<p>This paper addresses the issue of the primary Prototype Carbon Fund objectives , which are High-Quality Emmissions reductions / knowledge dissermination / Public-private parterships. The researcher further invesigates whether, eight years after its creation, the Prototype Carbon Fund is a success.</p>

International transportation costs and the use of a country’s imports cif/fob ratios as a measure for ad valorem shipping and direct international transportation costs measures has been at the forefront of international transport costing debates. Many researchers and analysts use the imports cif/fob ratios as a proxy for direct transportation costs in the absence of direct measures. The study was motivated to examine the authenticity and use of the imports cif/fob ratios as a measure for international transport costs. The study highlights the impact of the use of the ratios in presenting and interpreting international transportation costs. The study examined, investigated and analysed data on the United States, Germany, South Africa and Malawi and provided empirical evidence that the imports cif/fob ratios as a measure for ad valorem shipping and international transport costs are distorted and misused and are therefore misrepresentative and uninformative of the actual direct shipping and international transport costs of countries. Evidence from the study shows severe limitations in using the imports cif/fob ratios, as the trade data used for devising them are largely unreliable and inaccurate. Users of the imports cif/fob ratios generally assume when using the ratios that, the composition of imports are constant. By means of correlation analysis, the evidence from the countries analysed in this study shows otherwise and prove that where the quality of trade data applied are reliable and accurate, a country’s composition of imports has a considerable and significant effect on the level and trend of the country’s imports cif/fob ratios. On the other hand, where the data is unreliable, the resulting imports cif/fob ratios from the computation are inaccurate and insignificant as an informative indicator of the country’s actual international transportation costs. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

<p>This paper addresses the issue of the primary Prototype Carbon Fund objectives , which are High-Quality Emmissions reductions / knowledge dissermination / Public-private parterships. The researcher further invesigates whether, eight years after its creation, the Prototype Carbon Fund is a success.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins, 1928. / Vita. "The substance of this study was presented in a series of six lectures delivered before the Political science department of the Johns Hopkins university in April and May, 1928"--Pref. Published also as Johns Hopkins university studies in historical and political science. Extra volumes, new ser., no. 6.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--McGill University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 336-366).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-214).

Orientadora: Suzeley Kalil Mathias / Banca: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Carvalho / Banca: Ariela Diniz Cordeiro Leske / Banca: Cláudio de Carvalho Silveira / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é compreender os motivos que levaram a paralisação do programa para a produção do Avião de Treinamento Primário Básico Unasul I, que se desenvolveu sob a coordenação do Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano (CDS), em um consórcio integrado por quatro países: Argentina, Brasil, Equador e Venezuela. A pesquisa enfatizou os processos históricos e econômicos que dificultam a possibilidade de ampliar a autonomia e a integração regional no campo da produção de armamentos, especialmente a dependência de fornecedores externos, infraestrutura tecnológica insuficiente e o baixo investimento em P&D. A análise dos documentos dos Comitês Consultivo e Técnico do programa do avião de treinamento, identificou uma correlação entre a paralisação do projeto e os dois principais objetivos do CDS para a produção colaborativa de armamentos: a integração regional e a busca por maior autonomia no desenho, desenvolvimento e produção de sistemas de armas. Até a sua paralisação, duas vertentes com interesses distintos buscaram espaço no programa Unasul I: a de integração autonomista, coerente com os princípios da iniciativa do CDS e constituída por países com baixa capacitação tecnológica e industrial no setor aeronáutico; e a assimétrica, representada por países com maior capacitação na indústria de defesa e no setor aeronáutico. Não obstante a distância tecnológica que separa os países sul-americanos dos principais fabricantes mundiais de armamentos, há ainda uma notável assimetria e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasons that led to the discontinuity of the primary flight training aircraft program, named Unasur I, developed under the coordination of the South American Defense Council (CDS) and four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela. It sought to establish a correlation between the discontinuity of the aircraft training program and the two main objectives of the collaborative weapons production project, namely regional integration and the quest for greater autonomy in the design, development and production of weapons systems. In a subsidiary way, it was sought to understand the interests involved in the program. It was verified that until the discontinuity, two areas with different interests sought space in the program, the autonomic integration, consistent with CDS initiative's principles, but formed by countries with low technological and industrial capacity in the aeronautical sector; and the asymmetric, represented by countries with greater capacity both in defense and aeronautical sectors. The discontinuity of the Unasul I program is related to its asymmetric and dysfunctional model. In addition, we will emphasize historical, economic, and regional geopolitical processes that impede broaden the regional autonomy and integration in the field of weapons production, such as reliance on external suppliers, low R&D investment and insufficient technological infrastructure. Despite the technological disparity between South... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Tullo Vigevani / Banca: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Banca: Rafael Antonio Duarte Villa / Resumo: Este trabalho realiza uma análise do processo de cooperação entre os países da região amazônica a partir de três âmbitos: o teórico-contextual, o político e o institucional. Dadas as características naturais da Amazônia, de dimensão transnacional, estudaremos a cooperação de forma associada à temática ecológica e sua influência na política mundial e regional. Primeiramente investigamos as motivações, objetivos e dificuldades dos atores internacionais que buscam a cooperação para se engajar na resolução de temas ambientais. A partir deste embasamento teórico abordamos o contexto de ascensão da temática ambiental nas relações internacionais e, principalmente, como os países amazônicos se posicionaram neste cenário, onde se destacam as conferências ambientais da ONU e os fóruns internacionais sobre florestas. Após tratar deste panorama internacional, entramos na análise específica da dinâmica política regional amazônica, com enfoque nas negociações diplomáticas que deram início ao processo de cooperação, em 1978, e nos desdobramentos posteriores. A partir de 2002 tem início uma nova fase do processo de cooperação, com a criação da Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica (OTCA). Deste momento em diante, realizamos uma avaliação político-institucional desta organização, na qual averiguamos os níveis de engajamento dos Estados e a eficiência institucional na promoção da cooperação em vista dos objetivos regionais comuns / Abstract: Este estudio realiza una análisis de la cooperación multilateral entre los países de la región amazónica a partir de tres niveles: lo teórico-contextual, lo político y lo institucional. Primeramente, estudiamos la motivaciones, objetivos y dificultades de los atores internacionales que buscan la cooperación para se dedicar a la resolución de temas ambientales. A partir de esto embasamiento teórico abordamos el contexto de ascensión de la temática ambiental en las relaciones internacionales y, principalmente, como los países amazónicos se posicionaron en este escenario, donde se destacan las conferencias ambientales de la ONU y los foros internacionales sobre bosques. Adelante analizamos específicamente la dinámica política regional amazónica, con enfoque a partir de 2002, cuando tiene inicio una nueva fase de lo proceso de cooperación, con la creación de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA). Realizamos una evaluación político-institucional de esta organización, donde averiguamos los niveles de encajamiento de los Estados y la eficiencia institucional en la promoción de la cooperación en vista de los objetivos regionales comunes / This work makes an analysis of the multilateral cooperation between the countries of the Amazon region with focuses on three degrees: the theoretic and contextual; the politic; and the institutional. First we have studied the motivations, the goals and the difficulties of the international actors that resolve to engage on the resolution of environmental themes. After develop this theoretic perspective, we review the context of emergence of the environmental debates on the international relations. We focus on how the amazonic countries take positions on this scenario, in which the most important events are the ONU environmental conferences and the international forest forums. Finished this international overview, we start the specific analysis of the Amazonian regional political dynamic, with aim on the diplomatic negotiations after 2002, when it has been created the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO). Finally we make an politic-institutional analysis of this organization, evaluating this efficiency on promoting the cooperation between its members to achieve the regional common interests / Mestre

M.Sc. / Internationally, the use of Environmental Management Cooperation Agreements (EMCAs) as a policy tool to improve environmental performance has been encouraged since the 1960’s. Through the law reform process that has been underway in South Africa for the past ten years, the National Environmental Management Act (Act No.107 of 1998) has made provision for the signing of EMCAs between the South African Government and industry. Although widely utilised internationally, this approach has been criticized by NGOs internationally as communities have little interaction with the process at stages when the agreements could still be influenced. In South Africa, NGOs are also critical of the approach as they feel that this approach could distract policy makers from preparing a sound environmental management framework that can be enforced and is legally binding on polluters in the country. This study reviews the international experience of this policy approach and argues that certain specific criteria need to be in place in order to negotiate effective agreements. These criteria include: sound environmental policy and management framework; set emission reduction targets; the ability to successfully monitor progress against a predetermined baseline; compliance of industry to existing legal requirements; strong sanction for noncompliance to the agreement; and a sound and achievable agreement. Having identified the requirements for the implementation of successful EMCAs, the policy and legal setting in South Africa is explored, as well as the current environmental performance of industry in the country to determine if the criteria for the introduction of EMCAs exist. The study makes the following findings: the legal framework for environmental management is presently being strengthened; progress on developing norms and standards is being made, however, presently norms and standards are lacking; reduction targets are lacking or represent only long-term targets; based on historical enforcement discretion, there is generally poor environmental performance in South African industry; the monitoring and reporting structures are presently absent which hinders monitoring of success of interventions; and there is generally a lack of community trust in industry. The proposed Chemical and Allied Industry Association (CAIA) EMCA which was to be the blue print for EMCAs in the country is also reviewed to determine if this proposed agreement would provide the basis for sound negotiation and tangible environmentalimprovements. The review indicates that there are several shortcomings in the proposed agreement that would need to be improved should the objectives of improved environmental performance be achieved. In general, the findings of the study indicate that, should the necessary criteria be in place, EMCAs can contribute to achieving performance in excess of the required compliance, and EMCAs have been and are especially useful to achieve international reduction targets. However, the introduction of these agreements into South Africa at this crucial and delicate time in the development and implementation of environmental protection measures could distract and derail the current environmental focus and could be potentially damaging. As the environmental management framework matures in the country and the necessary criteria are realised, it is almost certain that the success that this policy approach has had internationally can be echoed in South Africa, and the country could benefit from the many advantages that the more voluntary approach to environmental management can provide. The current path of policy reform and systems development should however continue without distraction in the short term.

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper addresses the issue of the primary Prototype Carbon Fund objectives , which are High-Quality Emmissions reductions ; knowledge dissermination; Public-private parterships. The researcher further invesigates whether, eight years after its creation, the Prototype Carbon Fund is a success. / South Africa