This paper examines the relationaship between financial development and economic growth in ghana. This is done using time series econometric procedures by employing four proxy of financial development and applying granger causality test, cointegrating test, vector error correction model. The empirical results show that the direction of causalty is sensitive to the choice of proxy. It was discovered that finance follows in the direction of economic growth but doesnt necessarily lead to it. The empirical cointegration results weakly supprt long run relationship between financial development and economic growth.

This paper investigates whether there is a correlation between broadband use and econom-ic growth by using an endogenous growth model along with previous studies of broadband use and theories for its spread an equation was developed accordingly. The estimation was done using data from the World Bank and ITU for the years 2002-2008, with minor imbalance in the dataset. Moreover, the estimation was done using two-way fixed effects and heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust errors, given tests for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation in the regressions. The result from the regressions showed that broadband spread has a significant effect on GDP growth, while the signifi-cance of the coefficients for human capital do vary with education stage. In the analysis of the subject it was also shown that there are more underlying matters to be dealt with to give a fair estimation and conclusion, such as the difference between markets and difference in speed of broadband which may could have given slightly different results. Also that the range of time for broadband is relatively short, a longer range could have giv-en a better estimate. Furthermore, the analysis shone light on that there are both weakness-es by spread of broadband as exacerbation of poverty and strengths as possibility to savings in healthcare and increase spread of education via broadband. In addition to this there is possibly reversed causality and the fact that all ICT technology are general purpose tech-nologies has the impact that one should see the results with somewhat scepticism. In conclusion, the positive effect from broadband spread on economic growth is stated-with an addition, that more data and taking account of broadband differences globally would be needed in a future research to fully establish the effect, as well as mentioned limi-tations to result should be taken into account.

According to the different studies, there is a strong correlation between (GDP) per capita as the index of economic growth and indicators of human development such as life expectancy, infant mortality, adult literacy, political and civil rights. Based on Millennium Development Goals, which is a program made by UN to reduce extreme poverty and improve human development in developing countries, we can find the indicator of which has key role and affect the other goals of human development directly and clearly. Considering the concept of education accurately we also would be faced with subject of literacy for both genders in a society. Recent empirical research reveals the benefit of women's education and describes the importance of this subject for the economic development.Therefore the main object of this paper is the relation between human development and economic growth and the effect of education on human capital accumulation and thereby on the economic growth, especially the case of female literacy rate and its consequences for human development. This paper will analyze the effect of the human development on the economic growth and well being with special attention to the female education concept related to the MDG in developing countries generally. It will consider mainly the sub Saharan countries as developing countries. For this purpose we will verify the theoretical literature via comparing statistic and charts for the region under consideration.

The introduction of micropolitan areas as an official statistical category has raised questions about this intermediate category of formerly rural places. This thesis explores the conventional idea that small urban areas lack economic and social autonomy and that their development relies on proximity to metropolitan areas. Three central questions will examine the concept of autonomy among Georgia micropolitans with regard to income, industry and demographic structures. Workforce commuting patterns show micropolitans in the northern part of the state have less autonomy than those located in Southern Georgia. Policy should reflect these differences, address the reliance on declining manufacturing sectors, and concerns about poverty and education. Profiles of Georgia micropolitans and case studies of three micropolitan cities offer a baseline for policy makers and future researchers. The information provides the framework for questions about the dependence on metropolitans, the ability to provide jobs for the workforce and potential for economic development. Methods include regression analysis and a comparative case study of Georgia micropolitans with a developing Dutch region. The case of the Twente region highlights strategies to transform an old industrial area into an innovative hotspot with an educated workforce.

A lot of relevant literature indicates that stock market returns for the non-linear because the stock market is volatility asymmetry. To explore the impact between the stock and macroeconomic variables, it is necessary to analyze by nonlinear model, otherwise they will be a model set of problems. I adopt a threshold autoregressive modle to analyze the relationship between the ETF return on the exchange rate and economic growth. In this study, the ETF return is the threshold variable. First, in order to rearrange the linear test regression (Arrang Regression) with the F-statistic testing whether the nonlinear effect of the grid search to find the residual sum of squares, determine the optimal threshold of backward and thresholds value. To identify the threshold, it is estimated a two-regime model analysis in positive and negative reward, the correlation between exchange rate and ETF returns Spillover effect to explain economic growth for the ETF returns and how it affects, then the data drawn into a grid map, find the number of possible structural transition point, and finally AIC formula to calculate the value of the two -regime with the three-regime model of AIC and the minimum value is the optimal model.

none

From the point of view of world, the positive results of the economic globalization are: more frequent scientific and technological exchange, more obvious international division, resource reach supreme utility. But, global economy integration, the abolition of the trade barrier, and improvement of capital mobility, have produced the serious economic problem in several areas. That is to say that this kind of laissez faire causes the international economic growth rate to be slow and large quantities of unemployment. Above-mentioned problems are very apt to happen in developing countries. A lot of economic construction of most developing countries has not been ripe yet .If they open trade and capital inflow rashly, in a situation that there is not any supplementary measure effectively, the economic development of this area is hindered because of being unable to bear the strong external pressure with assault probably .If more serious, it will also cause the terrible financial crisis. From 1964 to 1988, Brazil implemented 20 several years governance of military affairs. During 20 several years governance of military affairs, Brazil had gone through the high economic growth rate. However, since 1974, the inflation of Brazil began to be accumulating constantly, the finance and account deficit frequently were serious day by day. The Brazilian government, in order to solve the problem, since 1980, limited the capital inflow. This policy made the development in economy slower, and the inflation problem was more serious. During elected president Fernando Collor de Mello was in power, from 1990, Brazilian government determined to return to the international capital market, and then economic became better. The open policy let the exchange rate appreciate, trade that accumulate, and lasting in debt of external and account deficit frequently. Brazil faced external pressure and impact once again. From 1994, Brazil was in power by new president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. In 1999, Brazilian government canceled the fixed exchange rate system of staring at U.S. dollar, and changed to adopt the floating exchange rate system. The exchange rate of Brazil was decided by market from then on. Brazil faces the huge external pressure for a long time because of the impact of the economic globalization. A lot of countries have an optimistic view of the economic development in the future of Brazil very much. The reasons are: First, natural resources of Brazil are very abundant and enough to supply with the demand of the world; Second, Brazilian population reaches 180 millions, the huge market attracts various countries to be engaged in all kinds of trade and conduct of business. No matter from the past economic development or to the economic forecasting in the future, the economy of Brazil is closely linked with open economic policy. In other words, the imports, exports and capital mobility of Brazil have dominated the development in economy of Brazil. So, I use Balance-of-payments constrained growth rate model (BPCG model) of Thirlwall (1979) to analyze Brazilian economy. I set up adjusted BPCG model according to actual state of Brazil. I use cointegration test and estimate out the Brazilian imports and exports behavior equation, and then calculate primitive BPCG model and adjusted BPCG model. Pointed out finally, the economic growth rate estimated out from the adjusted BPCG model is closer to Brazil's actual economic growth rate than the economic growth rate estimated out from the primitive BPCG model. This shows that some assumptions of primitive BPCG model do not accord with the real state of Brazil. Such as on long terms, comparative purchasing power parity is not to be hold. Imports and exports will correspond to out different price elasticity or substitution elasticity, if face different products or the price from the different areas. Thus, in the case of Brazil, the assumption of single price and single elasticity is not to be hold. In general, the long-term economic growth rate estimated out in BPCG model roughly keeps the same with long-term real economic growth rate of Brazil. This result demonstrates that BPCG model is useful for analyzing export-led economic, and the result also supports Brazil to be an export-led economic growth country.

Taiwan be called ¡§Taiwan¡¦s miracle¡¨ after World War II, the important factor is the accumulation of human capital . We use the model of Lucas(1988) and the definition of human capital by Whang and Zhao(1997) to re-examine the relationship between the human capital and economic growth in Taiwan. The research not only uses the Johansen¡¦s Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to make cointegration relation numbers and cointegration vectors but also use the stochastic cointegration developed by Harris, McCabe and Leybourne ( 2002, 2003 ) to re-examine the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Taiwan. Conclusion of the research, there¡¦s one cointegration vector existed by the Johansen¡¦s cointegration test . We found the stochastic cointegration exist between the human capital and economic growth in Taiwan, but not exist the heteroscedastic cointegration. Besides we recognize the the positive relationship between the human capital and economic growth in Taiwan and estimate the contribution rate 18% of human capital.

No description available.

A central goal of urban and economic development planning is producing policies and programs to promote economic growth. Urban planners and economic planners always struggle to define economic development policies to improve the growth in way that enhance the quality of life in the community people live and work. Hence, investigation of factors affecting economic growth at the regional level helps decision makers such as urban planners and economic development planners develop smarter policies to increase more opportunities for economic growth. This project aims to look at economic growth from the perspective of urban economic development planners. The main questions of this study include: What is economic growth at the regional level, and what factors influence the growth of US urban regions? Is there any relationship between transportation investments and economic growth? What can urban planners and economic development planners learn from the findings of the growth literature that can better link urban planning with economic development planning and policies? I used research synthesis/meta-study method to review a wide range of studies devoted to economic growth. As neoclassical economists discussed, labor, capital, and human capital and technology are the primary production factors. However, contemporary literature reveals secondary factors that stimulate the efficiency and quality of these primary factors. My findings show that secondary factors such as transportation infrastructure, amenities (schools, housing, weather, and historical, cultural, and recreational centers) and disamenities (pollution, road congestion, and crime rate) influence regional economic growth process. These material factors of economic growth are typically addressed by economists and economic development planners via quantitative analysis of the variables associated with per-capita regional GDP growth. I find, however; that urban planners address a qualitative set of secondary factors related to social norms and institutions. The normative factors include equity, diversity, and housing affordability, and the procedural factors are: public participation, government policies over land use and land development. By reviewing existing regional economic planning, I highlight the lack of strong linkage between economic development planners and urban planners. In the end, an economic growth guideline is developed which might help decision makers such as urban planners and economic development planners derive smarter policies to increase opportunities for economic growth and development. / text