The law enforcement literature has recently begun to focus attention on the problem of alcohol use among police officers. However, to date the problem has been viewed within the framework of the "disease" model of alcohol addiction and the focus has been on the treatment of individual officers whose job performance has been seriously affected by heavy drinking. Anecdotal evidence, on the other hand, indicates that the heavy and consistent use of alcohol is a widespread and accepted phenomenon among large sections of the police force. There is a substantial body of theory which relates socialization processes and job stress problems to the development of homogeneous attitudes and beliefs. These attitudes and beliefs may, in turn, serve to support the heavy use of alcohol by police officers. The objective of the proposed study was to assess the extent of alcohol use among local police and to determine the perceptions held by this target population concerning the reasons for the existence of the problem. Particular emphasis was placed on the concept of job stress. This study is seen as a first step toward a comprehensive understanding of alcohol abuse by police. Questionnaire results confirmed heavy and consistent use of alcohol. The prime reason cited was as a relaxant. Having to deal with the suffering of others and being the target of abuse from citizens were the most often given sources of stress, and drinking with a colleague was seen as a "safe" way to unwind and an important way of staying in touch with colleagues. Results were discussed in terms of current conceptions in the alcohol literature. The recommendation of the report was in support of federal funding for a needed alcohol management programme. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is an attempt to describe and explain occupational segregation by sex as evidenced by 1961 Canadian census data. Previous writers discussed the ethical question of whether men and women should be occupationally segregated or whether they should receive equal pay for equal work. This literature is reviewed. Irrespective of ethical issues, if men and women are equally productive but unequally paid, why should a profit maximizing firm hire any but the cheapest labour? This problem is known as Cassel's paradox. Previous attempts to resolve Cassel's paradox included the use of simple supply and demand models, barriers to competition, theories of monopsony, human capital theory and adjustments for quality differences. These approaches are criticized and alternative concepts of discrimination are reviewed. For the purpose of the thesis, statistical discrimination is defined as a situation in which employers draw inferences about productivity from unalterable attributes of individuals even though the attributes are not correlated with productivity. A model of occupational segregation by sex is developed that permits analysis of statistical discrimination. Employers are assumed to hire labour under uncertainty as to its qualifications. Hiring is assumed to involve a cost. Each occupation is characterized by the traits required to perform in the occupation. The probability that a person is qualified for an occupation is assumed to depend on the traits required for the occupation and the person's sex. From these assumptions the derived demand for the male-female employment ratio by occupation is determined as a function of employer investment, male and female wages, and the required traits. Statistical discrimination is said to be indicated if a trait is significantly related to the male-female employment ratio and yet there is no significant difference in its distribution by sex. A correlation coefficient of 0.78 is found in a relation between the logarithm of the male-female employment ratio and thirteen independent variables including a proxy for employer investment, the wage ratio, the male-female education ratio and ten traits. The education ratio, included in the regression analysis to adjust for quality differences, has the greatest impact of any variable. Its negative coefficient is opposite in sign to what was expected. It is possible that the negative education coefficient indicates discrimination. Data was not available for the actual distribution by sex for five of the ten traits. Three of the remaining traits, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude and form aptitude, indicate the presence of statistical discrimination. The need for further research on how stereotypes affect occupational segregation is suggested by this study. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

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The underlying assumption of this thesis was that different subgroups of older adults have different motivations for seeking employment.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The promotion of widespread entrepreneurship through the setting up of small and medium sized enterprises (SMMEs ) is crucial for the transformation to a market economy and the democratisation of society in \the new South Africa. SMMEs are recognized as an engine of economic \ \growth and a source of sustainable development. Within this sector micro , 1nd small enterprises are of special importance because they are considered as the cradle of entrepreneurship, particularly in environments facing high ketllPIQYII'1:en!and poverty,. as j!) the case ~~.South Africg,

The topic of the master thesis is an analysis of the attitude of future graduates towards self-employment. The aim of the thesis is to find out, within the push-pull theory, which factors currently influence graduates in decision-making whether to be employed or to start their own business and whether their attitude has changed due to the situation in society associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The research will be conducted by a questionnaire survey. The result of the thesis will be a comparison of motives for decision-making between employment and entrepreneurship before and during the pandemic crisis. Based on the research results, solutions for increasing motivation of future graduates to become entrepreneurs and suggestions for improving strategy of business support organizations to support entrepreneurship among graduates according to their needs will be proposed

The purpose of this study was to examine how recruitment and selection processes are conducted at the Robben Island Museum and the challenges associated with it. Correct implementation of the recruitment and selection practices is crucial in order for the organisation to fill the right positions with the right people who are experienced and competent. In other words, organisations should strive for excellence in ensuring that there is conformity to legal prescripts whenever the recruitment and selection of employees commence. A qualitative research design was applied in order to achieve the primary aim of this study. Data collection techniques that were utilised to collect information comprised interviews and document analysis. A group of fourteen (14) purposively selected participants, namely seven operational staff members and seven managers were chosen for interviews. Data that was obtained was analysed through qualitative content analysis. The major findings of the study indicate that the Robben Island Museum recruits potential candidates through various means such as newspaper advertisements, employment agencies, headhunting, job posting and online recruitment. The study found that although qualifications are seen to be necessary during the recruitment and selection processes but do not seem to be seriously considered as part of the selection criteria. Essentially, the study identified some inconsistencies and failure to adhere to the recruitment and selection policy during recruitment and selection processes. Therefore, the processes of recruiting and selecting potential employment candidates should be undertaken in accordance with organisational policies and in a professional manner. / Public Administration and Management

It is an accepted practice in any business organisation that the opportunities and threats facing organisations must be examined and plans drawn up to take advantage of the opportunities and to deal effectively with the treats. Surely HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest threats and challenges that organisations in South Africa are facing. The study is an exploratory research into an important issue facing many organisations today and is adequately supported by a proper and detailed literature study supported by an empirical study on the relevant research topic. A number of interviews were also conducted to determine what specific viewpoints, suggestions and limitations there were, or could be, toward the evaluation of existing structures and strategies and what alternative actions could be used and implemented, to effectively manage as well as control the disease and its various impacts within the workplace. The literature review within the scope and limitations of the study, therefore, concentrated on the specific nature and various impacts of AIDS as a starting point, followed by a detailed investigation why organisations need to implement sufficient action programmes, policies and strategies. The reality is that AIDS know no gender, race or class boundaries but is actually influenced by socio-economical factors such as poverty, violence and rapid urbanisation, with the potential to disrupt economic stability and growth for the country. The empirical part of the study consisted of a questionnaire that was completed by various respondents (organisations) which included a minimum number of 500 employees and more within the area of study. The objective was to establish if current structures within organisations, are effective and suitable enough or lacking. The research finding clearly indicated the various impacts that organisations are currently facing and what specific action programmes, policies and strategies needs to be implemented. It was the intention of this study to cover a wide variety of aspects related to the impact of AIDS within the workplace, so that proper insight and clear understanding of the epidemic and its nature could be formulated with all its facets and various impacts on the organisation land its resources. / Thesis (DCom (Business Management))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Business Management / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of the causes and effects of gender discrimination in the Thai workplace. The research focuses on gender differences related to recruitment, occupational segregation, compensation, pay raises, promotion opportunities, fringe benefits, and personnel policies and practices. Three hundred employees and ten supervisors of "Grarui and So Co., Ltd. participated in the study. Also, personnel policies and regulations were reviewed and evaluated. The findings showed female workers were more satisfied with fringe benefits and the practices of their supervisors, than were their male counterparts. Moreover, male workers perceived that their female coworkers were treated better by supervisors, especially in regard to compensation, pay raises and promotions. Traditional Thai social value and culture may be at the root of these unexpected findings / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This thesis explores the effect of economic support zones within the Swedish development programs on employment. This question is answered using a difference in differences design and a reform in 2014 that changed the zone status of 18 municipalities. The thesis merges aggregated RAMS-data for municipal employment and an extract on granted funds from NYPS. No effect is found on neither the total number of employed nor any composition changes in workers between sectors. The results do not follow the theoretical predictions of Bartik (1991) and Moretti (2010) and is not in line with most of the previous literature. A reason for this divergence is that labour mobility is not affected by the reform which prevents any effect on employment.