University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Communication

The empirical research about the labour force participation of older people has received increasing attention since the 1990s in the UK as there are growing concerns about the ageing of the population and the level of finance needed to support the elderly. Therefore, this thesis analyses main determinants associated with the retirement decisions of both men and women using discrete choice models. Age, health, education attainments, unearned income and pension eligibility are the most important determinants influencing the likelihood of retirement. On the other hand, the effects of other factors, such as hourly earnings, marital status, education, housing tenure, and other individual and household characteristics differ from 1991 to 2013. The other underlying factor that the study examines is the influence of gender disparity on retirement decisions of older people using nonlinear decomposition methods and which factors cause gender gap in retirement decisions. The gender disparity influenced by demographic and financial factors has not been significantly reduced over time. Age, hourly earnings, non-labour income and pension eligibility increase the gender gap, whereas education, good health conditions and being a homeowner act to reduce the gender gap in the retirement process. Moreover, this thesis points out the importance of partial retirement in the British labour market, which has been less subject to research in the UK, and it is found as an important concept to promote longer working lives among older people. Age, education and crisis period were found to be important determinants of partial retirement, while poor health, household income levels, and marital status, were found to be insignificant.

by Wong Yiu Fai, James. / Bibliography: leaves 61-62 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.) -- Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 42-44.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / Much of the literature dealing with employment in seasonal industries with sharp peaks or short active seasons states or implies that all such industries employ, mostly, temporar.y entrants to the labor force during their active seasons who withdraw when that season is over. This seems to be an e~ension of the observation of the practice in summer resort and other industries with a short summer peak to all (resort and other) industries with short active seasons. It is questionable whether this is actually true for seasonal winter resort industries, particularly in non-urban areas. This study proposes to examine the labor supplies of a winter seasonal industry with a test of that assumption in view. It is proposed, also, that the concepts of primary and secondary members of the labor force, introduced by Wilcock, be utilized in the study. Such concepts which differentiate between workers who belong regularly to the labor force and those who enter and leave at various intervals should prove useful when dealing with seasonal employment and seasonal workers [TRUNCATED]

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o papel da ocupação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, procurando identificar seus efeitos sobre o salário e o emprego dos indivíduos e a estrutura salarial da economia brasileira. Apesar de sua importância, esse assunto tem recebido pouca atenção na literatura sobre a desigualdade de renda no Brasil. Na primeira parte desse estudo, faz-se uma descrição dos dados para as seis ocupações que serão utilizadas - dirigentes, profissionais das ciências e das artes, técnicos de nível médio, trabalhadores de serviços administrativos, dos serviços e da produção. Percebe-se que a ocupação que mais emprega é a de trabalhadores dos serviços, porém, também é a que abriga maior quantidade de indivíduos com baixo nível de escolaridade e a que apresenta menor remuneração. Através de uma técnica de decomposição da desigualdade de renda, verifica-se que a ocupação tem um poder explicativo tão alto quanto o da escolaridade. A segunda parte do trabalho analisa o prêmio salarial associado a cada ocupação após controlar por efeitos fixos individuais dos trabalhadores, investigando o que acontece com a variação salarial do indivíduo na medida em que transita entre as ocupações. Os resultados mostram que a ocupação que mais atrai trabalhadores é a de dirigentes e as maiores perdas salariais ocorrem ao se transitar para a ocupação de trabalhadores dos serviços. Dado que a ocupação é importante para explicar a desigualdade, na última parte investiga-se como a estrutura ocupacional do mercado de trabalho brasileiro evolui ao longo do tempo, verificando em que medida a tecnologia pode afetar essa estrutura. Fica evidenciado o crescimento do emprego para ocupações que pagam salários intermediários ou altos. Com esses resultados, conclui-se que a ocupação tem efeitos importantes no mercado de trabalho no Brasil. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the role of the occupation in the Brazilian labor market, examining its effects on individuals\' wage and employment and on the wage structure of the Brazilian economy. Despite its importance, this subject has received little attention in the inequality literature in Brazil. In the first part of this study, the data are described for the six occupations that will be used - managers, professionals in sciences and arts, technicians, white collar workers, services workers and production workers. The occupation that employs most workers is services workers. But it is also the one that has the highest amount of low education individuals and with the lowest earnings. Through the use of an inequality decomposition technique, it is verified that occupation has as high explanatory power as education. The second part of the dissertation analyzes the wage premium associated to each occupation, after controlling for individual fixed effects, and investigates what happens with the wage variation of the individual when it transits among occupations. The results show that the occupation that attracts more workers is managers and the highest wage losses occur when a worker transits to the services workers occupation. Since occupation is important to explain inequality, in the last part it is investigated how the occupational structure of the Brazilian labor market evolves over time, verifying if technology can affect this structure. Evidence is produced showing employment growth for occupations that pay intermediate or high wages. With these results, it is concluded that occupation has important effects in the labor market in Brazil.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The purpose of the study is to address the effects of employment discrimination in the workplace focussing on designated groups, by comparing South Africa and Canada. Canada is one of the few countries that have addressed the employment barriers of target groups with one encompassing piece of legislation. In this study reference was made at the constitutional provisions towards unfair discrimination, labour law materials, employment and statutory provision so that the future researcher could see where employment discrimination in South African and Canada originate and what is the position. In order to address employment discrimination in the workplace case laws, courts judgments and other jurisprudence were used. The scope focused in this study is broad as a researcher did not look at other forms of employment discrimination. Employment discrimination in South Africa and Canada exists, this implies that the employment discrimination between two countries could be comparable. Policies and practices in order to identify employment barriers facing the disadvantaged groups were discussed. Therefore critical look focused on the employment systems, policies and practices at workplaces and also identify employment barriers facing designated groups in relation to recruitment, job classification, remuneration, employment benefits, conditions of services and promotion. South Africa and Canada emanated from a historical background of inequalities. Such inequalities lead to discrimination. South Africa and Canada’s discrimination affected blacks, Aboriginal people, women and people with disabilities. The grounds of discrimination were discussed in full for both countries.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / Like other forms of prohibited discriminations, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has become an area of concern in the workplace. The law prohibits discrimination in whatever form and declares it unlawful to discriminate people on the basis of sexual orientation. In this work, South African anti- discrimination provisions on the basis of sexual orientation will be emphasized, whereas foreign countries will only be referred to for the sake of comparative analysis. Discrimination of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and homosexual people (LGBTH) in the workplace is manifested by harassment and constructive dismissal through homophobia. Homophobia is a psychological concept which refers to the hatred of people after declaring their gay, lesbian or homosexual identities. This study reveals homophobic practices towards homosexuals as if they are not beneficiaries of contemporary democratic laws and dividends of democracy enshrined in Chapter 2 of the RSA Constitution of 1996 and Chapter 2 of the Employment Equity Act (EEA) 55 of 1998. To this, the research revealed an interesting corroboration in section 9(4) of the RSA Constitution of 1996, and section 6(1) of the EEA 55 of 1998, which provide that no person may unfairly discriminate another on the grounds of sexual orientation. The study has also revealed that among others, employment rights of people in South Africa and in foreign countries are being violated on the basis of sexual orientation. In most case laws, people who disclosed to their employers, that their gender identities are different to what was expected as straight genders and those who informed their employers about their intentions to undergo sex change surgeries are being hired and fired. The study also proved a point that when it comes to sexual orientation exclusion and discrimination, the same vulnerable groups of gays and lesbians are as well caught up in practices of sodomy and sexual harassments. Therefore, the remedies suggested by this research will also apply to everyone including gays and lesbians. To avoid controversy and issues, statutes and decided court cases have been stated as they are, in chapter 4 of this research, for the sake of comparative analysis in order to unravel the existing state of affairs through approaches from different jurisdictions.

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