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No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

A Madagascar, pendant longtemps les zones rurales malgaches présentaient toutes les caractéristiques favorables à une forte fécondité. Récemment encore l’idée que les enfants génèrent pour les parents des bénéfices supérieurs aux coûts était largement partagée par tous. Les enquêtes démographiques montrent bien que si la fécondité en milieu rural reste plus élevée qu’en milieu urbain (en 2003, l’ISF y était de 5,7 enfants par femme en milieu rural et de 4,0 enfants en milieu urbain), elles montrent aussi que la fécondité en milieu rural malgache commence à diminuer. L’indice synthétique de fécondité du milieu rural est passé de 6,7 enfants par femme en 1997 à 5,7 enfants par femme en 2003. Cette baisse de la fécondité est observée sans changement socio-économique important. La pauvreté rurale reste élevée et elle a progressé plus vite que la pauvreté urbaine.Cette thèse se propose de présenter les modèles des transitions démographiques en milieu rural malgache, en replaçant la recherche dans le débat sur le lien entre développement économique et baisse de la fécondité qui a été remis en cause notamment dans les pays du Sud.L’analyse montre que si dans certaines provinces, le primat de l’économique est fort et que c’est bien la modernisation qui a permis la baisse de la fécondité, il existe des provinces où malgré une pauvreté persistante, voire même une aggravation de celle-ci, d’autres facteurs ont permis malgré tout des changements de fécondité. Parmi ces facteurs, l’un des plus importants est le système social qui repose sur des traditions culturelles influençant les situations démographiques. / In Madagascar, rural areas used to present all the favorable characteristics to a strong fertility. Even recently the idea that children generate superior profits than costs was widely shared. Demographic surveys show that if the fertility in rural areas stays higher than in urban areas (in 2003, ISF was 5.7 children by woman in rural areas and 4.0 children in urban areas), fertility in rural areas begins to decrease. The ISF of rural areas fell from 6.7 children by woman in 1997 to 5.7 children by woman in 2003. This fertility decline is noticed without important socioeconomic change. Poverty in rural areas remains high and even increased quicker than urban poverty.This thesis proposes to introduce demographic transitions models in Malagasy rural areas by focusing on the debate on the link between economic development and fertility decline which was notably questioned in Southern countries.The analysis shows that if in certain provinces, the central role of the economy is strong and that it’s definitely the modernization process that allowed the reduction of fertility, there are provinces where in spite of a persistent poverty and even a worsening of it, other factors allowed fertility changes. Among them, one of the most important is the social system which is based on cultural traditions influencing demographic situations.

La thèse traite de la question de l'extraterritorialité (ou protection) au Siam des années 1850 aux années 1930, notamment des années 1890 à 1910 caractérisées par une politique offensive de la France à ce sujet. Exigée par les puissances coloniales pour la protection de leurs représentants et employés, afin de ne pas les exposer à des lois et à un système judiciaire "barbares", l'extraterritorialité fut admise par les autorités siamoises lors de la conclusion des premiers traités avec les Occidentaux (1855, 1856). Mais, à partir du moment où la France domina l'Indochine française, l'extraterritorialité devint instrument de colonisation. Avec la création du Laos et sous l'impulsion de Pavie (1893), les autorités françaises exigèrent que toutes les personnes issues de leurs possessions indochinoises et vivant au Siam fussent considérées comme des protégés bénéficiant des privilèges et procédures de l'extraterritorialité. Les Français virent là un moyen de mettre le Siam sous tutelle puis, suite à l'opposition de l'Angleterre, de garantir leur mainmise sur le Laos et d'obtenir la rétrocession de territoires en faveur du Laos et du Cambodge (1904-1907). Les relations s'apaisèrent après 1907 quand la question de la protection constitua un puissant moteur vers l'élaboration d'une législation moderne, à la rédaction de laquelle des conseillers français apportèrent une exceptionnelle contribution, consacrant l'influence de la France dans le domaine du Droit. / This thesis deals with the question of extraterritoriality (or protection) in Siam in the 1850s to the 1930s, particularly the years 1890 to 1910, characterized by an offensive foreign policy by France. Required by the colonial powers in order to protect their officials and employees and not to expose them to "barbaric" legal and judicial system, extraterritoriality was admitted by the Siamese authorities at the conclusion of the First Treaties with Western Powers (1855, 1856). After France had succeeded in taking over French Indochina, extraterritoriality became a colonization instrument. Following the creation of Laos and under the impulse of Pavie (1893), the French authorities demanded that all people from their Indochinese possessions and also those living in Siam were protégés entitled to the privileges and procedures of extraterritoriality. Opposed by England, the French saw a way to put Siam under supervision whilst at the same time ensure French controle over Laos and obtain the surrender of territories backing Laos and Cambodia (1904-1907). Thai-Franco relations subsided after 1907 with the issue of protection. This issue also constituted a powerful engine to the development of modern legislation, the drafting of which the French advisers brought an outstanding contribution, leaving a significant French influence in Thai Laws.

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In focus for this thesis is a village in a sparsely populated area in the county of Västerbotten, Vil­helmina, and its encounter with a relatively large, unusual, and modern company within the service sector, MRF Assistance, that established itself in Vilhelmina. This event is interesting because it implies the encroachment of "the informati on-age" on the local labour market of Vilhelmina. Previous negative experiences made many citizens sceptical to the establishment, while others saw it as a solution. The theoretical point of departure in illuminating this encounter is Ferdinand Tönnies' classical concepts "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", and their role when people make decisions and evaluate and reflect upon different perceived choices in their lives. I will describe this encounter from the perspective of the youths who were employed by the company. The aim of the study is to illuminate the modernisation processes in sparsely populated areas. More spe­cifically the research questions are as follows: How do the informants perceive their lives and an­choring in Vilhelmina ("Gemeinschaft")? How do they perceive the establishment of MRF As­sistance ("Gesellschaft")? What are the experiences of the employees regarding the time they were employed by the company, was it possible to combine "Gemeinschaft" and "Ge­sellschaft"? Different methods have been used in this thesis in order to triangulate the information and re­ach valid results. Most obvious is the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The data used in the quantitative part of the investigation have been collected from a survey administe­red to the employees of the company. The qualitative part is based on qualitative interviews with employees on different occasions. The qualitative interpretations have applied the grounded theo­ry - approach. The discoveries, which were generated with help of codes and categories, were than discussed in relation to relevant research and especially to the theoretical points of departure. Some of the tracers identified as empirically grounded and possible to integrate in a comparative analysis were the following: The norm-system of the company sometimes proved to be in conflict with the one of the village. In spite of this, it proved to be easy for the young employees to deal with the situation. The ambivalence was there but they were able to handle it. The young employ­ees showed trust and confidence in the company as a modern component of their society. Feelings of reliance on what was new were possible to combine with feelings of confidence in the habitual. They could easily live with ambivalence. Their cognitive maps were flexible and more context dependent than rigid. The young employees, in evaluating options and reflecting upon conse­quences of decisions, tend to activate the social representations of "Gemeinschaft" and "Gemein­schaft". The classic ideal-type proved still to be in use. A final remark is that taken together, the results and interpretations indicate at least hypothetically, that young people in rural areas rise to the standards that companies like MRF Assistance demand from its employees. The apprehension of potential contractors seems to be based more on myths than on reality. / digitalisering@umu

Notre recherche, qui prend pour point de départ le récent renouveau de l’intérêt du gouvernement chinois pour le développement agricole, s’appuie sur deux approches. La première se fonde sur une analyse des documents de référence promulguant les lignes directrices des politiques de modernisation agricole entre 2004 et 2014, et a pour but de saisir les traits du référentiel dominant de modernisation tel que promu par le gouvernement central. Ce référentiel dominant, en particulier, promeut deux objectifs principaux – la sécurité alimentaire et le développement économique – et trois outils de mise en œuvre : le développement scientifique et technologique, l’implication des entreprises et l’exode rural. La diffusion de ce référentiel dominant a des conséquences sur les schémas sociologiques de la production agricole, que la deuxième approche explore au sein de quatre régions d’étude situées dans les provinces, zones administrative et municipalité du Ningxia, du Jiangxi, du Shandong et de Pékin. Cette analyse sociologique se penche sur l’étude des modalités de réinvestissement des activités de production agricole par les officiels locaux et montre que ces derniers s’appuient de manière préférentielle sur un réseau d’agroentrepreneurs industriels locaux. L’analyse des structures relationnelles locales qui se forment ou se cristallisent au cours de ce processus permet de saisir les contours de la trajectoire de modernisation sur laquelle s’engage aujourd’hui l’agriculture chinoise et révèle la formation d’obstacles institutionnels et sociologiques à l’évolution des pratiques agricoles vers plus de durabilité sociale et environnementale. / This dissertation takes as its point of departure the recent renewal of the interest of the Chinese state in agricultural development. The approach of this research is twofold: political and sociological. The political approach focuses on the analysis of agricultural modernization policies between 2004 and 2014, with the aim of understanding the frames of reference of agricultural modernization promoted by the central government, which is characterized by two main goals – food security and economic development – and three main levers – science and technology, industries and the rural exodus. The spreading of this dominant frame of reference has effects on the sociological patterns of agricultural production, which are explored by the second approach of this research in four targeted areas: Beijing, Shandong, Jiangxi and Ningxia. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews, this sociological analysis investigates the modalities of the reinvolvement of Chinese government officials in rural areas through the implementation of policies aimed at modernizing agricultural production and examines the pattern of relationships and the roles played by political and economic stakeholders in the modernization process. The analysis of the sociopolitical frames built in the course of the modernization of agricultural production enables to identify the features of the agricultural modernization pathway China is engaging on. In particular, the established patterns of power and institutions in rural areas led to the establishment of roadblocks that impede transition towards social and environmental sustainability of agricultural production.

The study explores the fundamental causes of poverty persistence, which remains a central challenge of the modern world. In theory, rising political participation operationalises checks on state predation and cultivates development-enabling state capacity. This did not materialise in post-colonial sub-Saharan Africa. The theoretical foundation of this premise is further brought into question by the development achievements of strong, capable non-democracies. The study uses a dynamic, panel-data model to explore a probabilistic development hypothesis that fuses broad institutionalism with modernisation and human empowerment. The model relies on regime-independent state capacity to trigger the transformational impetus of rising existential security, autonomy and individual agency. Ensuing shifts in societal value orientations towards emancipative mindsets then drive the progression towards prosperity. The results show that the poor-country deficit in human empowerment, represented by mind-broadening education and emancipative values, dwarfs the shortfalls in all other drivers of prosperity, including exports and investment. The findings rule against geography and democracy as direct drivers of prosperity. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Economics / PhD / Unrestricted