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Three essays form this thesis which addresses the effectiveness of interventions aimed at attaining two health Millennium Development Goals (MDG) set by the United Nations: a 2/3rds reduction by 2015 of 1990 child mortality rates (MDG4) and 3/4th reduction of 1990 maternal mortality rates by the same date (MDG5). The first chapter assesses the relative efficiency of 85 countries at using these interventions for the reduction of child and maternal mortality. It teases out the extent to which mortality reduction is a result of the interventions themselves as opposed to the context in which they are implemented. A three step procedure which includes Data Envelopment Analysis indicates that efficiency is mainly driven by context. Chapter 2 addresses the association between the 2000-2008 rates of change of interventions and the rate of change of mortality. It uses finite mixture modeling to take account of the possibility that there may be underlying heterogeneity in the mortality reduction functions of the 32 sub-Saharan African countries studied. Results support this hypothesis and show that an intervention may exhibit increasing returns to scale in some countries and decreasing returns to scale in others. Chapter 3 assesses the link between interventions and mortality rates and examines cost minimizing scenarios for attaining MDG4 and MDG5 in 27 sub-Saharan African countries. Lagged data on interventions predicts mortality rates (by OLS) to take into account the potential reverse causality between the two. Results indicate that achieving MDG mortality targets at the least possible cost invariably requires very substantive increases in medical human resources, yet training physicians has not been the main objective of public health organizations. Furthermore, improving the context in which interventions are implemented - increasing female literacy or effectiveness of political stability- allows countries to reach mortality targets with substantially lower levels of interventions (including, much lower levels of physician density).

Diplomová práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních částí. První část s názvem Rozvojové cíle tisíciletí se zabývá vznikem a formulací MDGs, nastiňuje výchozí situaci jednotlivých rozvojových regionů (včetně Kavkazu) na počátku 90. let a změnu, kterou od té doby do současnosti prošly. První část je rozdělena do kapitol dle jednotlivých MDGs, které sledují nejen plnění jednolitých cílů v daných regionech, ale také hlavní aspekty a problémy, které jejich úspěšnému plnění brání. Celkový záměr této části spočívá v charakteristice situace, ve které se jednotlivé regiony světa po 15 letech implementace MDGs nachází. Jejím cílem je tak nejen podat informaci o MDGs a jejich plnění ve světě, ale také ukázat, jak si v porovnání s ostatními regiony světa vede právě oblast Kavkazu. Druhá část práce s názvem Plnění Rozvojových cílů tisíciletí na příkladu Ázerbájdžánu se pak zabývá konkrétním příkladem plnění těchto cílů v podmínkách země z bývalého SSSR. Již bylo uvedeno, že země SNS se vyznačují odlišnými charakteristikami od RZ, je proto první kapitola druhé části věnována základní, zejména ekonomické, charakteristice Ázerbájdžánu. V druhé kapitole je pak zkoumáno plnění MDGs v této zemi, resp. jejich reformulace dle potřeb Ázerbájdžánu. Cílem druhé části práce je zhodnotit nejen vývoj ekonomické situace země a způsob, jakým naložila se svojí nespornou komparativní výhodou, ale také detailněji posoudit stávající situaci při plnění MDGs a případné nedostatky, které byly při formulaci a vlastním plněním cílů zaznamenány.

According to the different studies, there is a strong correlation between (GDP) per capita as the index of economic growth and indicators of human development such as life expectancy, infant mortality, adult literacy, political and civil rights. Based on Millennium Development Goals, which is a program made by UN to reduce extreme poverty and improve human development in developing countries, we can find the indicator of which has key role and affect the other goals of human development directly and clearly. Considering the concept of education accurately we also would be faced with subject of literacy for both genders in a society. Recent empirical research reveals the benefit of women's education and describes the importance of this subject for the economic development.Therefore the main object of this paper is the relation between human development and economic growth and the effect of education on human capital accumulation and thereby on the economic growth, especially the case of female literacy rate and its consequences for human development. This paper will analyze the effect of the human development on the economic growth and well being with special attention to the female education concept related to the MDG in developing countries generally. It will consider mainly the sub Saharan countries as developing countries. For this purpose we will verify the theoretical literature via comparing statistic and charts for the region under consideration.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causal relationship between GDP and renewable energy. In order to find a significant relationship, a literature review is first analyzed in order to select the right methods for analysis. A simple model of GDP determination is chosen to inspect the relationship of society and sustainable energy production, as well as account for externalities on the environment by including emissions as an explanatory variable. The UN framework of sustainable development is used to highlight the need for action in the renewables energy sector. Concepts of emergy and transformity are employed to give a better understanding on the nature of energy and its crucial importance to economic development. The validity of these affirmations in terms of the nexus of causality will be done through economic methods: critical tests such as Pedroni cointegration, Granger causality and others will be used. These findings lead to useful policy implications for countries attempting to promote renewable energy and energy development. Unidirectional causality running from GDP growth to growth in the percentage of renewable energy consumption is found.

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Background: Uganda is one the leading countries around the world which account for 60% of the total number of maternal deaths globally. Following the unsuccessful trajectory of MDG 5, no comprehensive research was conducted to determine why targets were not achieved, and maternal health priorities were reorganized under SDG 3. However, the efficacy of this approach remains uncertain. Methods: A meta-narrative review (MNR) provided insight into maternal health trajectories within Uganda prior to and during MDG 5, and informed the development of questions for key informant interviews. Interviews were conducted with 7 key informants to explore the development and implementation of maternal health policy in relation to MDG 5 and SDG 3. Thematic coding analysis was conducted using NVivo 12, in accordance with the criteria of constructivist grounded theory, to identify recurring themes. Findings: Four major themes were identified: i) the current narrative surrounding maternal health is deterring investment in SDG 3, ii) Uganda’s fragmented health care system impedes access to maternal health care, iii) empowerment issues among women, and iv) increased collaboration efforts are needed from Uganda’s government to improve maternal health outcomes. Implications & Contributions: Uganda has failed to advance women’s rights, as the government focusses on infrastructure development to drive economic development. However, Uganda will not progress if women continue to be oppressed and die as a result of its multifaceted maternal mortality crisis. Implications for maternal health policy: MDG 5 and SDG 3 were imposed on Uganda and do not necessarily reflect its best interests or its collective needs related to improving its maternal health outcomes. Striving to achieve SDG 3 would likely further oppress women and disadvantage the country overall. Thus, Uganda’s government must increase multisector collaboration to develop realistic and sustainable goals towards improving maternal health outcomes to better counteract its maternal mortality crisis. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Under the lens of intersectional theory, this study aspired to determine what lessons can be learned from Uganda’s attempt to achieve Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5, related to maternal health, from 2000-2015, and also how these lessons will inform its transition to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 between 2016-2030. The barriers and challenges surrounding Uganda’s maternal health outcomes were also investigated, and four themes were found. This study demonstrates how various aspects of women’s social identities intersect and form the basis for much of the oppression they encounter surrounding their maternal health, with implications for policy-makers, health care workers, and women. Attainment of SDG 3 seems unlikely for Uganda, and also not in its best interests. Rather than attempting to meet globally developed targets to improve its maternal outcomes, Uganda should engage in multisector collaboration to enable realistic and sustainable progress in its quest to counteract its maternal mortality crisis.

Ve své diplomové práci jsem se zabýval dokumentem Pařížská deklarace o efektivitě rozvojové pomoci. Deklarace stanovuje závazky a cíle do roku 2010 týkající se způsobů poskytování pomoci a podporuje tak dosažení rozvojových cílů tisíciletí. Sledoval jsem vývoj od roku 2005 a jak se tento dokument promítnul do politik zemí a organizací, především dárců.. Na příkladu Moldavska a Kambodži pak uvádím jak probíhá implementace tohoto dokumentu v politikách rozvojových zemí. Velká pozornost je přitom věnována Evropské unii a České republice. V závěru hodnotím přínos Deklarace, její pozitiva a slabá místa. V souvislosti s rozvojovou politikou obecně navrhuji řešení k větší efektivitě pomoci.

<p>The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of free education for all on the primary schools in Babati, Tanzania. The study is based on the fieldwork carried out in Babati district Tanzania, where information was gathered through qualitative methods. The empirical findings are analysed using a World Bank model of how educational inputs affects welfare outcomes. The study examines the millennium development goal with respect to giving every child an education. The study shows that a bigger impact can be seen in an increased enrolment in schools. That was the result of removing the primary school fees. This has resulted in overcrowding in the primary schools, lack of enough teachers, classrooms and learning material. However, over time the performances have improved. In the short term, the removal of school fees increased enrolment but resulted in poor quality of the education. In the long term, these problems are decreasing and the educational sector can now provide education to children that could not afford it before.</p>

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of free education for all on the primary schools in Babati, Tanzania. The study is based on the fieldwork carried out in Babati district Tanzania, where information was gathered through qualitative methods. The empirical findings are analysed using a World Bank model of how educational inputs affects welfare outcomes. The study examines the millennium development goal with respect to giving every child an education. The study shows that a bigger impact can be seen in an increased enrolment in schools. That was the result of removing the primary school fees. This has resulted in overcrowding in the primary schools, lack of enough teachers, classrooms and learning material. However, over time the performances have improved. In the short term, the removal of school fees increased enrolment but resulted in poor quality of the education. In the long term, these problems are decreasing and the educational sector can now provide education to children that could not afford it before.