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Yes / The key questions to be addressed in this study are: with the benefit of hindsight, what conflict prevention 'packages' could the international community have designed in order to minimise the probability of the conflicts that actually took place? How much would have been saved if these packages had been implemented, given reasonable estimates about their costs, compared with the actual cost of conflict and post-conflict intervention. The first section provides a background to the conflicts. This is followed by an assessment of the levels of resources that the international community has committed to the Western Balkans since 1991. The third part of the study provides two hypothetical scenarios for CP interventions that might have restrained conflict from breaking out. These CP packages are then costed and an assessment of their probability of success is made.

XML files are frequently used by developers when building Web applications or Java EE applications. However, maintaining XML files is challenging and time-consuming because the correct usage of XML entities is always domain-specific and rarely well documented. Also, the existing compilers and program analysis tools seldom examine XML files. In this thesis, we developed a novel approach to XML file debugging called Xeditor where we extract XML consistency rules from open-source projects and use these rules to detect XML bugs. There are two phases in Xeditor: rule inference and application. To infer rules, Xeditor mines XML-based deployment descriptors in open-source projects, extracting XML entity pairs that frequently co-exist in the same files and refer to the same string literals. Xeditor then applies association rule mining to the extracted pairs. For rule application, given a program commit, Xeditor checks whether any updated XML file violates the inferred rules; if so, Xeditor reports the violation and suggests an edit for correction?. Our evaluation shows that Xeditor inferred rules with high precision (83%). For injected XML bugs, Xeditor detected rule violations and suggested changes with 74.6% precision, 50% recall. More importantly, Xeditor identified 31 really erroneous XML updates in version history, 17 of which updates were fixed by developers in later program commits. This observation implies that by using Xeditor, developers would have avoided introducing errors when writing XML files. Finally, we compared Xeditor with a baseline approach that suggests changes based on frequently co-changed entities, and found Xeditor to outperform the baseline for both rule inference and rule application. / XML files are frequently used in Java programming and when building Web application implementation. However, it is a challenge to maintain XML files since these files should follow various domain-specific rules and the existing program analysis tools seldom check XML files. In this thesis, we introduce a new approach to XML file debugging called Xeditor that extracts XML consistency rules from open-source projects and uses these rules to detect XML bugs. To extract the rules, Xeditor first looks at working XML files and finds all the pairs of entities A and B, which entities coexist in one file and have the same value on at least one occasion. Then Xeditor will check when A occurs, what is the probability that B also occurs. If the probability is high enough, Xeditor infers a rule that A is associated with B. To apply the rule, Xeditor checks XML files with errors. If a file violates the rules that were previously inferred, Xeditor will report the violation and suggest a change. Our evaluation shows that Xeditor inferred the correct rules with high precision 83%. More importantly, Xeditor identified issues in previous versions of XML files, and many of those issues were fixed by developers in later versions. Therefore, Xeditor is able to help find and fix errors when developers write their XML files.

Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

LD2668 .T4 1966 W554 / Master of Science

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The thesis looked at Conflict in the Democratic Republic Congo: Causes, Effects and Plausible Solutions (1996-2009). The DRC is a country of extraordinary natural wealth but this wealth has never been used for the benefit of the Congolese population. Instead, the country is currently emerging from one of the world's worst conflicts, which has resulted in the deaths of up to 3.5 million people. This conflict has been fuelled mainly by competition for natural resources, which has been used to fund numerous rebel groups.The conflict centered in the east of the country, it involved a range of militant groups; local militias, Congolese and Rwandan rebels and the Congolese army, that use control over the country's rich mineral deposits as a source of financing. Qualitative Research Methodology was the choice of method. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. A sample of one hundred participants was used to respond to open-ended questions and four interviewee. It is evident that natural resources played a key role in prolonging the civil conflict and also being the cause of it because resources have been a source of finance to rebel groups to purchase necessary tools that were used during conflict. The country has been targeted by external interference that has divided the country in an effort to benefit from natural resources through aiding or bribing a certain powerful group in order to pursue their interests, and this has built a lot of grievances and anger in the lower group because they don't benefit from their resources and that leads to a startup of conflict. There is a need for political will among our leaders to bring better living conditions for Africans in the country. / Thesis (M.A.(Soc.Sc) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

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