published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

The main objective of this study is an assessment of the potential of applying land use optimization methods for minimizing the sediment yield from catchments. The study area is the Siran watershed, a subwatershed of the Tarbela watershed in Pakistan which drains directly into the Tarbela reservoir. It has an area of 4Ub sq. miles and receives 47.82 inches annual average precipitation. The main land use practices on the Siran Watershed are agriculture, rangeland grazing and forestry. A stochastic model for simulating daily precipitation and another for simulating daily maximum temperatures are developed for the area. The synthetic daily precipitation events are transformed into daily streamflows by the soil moisture counting streamflow model using the synthetic daily maximum temperatures as input. The streamtlow model, called the Generalized Streamflow Simulation System, is modified and used for simulating baseflow recessions. The stochastic precipitation model, the stochastic temperature model and the deterministic streamflow models were combined with the deterministic sediment yield model for simulating sediment yield from the watershed. The modified Universal Soil Loss Equation was used for simulating sediment yield. Parameters at these models were determined from data taken on the Siran Watershed. A linear program was used for land use optimization to minimize sediment yield and maximize watershed production. Both optimization processes ended up with the same land use areas allocating the Maximum area for forests. The expected sediment yield was reduced by 2.5 times and production of watershed was doubled. Optimization of crops was accomplished by maximizing the production of agriculture lands. This resulted in the allocation of major agriculture land areas for apple orchards. By adopting the final optimized land use practices, the sediment yield can be reduced to half and watershed production can be increased six times. The results of the present study are encouraging and indicate that application of land use optimization methods for reducing sediment yields nave great potential on the study area and on other subwatersheds of the Tarbela and Manyla Watersheds. The methodology developed in this study can provide a useful tool for watershed managers to reduce sediment yields and increase the income of the local inhabitants by maximizing the agriculture production in other parts of the country.

This thesis explores the international politics of Pakistan’s conditional sovereignty through a comparative analysis of Pakistan-US relations during the Cold War (1979-88) and the War on Terror (2001-08). The thesis seeks to understand whether the end of the Cold War restructured, reshaped and reconfigured US attitudes towards Pakistan when caught up in a new geo-political conflict, namely the War on Terror. The thesis is constructed around three main arguments focusing on Pakistan’s sovereignty, US foreign assistance to Pakistan and Pakistan’s state failure. Firstly, the thesis demonstrates that US conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty fluctuate according to whether or not the US is strategically interested in Pakistan. In both cases, different sets of conditions are applied to Pakistan’s sovereignty. The thesis also details Pakistan’s response to these conditions on its sovereignty. Secondly, the thesis argues that given the importance of the normative value of state failure in the post-9/11 US policy and its absence in the War on Terror as a condition on Pakistan’s sovereignty, it is expected that Pakistan’s state failure status will come to dominate the conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty when the US is not strategically interested. Thirdly, the conditions on Pakistan’s sovereignty are a means to secure Pakistan’s compliance to US demands, by either withholding foreign assistance or disbursing it. In that case then, given the centrality of human rights and state failure in post-9/11 international relations, the thesis demonstrates that US statebuilding efforts remain pivoted on US political interests rather than human rights and development. The qualitative research includes elite interviews, unclassified documents and builds on existing literature, while the quantitative portion involves statistical data.

Thesis. 1979. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 58. / by Parvez L. Qureshi. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Bibliography: leaves 410-416. / by Khalid Saeed. / Ph.D.

No description available.

Graduation date: 1993

This multidisciplinary study integrates remote sensing, stratigraphy, siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentology, tectonics, and petrography of the Nisai, Khojak and Sharankar Formations to reveal the Paleogene depositional, diagenetic and deformational history of the Katawaz Basin. Study of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data shows that maximum discrimination of different rocks is achieved in bands 5, 4, and 2 in red, green and blue, respectively. Maximum spectral contrast of Nisai limestone lithofacies uses band ratios 7/5(R), 4/3(G)and 3/2(B). Laboratory spectral measurements suggest Nisai lithofacies are best discriminated in lower wavelength regions (TM bands 1, 2, 3, and 4). Late Paleocene to early Oligocene Nisai Formation records carbonate platform, slope and basinal deposition. Newly formed structural highs and lows, due to emplacement of ophiolites on the western passive margin of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, controlled deposition and thickness of Nisai lithofacies. Revised age of the ophiolite emplacement, based on benthic forams, is early Paleocene. Siliciclastic Khojak Formation includes newly identified upper continental slope, prodelta, delta front, lower and upper delta plains lithofacies. These lithofacies represent prograding fluvial-dominated, wave-modified Katawaz delta that axially fed Khojak submarine-fan turbidites to the southwest. Sandstone detrital modes and paleocurrent analysis suggest derivation from the early Himalayan orogen and longitudinal dispersal down the basin axis. Decrease in quartz, and increase in total lithics from bottom to top reflect gradual uplift and unroofing of the early Himalaya. Diagenetic relationships suggest complex paragenetic sequence of chlorite-quartz-calcite cementation. Himalaya-derived molasse, delta, and turbidite fan sediments are related in time and space. Molasse sedimentation began in late Paleocene, when early Himalayan orogenic highlands formed. However, sedimentation on the modern Indus delta-fan began in the early Miocene. This age-range discrepancy implies that a major portion of the Himalayan marine record is missing. Khojak strata are that missing record. The Katawaz remnant ocean closed, scissors fashion, by the end of early Miocene and the Katawaz-Khojak complex was incorporated to the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The Himalaya-Katawaz system is a Paleogene analogue to the Carboniferous Appalachian-Black Warrior-Ouachita system. / Graduation date: 1998

Surface and subsurface data from the Sulaiman thrust belt show that nearly all the 10 km thick sequence of dominantly platform (>7 km) and molasse strata is detached at the deformation front. These strata thicken tectonically to a minimum of 20 km in the hinterland of the Sulaiman fold belt without significant thrust faults at the surface. The balanced structural cross-:section suggests that the tectonic uplift in the Sulaiman fold belt is a result of thin-skinned, passive-roof duplex style of deformation. The duplex sequence of Jurassic and older rocks is separated from the roof sequence by a passive-back thrust in thick Cretaceous shales. The passive-roof sequence remains intact for about 150 km and becomes emergent along a passive-back thrust in the hinterland. The structures are expressed at the surface by fault-related folds in the foreland and out-of-sequence structures (secondary faults and related pop-ups) in the interior. The duplex structure varies from fault-bend folds to anticlinal stacks, and hinterland dipping duplexes. Progressive deformation reveals a series of structural and geometrical features including: (1) broad concentric folding at the fault tip; (2) development of a passive-roof and duplex sequence; (2) forward propagation of the duplex as critical taper is achieved; (4) tear faults and extensional normal faults within the overthrust wedge; and (5) out of sequence (secondary) thrusting. The 349 km long balanced cross-section from the Sulaiman fold belt restores to an original length of 727 km that provides 378 km of shortening in the cover strata of the Indian subcontinent. Minimum estimate of shortening is 328 km. Modelling of the Bouguer gravity profile from the Sulaiman foredeep across the Indian/ Afghan collision zone suggests the depth to the Moho at the Sulaiman deformation front is about 36 km. Depth to Moho increases northward with a gentle gradient of 1.1° (20 m/km) for 280 km to the hinterland where the depth to the Moho is about 42 km. About 150 km north across the Khojak flysch the Moho gradient steepens abruptly to about 7.8° (136 m/km) to attain an average depth of about 57 km in eastern Afghanistan. This suggests that the Sulaiman fold belt is underlain by transitional crust associated with the western passive margin of the Indian subcontinent. / Graduation date: 1992