Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1931. / Biographical. Bibliography: p. 45.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-17Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000774500_20150417.pdf: 942972 bytes, checksum: 2e2df0f06819db1d06e7f910897e1b59 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-23T11:39:20Z: 000774500_20150417.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-23T11:39:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000774500.pdf: 11568869 bytes, checksum: 2956c0c00eca85c480cdf08e01c00277 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo explorar o uso de sistemas fotoeletroquímicos baseados em semicondutores bicomponentes nanoestruturados de Ti/TiO2/WO3 preparados por moldes de poliestireno (templates) e Si/TiO2/Pt preparado por junção metalica. A sintese desses materiais foi realizada por anodização e deposição eletroquímica e a presença do TiO2 na fase anatasio e WO3 monoclínico foi confirmada por difração de raios–X e EDS. Analises de espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (DRS) mostraram que o material bicomponente possui absorção na região do visível pela observação do red shift. A caracterização eletroquímica foi realizada por medidas de voltametria linear sob irradiação UV e visível por diferentes lâmpadas: de vapor de mercúrio de alta pressão de 125 W e xenônio de 150 W com filtros que isolam a contribuição UV e visível. Maior fotocorrente foi obtida pela irradiação com a lâmpada de Hg de 11,0 mA cm-2 enquanto que na presença da lâmpada de Xe os valores obtidos foram de cerca de 0,4 mA cm-2. Posteriormente, os eletrodos de TiO2/WO3 foram aplicados na oxidação fotoeletrocatalítica do corante têxtil preto reativo 5 (RB5) e concomitante geração de hidrogênio em um reator de dois compartimentos. Seu desempenho foi comparado ao dos eletrodos de Ti/TiO2 e W/WO3. As melhores condições experimentais levaram a 100% de descoloração do corante para os eletrodos de Ti/TiO2, W/WO3 e Ti/TiO2/WO3 sob iluminação pela lâmpada de vapor de Hg, mineralização de 73, 80 e 85% e a produção de hidrogênio também revelou rendimentos estimados satisfatórios de 43, 34 e 46%, respectivamente. A natureza do gás H2 foi confirmada por cromatografia gasosa (CG-TCD). Completa remoção do corante RB5 também foi obtida para o fotoanodo de Si/TiO2/Pt e eficiencia estimada da geração de H2 foi de 30% com valores de fotocorrente da ordem de 0,5 mA cm-2 sob irradiação pela lâmpada de vapor de Hg nas melhores... / The present project meets the challenge of exploring the use of photoelectrochemical devices based on Ti/TiO2/WO3 bicomponent nanostructured semiconductors prepared by templates and Si/TiO2/Pt prepared by microgrid heterojunction. The synthesis was performed by anodization and electrochemical deposition and the presence of anatese TiO2 and monoclinic WO3 was confirmed by X ray and EDS analysis. Difuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis indicated Ti/TiO2/WO3 extension of optical absorption spectrum into the visible light region (red shift). Electrochemical characterisation was performed by linear sweep voltammetry under UV and visible light irradiation by two different lamp sources: 125 W high pressure mercury lamp and 150 W xenon lamp coupled to filters which isolte UV and visible light contribuition. Enhanced photocurrent response was obtained under high pressure mercury lamp 11,0 mA cm-2 and under xenon lamp irradiation the observed values are close to 0,4 mA cm-2. The Ti/TiO2/WO3 were used as photoanodes on the Reactive Black 5 (RB5) photoelectrochemical oxidation and simultaneous hydrogen generation in a two compartment PEC reactor. The photoanode`s performance was compared to the pure Ti/TiO2 nanotubes and W/WO3 nanoporous electrodes. The best experimental conditions leaded to 100% dye discoloration in the presence of TiO2, WO3 e TiO2/WO3 under mercury lamp irradiation, 73, 80 and 85% mineralization and satisfactory hydrogen generation estimated efficiencies of 43, 34 and 46%, respectively. Hydrogen generation was confirmed by gas chromatography analysis (CG/TCD). Complete dye degradation was obtained under UV and visible light irradiation of Si/TiO2/Pt photanodes and 30% of estimated hydrogen generation efficiency and 0,5 mA cm-2 photocurrent response under mercury lamp irradiation under the best experimental conditions. Dye removal and by-products generation were confirmed by LC-MS/MS by the detection of m/z 137, 280, 210, 297...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-07Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000773775_20150701.pdf: 649995 bytes, checksum: fd081e05c90d094202a2365c6b251e75 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-07-01T11:47:23Z: 000773775_20150701.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-01T11:48:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000773775.pdf: 2864671 bytes, checksum: 91067183735a044586d3912107bcc430 (MD5) / The textile industry produces highly colored effluents with complex composition and difficult degradation by biological processes due to the use of synthetic compounds of e high stability. Therefore it is necessary to develop efficient methods of treatment that be able to remove these compounds avoiding contamination of the receiving bodies of water. The present work studied the degradation of the dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1), in its commercially available form by photo-Fenton process. In order to evaluate the efficiency and monitor the formation of degradation products high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used. The mineralization of samples was monitored by total organic carbon analysis . The concentration adopted for the degradation experiments was 0.2 mmol L-1 Fe(NO3)3 , 5.0 mmol L-1 H2O2 and 20 mg L-1 dye. Initially the pH was adjusted to 2.5 and the degradations were performed for 90 minutes. Under these conditions it was possible to mineralize 65% of the organic carbon content, degrade more than 99% of the dye and remove characteristic absorption after 30 minute experiment. The acute toxicity tests with the organism Daphnia similis showed that toxicity increased after 10 minutes of treatment, which was then reduced, no toxic values after 45 minutes of experiment. Mass spectrometry allowed to identify four degradation products, which contained the azo group in its structure. The maximum concentration of intermediates occurred after 10 minutes, which may be responsible for higher toxicity observed after this time of treatment. The results of this study showed that textile dyes, such as DR1 can be degraded by photo-Fenton process with complete removal of toxicity to Daphnia simillis microcrustacean and the ecotoxicological monitoring is essential for determining when the degradation process can be stopped.

No description available.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:38:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_thg_me_araiq.pdf: 1085436 bytes, checksum: 0c787f4037fae8529b045b1c7eadabc2 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-08-22T14:57:07Z: silva_thg_me_araiq.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-08-22T15:02:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000713146.pdf: 1078394 bytes, checksum: d6890cbc66e72b954249d115056ca799 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os processos convencionais de tratamento de efluentes não são capazes de remover corantes e seus produtos de degradação química e/ou biológica com eficiência e esses resíduos atingem os corpos d’água promovendo danos ao ecossistema aquático e posteriormente aos seres humanos. Neste contexto, o desenvolvimento de novos processos de tratamento de efluentes que contêm corantes é de fundamental importância. Neste trabalho estudou-se a degradação dos corantes Acid Orange 7 (AO7), Food Yellow 3 (FY3) e Food Red 17 (FR17) pelo processo foto-Fenton sob luz negra bem como solar. A influência do tartarato (TAR) e do citrato (CIT) como agentes complexantes de ferro, bem como a degradação em pH 5,0 também foram estudadas. Inicialmente verificou-se que a degradação de todos os corantes (50 mg L-1) pelo processo foto-Fenton utilizando 3,0 mmol L-1 de peróxido de hidrogênio, 0,2 mmol L-1 de nitrato férrico em pH 2,5 foi a condição que resultou em alta porcentagem de mineralização. Verificou-se que o corante AO7 é degradado em menor velocidade quando comparado aos outros dois corantes devido à maior densidade eletrônica nas estruturas dos corantes FY3 e FR17, proveniente principalmente da presença dos grupos sulfônicos. A adição de TAR e CIT melhorou significativamente o processo de degradação devido ao maior rendimento quântico em relação à fotorredução do ferro, sendo que o processo na presença de TAR apresentou ligeira vantagem em relação ao CIT. A presença dos ligantes também promoveu deslocamento batocrômico na banda de absorção das espécies de ferro (III). Entretanto isso não foi suficiente para aumentar a velocidade inicial de degradação sob luz solar em relação ao processo usando luz negra quando comparados em função da dose de energia. A degradação dos corantes foi possível em... / The conventional processes of wastewater treatment are unable to remove dyes and their chemical and/or biological degradation products efficiently and these effluents reach the surface waters promoting damage to aquatic ecosystem and subsequently to humans. In this context, the development of new processes for wastewater treatment that contains dyes is required. In this work the degradation of dyes Acid Orange 7 (AO7), Food Yellow 3 (FY3) and Food Red 17 (FR17) was studied using photo-Fenton process under black light or sunlight irradiation. The influence of tartrate (TAR) and citrate (CIT) as complexing agents of iron, as well as the degradation at pH 5.0 were also studied. Initially it was found that the degradation of all dyes (50 mg L-1) by photo-Fenton process using 3.0 mmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide, 0.2 mmol L-1 ferric nitrate at pH 2.5 was the condition that resulted in high percentage of mineralization. It was found that the dye AO7 degrades at a lower rate compared to the other two dyes due to a higher electron density in the structures of dyes FY3 and FR17, mainly from the presence of sulfonic groups. A significantly improvement on dyes degradation was observed when TAR and CIT were added due to the higher quantum yield of iron (III) photoreduction compared to aquocomplexes. The process in the presence of TAR had a slight advantage in relation to the CIT. The presence of ligands also promoted bathochromic shift in the absorption band of the species of iron (III), however it was not sufficient to increase the initial rate of degradation under sunlight in relation to process using black light when compared in function of the energy dose. The degradation of the dyes at pH 5.0 was possible only in the presence of ligands, with a similar rate when compared to the process at pH 2.5 without them. The dyes have also been... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Cesar Costapinto Santana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SepulvedaCuevas_LuisaAntonia_D.pdf: 5246232 bytes, checksum: 77d48b5832e64e906a8627c25be24f24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a remoção dos corantes Naftol Azul Preto (NAP), Azul Maxilon 5G (AM) e Azul Brilhante de Remazol R (ABRR) em fase aquosa por adsorção em turfa de origem magalhânica. De acordo com a caracterização físico-química do adsorvente, os principais grupos funcionais detectados foram os carboxílicos, fenólicos, hidroxilas, aminas e metil, que lhe conferiram uma carga preferencialmente negativa e um Ponto de Carga Zero (PCZ) igual a 3,68. Os resultados dos experimentos em batelada mostraram que a adsorção do corante NAP foi fortemente dependente da carga superficial da turfa. Os modelos de isotermas de Langmuir, Freundlich e Sips foram bem correlacionados aos dados experimentais de equilíbrio de ambos os corantes. As capacidades máximas de adsorção (qm) e o parâmetro de energia de Langmuir (b) dos corantes NAP e AM alcançados foram de 33,7 e 33,1 mg/g e 0,031 e 0,139 L/mg, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados dos experimentos cinéticos em tanque agitado, as porcentagens de remoção e as capacidades de adsorção atingidas foram de 81 e 97 %, 12 e 30 mg/g para os corantes NAP e AM, respectivamente. Os modelos cinéticos de segunda ordem e de Langmuir foram bem correlacionados aos dados experimentais para baixas concentrações iniciais de corante. A modelagem do sistema mostrou que a difusão intrapartícula acontece de forma paralela no volume e na superfície do poro e é a etapa que controla a velocidade de transporte das moléculas de corante até os sítios ativos da turfa. Os coeficientes de difusão no poro foram determinados entre 1,08-3,5 10-10 m2/s e os coeficientes de difusão na superfície entre 0,2-1,5 10-11 m2/s. Dos ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, as capacidades de adsorção na saturação variaram entre 17,1 e 30,1 mg/g para o corante AM nas condições selecionadas. A altura de transferência de massa foi dependente da concentração e vazão da alimentação com valores entre 14 e 23 cm. De forma oposta, as capacidades de adsorção do corante NAP foram entre 2-3 mg/g, equivalente a 20-30 % da capacidade de equilíbrio em ensaios em batelada. Esses resultados foram atribuídos às baixas energias de adsorção do corante em turfa. O modelo de THOMAS apresentou uma boa predição da concentração de corante na fase inicial das curvas de ruptura (C/Cf < 0,5), quando o corante AM foi adsorvido em um leito de turfa. No entanto, o modelo não foi capaz de predizer o comportamento do corante NAP / Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the removal of dyes Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) and Maxilon Blue 5G (MB) in the aqueous phase by adsorption on Magellan peat. According to the peat physicochemical characterization, the carboxylic, phenolic, hydroxyl and methyl amines were identified as the main functional groups, that giving it a preferably negative charge and a Point of Zero Charge (PZC) equal to 3.68. The results of batch experiments showed that the adsorption of the NBB dye is strongly dependent on surface charge of the peat, but it did not happen with the MB dye. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were well correlated to equilibrium experimental data of both dyes. The maximum adsorption capacities (qm) and the Langmuir energy parameter (b) of the NBB and MB dyes obtained were 33.7 and 33.1 mg/g and 0.031 and 0.139 L/mg, respectively. On the kinetic experiments in stirred tank, the removal rate and the adsorption capacities were 81 and 97%, 12 and 30 mg/g for NBB and MB dyes, respectively. The kinetic models of second order and Langmuir were well fitted to experimental data for low initial concentrations of dye. The system modeling showed that happens pore and surface diffusion and was the rate-determining step of the adsorption process. The diffusion coefficients were estimated in 1.08 to 3.5.10-10 m2/s in the pore and 0.2 to 1.5.10-11 m2/s on the surface. From tests in fixed bed columns, the adsorption capacities at saturation ranged between 17.1 and 30.1 mg/g for MB dye in the selected conditions. The mass transfer height was dependent on the concentration and flow rate of feeding from 14 to 23 cm. In the other side, the adsorption capacities of the NBB dye ranged between 2 and 3 mg/g, equivalent to 20 - 30% of equilibrium capacity in batch tests. These results were attributed to the low energies of the dye adsorption on peat. The THOMAS model showed a good quality in prediction of the dye concentration in initial portion of the breakthrough curves (C/Co < 0.5), when the MB dye were adsorbed on a peat bed. However, the model failed to predict the behavior of the NBB dye / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

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Corantes são utilizados na coloração de diferentes substratos, incluindo papel, couro e plásticos, mas o uso mais importante é o têxtil e 1 a 5% destes corantes podem ser descartados no ambiente. Em geral, os corantes do tipo azo são tóxicos para os organismos aquáticos e alguns tipos de corantes podem ser mais tóxicos que outros. Mas, embora estes compostos e seus produtos de transformação reduzidos e/ou clorados podem ser encontrados no ecossistema aquáticos, não existem dados sobre genotoxicidade em organismos aquáticos até o momento. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que avaliar danos ao DNA representa um biomarcador de exposição muito sensível em espécies aquáticas, que pode ser estudado utilizando ensaios in vivo e in vitro, como no caso das linhagens de células de peixe. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a ocorrência de corantes dispersos em amostras ambientais; avaliar a mutagenicidade dessas amostras utilizando o ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma com as linhagens TA98 e YG1041, e a genotoxicidade com o ensaio do cometa em culturas celulares de peixe RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS foi utilizada para verificar a ocorrência de corantes em amostras do Rio Piracicaba à montante e à jusante do Ribeirão Quilombo e do descarte de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE), localizados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram detectados seis corantes dispersos nas amostras de águas superficiais e efluentes. O corante Disperse Red 1 foi o composto mais frequente, detectado em 8 das 16 amostras, porém sua contribuição para a mutagenicidade total foi baixa; os corantes Disperse Blue 373 e Disperse Violet 93 foram os que mais contribuíram. A genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba, avaliada pelo ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma e ensaio do cometa, aumentou após o lançamento do Ribeirão Quilombo e do efluente ETE, mostrando uma possível contribuição destes na genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba. / Dyes are used in the coloration of different substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but the most important use is on textiles and 1 to 5% of these dyes might be lost into the environment. Azo dyes are the most important class, accounting for over 50% of all commercial dyes, and this class has been the most studied. In general, azo dyes are toxic to aquatic organisms and some types of dyes are more toxic than others. But although these compounds as well as their reduced/chlorinated transformation products can be found in aquatic ecosystems, no mutagenicity data are available until now in aquatic organisms. This remark remains of value, as well, regarding genotoxicity potential of such dyes towards aquatic organisms. Many studies have demonstrated that DNA damage measurement represents a very sensitive biomarker of exposure in aquatic species that can be studied both in vivo and in vitro using for example fish cell lines. The objectives of this work were evaluate the occurrence of disperse dyes in environmental samples; evaluate the mutagenicity of this samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98 and YG1041; evaluate the genotoxicity using the comet assay with fish cell lines RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS was used to verify the occurrence of dyes in samples of Piracicaba River upstream and downstream the discharge of Quilombo River and Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Six dyes were detected in samples of water and effluents. Disperse Red 1 dye was detected in 8 of 16 samples, but its contribution for the mutagenicity was low. Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 were the major contributors for the mutagenicity found in the samples. The genotoxicity of Piracicaba River, evaluated with Salmonella/microsome assay and comet assay, increased after the discharges of Quilombo River and the effluent of WWTP, showing a contribution of this discharges on the river genotoxicity.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of M.Tech.: Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / The presence of dyes in effluent poses various environmental as well as health hazards for many organisms. Although various remediation strategies have been implemented to reduce their effect, dyes still manage to infiltrate into the environment and hence new strategies are required to address some of the problems. This study investigated the innovation of two cationic water-soluble polymers viz., Proline-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer (PEP) and Thiazolidine-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer (TEP) that were used to remediate selected synthetic dyes from synthetic effluent by adsorption and dye reduction. Both polymers were synthesized using monomers of a secondary amine, epichlorohydrin and ethylenediamine and were subsequently characterized and modified and their remediation potential studied. In the first study, PEP was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, FT-IR Spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thereafter PEP was modified with bentonite clay, by simple mixing of the reactants, to form a Proline-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer-bentonite composite (PRO-BEN); it was characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption studies were then undertaken with a synthetic effluent containing three textile dyes, viz., Reactive Blue 222 (RB 222), Reactive Red 195 (RR 195) and Reactive Yellow (RY 145). Various conditions were investigated including pH of the solution, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, initial dye concentration and the dosage of adsorbent used. The experimental data for all dyes followed a Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption process was found to be pseudo-second order. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption of the dyes was classified as physisorption and the reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The data were also compared using studies with alumina as an adsorbent. Results showed that PRO-BEN exhibited better absorptivity and desorption than alumina making its use a better recyclable remediation strategy for the removal of organic dyes in wastewater treatment plants. In the second study, TEP was synthesized and then characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, TGA and DLS. Thereafter, TEP was used to prepare TEP capped gold nanoparticles (TEP-AuNPs). Herein, two methods were investigated: the Turkevich method and an adaptation of the Turkevich method using bagasse extract. The TEP-AuNPs was characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, DLS and TEM. Thereafter the reduction of each of Allura Red, Congo Red and Methylene Blue was investigated with the TEP-AuNPs for its catalytic activity toward dye reduction. This study showed that the batch of AuNPs prepared by the Turkevich method had higher rates of dye reduction compared with AuNPs prepared using bagasse extract. Also the quantity of TEP used as capping agent greatly influenced the size, shape and surface charge of the nanoparticles as well as their catalytic performance: the Vroman effect explained this behavior of the TEP-AuNPs. It was finally concluded that whilst PRO-BEN, in the first study, showed excellent dye remediation properties, the second study on TEP-AuNPs showed good catalytic activity for the reduction of selected dyes, however, it was more effective at lower polymer concentration. Finally, both materials displayed good potential for the clean-up of selected synthetic dyes from synthetic effluents. / M