweden. A survey was mailed to Australia which has been filled in and returned by an administrator/head teacher for distance education. The main research questions asked were: What are teacher’s experiences in distance education? What are the opportunities and difficulties by teaching in distance education? The interview conversations has been structured, generalised and reformulated in order to form a concrete set of teachers overall experiences. The literatures were support for many of the teacher’s thoughts and even things that compliment and add a broader picture of the subject and the results are discussed and weighed up against teacher’s own experiences. The study reaches the conclusion of how the teachers express are of opportunities and difficulties in teaching the students in the best possible way, to stimulate learning by not only focus on teaching content but also on its learning environment.

Background: Stigma can not only affect the stigmatized individual, but also those closely associated with that individual, such as parents. Parents are often in the role of primary caregivers for individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, few studies have looked at the experiences of stigma in parents of adults with intellectual disabilities. Objectives: Three objectives of the current study were to test the internal consistencies of three scales aimed to measure experiences of parents of adults with intellectual disabilities (two stigma scales and one scale looking at positive personal, perspective on life, and relational changes in parents), test the inter-correlation between the scales and describe the parents’ experiences. Methods: A self-administered survey containing the three scales was mailed to parents of adults with intellectual disabilities by agency staff on the investigators’ behalf. The participants were identified through a database of anonymized information about individuals with intellectual disabilities within the six counties of South Eastern Ontario. A total of 97 participants (parents) were eligible for the study. Results: The scale measuring positive changes experienced by parents had significant item non-response. However, all three scales achieved good to excellent internal consistencies when tested in the current sample. The two stigma scales were moderately correlated with one another in a positive direction, while the scale measuring positive changes in parents did not significantly correlate with either of the stigma scales. Mothers and younger parents (less than 65 years) were more likely to report that stigma affected their ability to interact with relatives than fathers and older parents. Parents of adults with dual diagnosis (having both an intellectual disability and mental health problems) were more likely to report that stigma affected their family’s quality of life than parents of adults with an intellectual disability only. Conclusion: Both of the stigma scales are recommended with caution, with recommendations ranging from rewording of items, change in item order within the survey, more conservative item response categories, reconsideration of dichotomizing responses and a mode of survey administration which lowers the potential for non-response. Certain groups of parents of adults with intellectual disabilities experience stigma differently than others. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-19 18:06:55.622

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Background: Fertility problems in women often cause mental stress. Feelings that women describe during the infertility investigation is jealousy, sorrow, guilt, pain, and anxiety. These women need support and encouragement from the nurse during the investigation. Therefore it is important that nurses understand the women's experiences. Previous studies on women's experiences of infertility are based on interviews. Therefore, this study will focus on women's own stories about their experiences during infertility investigation. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe women's experiences of infertility during the time the investigation is in progress. Method: The study was based on narratives, which in this case means an analysis of biographies. Three autobiographies were analyzed according to Dahlborg-Lyckhages (2006) description of analysis of narratives. Results: Four themes and seven subthemes emerged from the analysis. The results show that women's experiences are characterized by being inadequate, feeling guilt, envy, and the nurse's attitudes that can give sense of desperation or hope. The women's experiences affect their everyday lives and their emotions make them isolate themselves. Conclusion: Motherhood is a central part of the woman's life and identity, to be infertile is perceived as to major pressure that may result in mental stress. To reduce the infertile women´s suffering and mental stress it is important that the nurse shows empathy and understanding

All mothers and newborns deserve competent care and continuous support during the intrapartum period (Tinker et al., 2006:269). According to the Saving Mothers: Fifth Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in South Africa, 2008-2010 (SA, 2011:4), the maternal mortality rate (MMR) is 176.22/100 000 live births (SA, 2011:4). The majority of maternal deaths are preventable and have many common preventable factors which are mostly related to the knowledge and skills of the healthcare providers and the challenges within the health care system (SA, 2011:5). The research was conducted in an attempt to make a meaningful contribution to the body of knowledge, specifically knowledge related to the experiences of women regarding the quality intrapartum care in a public hospital in Gauteng Province, and to make recommendations to enhance the quality of intrapartum care. A qualitative study design was used and data collected with the use of individual in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select participants who represent the target population. The sample used for the study included all women who had given birth within 24 hours before the interviews by normal vaginal delivery. A pilot study was conducted and the interview schedule was finalised. Sixteen individual in-depth interviews were done until data saturation had been achieved. Trustworthiness was ensured according to the principles of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. A digital voice recorder was used to capture data and the data were transcribed verbatim. Field notes were written down for each interview. Data analysis was done by means of content analysis by the researcher and an independent co-coder. Themes and sub-themes were identified. The findings indicated that most of the women‟s experiences were positive regarding the quality of intrapartum care while a lesser percentage had had negative experiences. Identified areas of concern are staff attitudes, communication and staff shortages. Conclusions drawn are that women‟s experiences of quality of intrapartum care were that it is not of the highest standard. There is a need for provision of continuous emotional support during labour, improvement of staff attitudes and promotion of rooming-in, and a need not to be separated from their babies for long periods of time The research concluded with the researcher‟s recommendations for policy, nursing practice, nursing research and nursing education, for the enhancement and adherence of midwives to recommendations in improving the quality of intrapartum care in public hospitals. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The relationship between management, leadership and Organisational Climate is an important research topic. Organisational Climate refers to the perception of the conditions under which a work group or individual operates. It is necessary to investigate how Organisational Climate manifests in different organisations in South Africa, and to assess its relationship with Managerial Leadership. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between Organisational Climate in different South African organisations and to investigate whether Managerial Leadership is related to the perceived Organisational Climate. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to reach the research objectives. The participants included employees from seven types of organisations in South Africa. The Organisational Diagnosis Questionnaire (ODQ) was administered. T-tests were used to assess the differences between the Organisational Climate in different organisations. Pearson correlations and canonical correlation were used to assess the relationships between Organisational Climate and Managerial Leadership. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate whether managerial leadership predicts Organisational Climate. Cross-validation was done in which statistically significant predictors of Organisational Climate in one half of the sample were used to predict Organisational Climate in the other half of the sample. Goal clarity, labour relations and quality of the work environment showed the highest scores in the total sample, while communication flow, interest in the well-being of employees and decision-making practices showed the lowest score. Regarding Managerial Leadership in the total sample, production orientation and effectiveness were the highest. The biggest differences in Organisational Climate between organisations were experienced regarding three dimensions, namely goal orientation, the effectiveness of change management and general motivating conditions. The canonical analysis showed that all dimensions of Managerial Leadership were related to all dimensions of Organisational Climate. Furthermore, the results of the multiple regression analyses showed that Organisational Climate is best predicted by three Managerial Leadership dimensions, namely managerial work facilitation, managerial team-building and managerial effectiveness. It seems that managerial facilitation had the strongest effect in terms of predicting experiences of Organisational Climate, followed by managerial team-building and managerial effectiveness. The results also showed that Managerial Leadership had moderate to strong effects on the sub-factors of Organisational Climate. Recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The relationship between management, leadership and Organisational Climate is an important research topic. Organisational Climate refers to the perception of the conditions under which a work group or individual operates. It is necessary to investigate how Organisational Climate manifests in different organisations in South Africa, and to assess its relationship with Managerial Leadership. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between Organisational Climate in different South African organisations and to investigate whether Managerial Leadership is related to the perceived Organisational Climate. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to reach the research objectives. The participants included employees from seven types of organisations in South Africa. The Organisational Diagnosis Questionnaire (ODQ) was administered. T-tests were used to assess the differences between the Organisational Climate in different organisations. Pearson correlations and canonical correlation were used to assess the relationships between Organisational Climate and Managerial Leadership. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate whether managerial leadership predicts Organisational Climate. Cross-validation was done in which statistically significant predictors of Organisational Climate in one half of the sample were used to predict Organisational Climate in the other half of the sample. Goal clarity, labour relations and quality of the work environment showed the highest scores in the total sample, while communication flow, interest in the well-being of employees and decision-making practices showed the lowest score. Regarding Managerial Leadership in the total sample, production orientation and effectiveness were the highest. The biggest differences in Organisational Climate between organisations were experienced regarding three dimensions, namely goal orientation, the effectiveness of change management and general motivating conditions. The canonical analysis showed that all dimensions of Managerial Leadership were related to all dimensions of Organisational Climate. Furthermore, the results of the multiple regression analyses showed that Organisational Climate is best predicted by three Managerial Leadership dimensions, namely managerial work facilitation, managerial team-building and managerial effectiveness. It seems that managerial facilitation had the strongest effect in terms of predicting experiences of Organisational Climate, followed by managerial team-building and managerial effectiveness. The results also showed that Managerial Leadership had moderate to strong effects on the sub-factors of Organisational Climate. Recommendations for future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.