Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1973. / "April, 1973." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16 (second group)). Also issued in microfiche.

Göttingen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007. / Thesis Advisor(s): Feroz Khan, Robert Looney. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-63). Also available in print.

Th. 3e cycle--Géogr.--Grenoble 1, 1985.

Pakistan's curriculum change mechanism is based on a bureaucratic model in which teachers are 'humble servants' of the system. The study is concerned with understanding the teachers' and students' perspective on innovations developed externally to the schools in the realms of teaching and learning English as an Additional Compulsory Language. Further, it explores a possible alternative curriculum development model, grounded in the learning context, which may improve the existing situation. Schwab's (1973) 'deliberative approach' and Kelly's (1955) 'theory of personal construct psychology' provided the theoretical underpinning to a naturalistic approach to the inquiry. A modified form of Parlett and Dearden's (1977) illuminative evaluation method allowed for an emergent research design model which included both the survey and case studies as complementary methods. The former provided information for generating 'working hypotheses' while the latter allowed for in-depth probing in the natural setting. The case studies indicated that teachers were faced with a conflict of demands between the desired goals of innovation and the current examination system. They were not familiar with the innovation and they lacked a support mechanism to guide their classroom actions. Consequently, they fell back on various survival strategies. The main sources of the practical problems were identified: governing factors (teachers' personal theories), frame factors (instructional milieu) and social factors (learning milieu). Mismatch between teachers' teaching styles and students' preferred learning strategies also produced problems. This detail accords with the general sources of the failure of curriculum innovation attempts in both developed and developing countries as identified in the literature. The proposed alternative model contains five main dimensions as a basis for formulating coherent curriculum change policy: curriculum negotiations; curriculum materials; professional development; reflective teaching; supportive mechanisms. The feasibility of this model is discussed in the light of the research findings and relevant literature. Some conclusions are drawn with the implications for further research described.

The river Indus originates at an elevation of 17,000 feet on the northern flank of Kailash Mountain in Tibet, and before it joins the Indian Ocean near Karaohi in West Pakistan, it flows for about 2000 miles, partly in the mountainous terrain of the Himalaya and partly over the plains of Sind and the Punjab. The investigations reported upon in this thesis relate to a study of the alluvial deposits in the upper reaches of the river, along a stretch of about 500 miles between Skardu in the Great Himalayas and Kalabagh in the Outer Himalayas. The thesis includes a description of the bed-rock geology of the area, and reports studies on the degree of sorting and the mineralogy of the gravels. Only the economic aspects of this work are reported in this abstract. Because of accessibility, the alluvials between Attock and Amb were chosen for economic study. Hero a primitive gold-washing industry exists and around 20 or 25 families are seasonably engaged in gold production. At a very rough estimate, the overall production is only 14 troy ounces per year, worth say £175. The method of mining, using a primitive sluice known as a nava, is described; and a report is given on detailed sampling tests employing a skilled gold-washer. The average yield is 1.05 grains per cubic yard of specially selected alluvium. The valuable mineral species present in the alluvium are gold, uraninite, tinstone and scheelite. The value of the average yield of gold from selected "high-grade" alluvium is about 60 per cubic yard. From the radiometric and mineralogical assays the tenor of uraninite in the natural sands in estimated to be around. 0,0002%, equivalent at full recovery to about Id per cubic yard. The tenor of tinstone and scheelite have been estimated visually to be about 1 oz. and 0.02 oz per cubic yard; but this estimate based on grain counts is almost certainly much too high for tinstone, since "tinning" tests using zinc and hydrochloric acid show that cassiterite is much rarer than the visual, optical, assessment. Considered overall, therefore, even the small patches of heavy mineral concentrate on which the indigenous gold industry is based have a value of contained minerals of well under one shilling per cubic yard. Since the grade of material which would have to be worked in a large-scale mechanized operation would be much lower than that of selected patches operated on manually, it is plain that there are no commercial prospects for any large-scale dredging. Radiometric studies have been conducted on the bed-rocks traversed by the river, and also on the alluvium. The highest values encountered are, firstly, in veins of aplite, pegmatite and younger granite giving 0.03- 0.55 mr/hr; secondly, graphitic schists usually giving 0.03 - 0.04 mr/hr, but rising in pockets to 0.08 mr/hr; and thirdly, some acid gneissose bands in the metamorphic formation giving as high as 0.15 mr/hr. Considered overall, no significant change in the radioactivity profile has been found along the course of the river; but the greatest proportion of high values is to be found where the country rocks are the metamorphosed gneisses bearing bands of high radioactivity. This suggests that the main source of the uraninite is local, predominately in the metamorphic rocks between Amb and Pattan, the mineral most probably occurring as disseminations of dispersed grains in these formations. In the terrace gravel deposits uraninite is less frequent at depth than it is near the surface; and in hand-panned concentrates from the Siwalik sandstones, which represent the alluvials derived from the Himalayan crystalline rocks by the Indus-Brahma river system of Neogene times, uraninite could not be found at all. These facts suggest that detrital uraninite does not survive lithification but is removed from sandstones by intra-stratal waters permeating the rooks during the period of early to late diagenesis.

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There is considerable evidence that dowry payments in India have not only increased over the last five decades, but that the custom has spread into regions and communities where it was never practiced before. The aim of this thesis is to understand why these changes have occurred. A particularly influential explanation is that rising dowries in India are concomitant with population growth. According to this interpretation, a population increase leads to an excess supply of brides since men marry younger women. As a result, dowry payments must rise in order to clear the marriage market. Reductions in the equilibrium age difference will tend to equalize the excess supply of women in the marriage market. It has been reasoned that the severe social and economic pressures associated with older unmarried daughters imply that households of older potential brides are willing to outbid the families of younger brides and that this competitive interaction places upward pressure on dowries. The first substantive chapter of this thesis explicitly models the dynamics of dowry payments when population grows. It points out some difficulties in making the theory reconcile the main observations relevant in the context of demographic change. In particular, there exist conditions under which population growth can cause dowries to decrease if the model is constrained from generating an increasing number of unmarried women. An alternative explanation is provided in the subsequent chapter which takes into account the phenomenon of caste. The explanation posits a process of modernisation which increases the heterogeneity of potential wealth within each caste. The new income-earning opportunities brought about by development are predominantly filled by men and as a result grooms become a relatively heterogeneous group compared to brides. If we perceive dowry as a bid that a bride makes for a groom of a certain market value, an increase in heterogeneity of grooms will increase the spread of dowries. Men who become more eligible in the marriage market will receive higher dowries, whereas the payments will decrease for those who are less eligible; however, average dowries may remain constant. The explanation as to why dowries also increase for the relatively less desirable grooms, and in turn average dowry payments necessarily increase, relies heavily on particularities of the caste system. Although there are numerous studies of the dowry phenomenon in India, research pertaining to the custom of dowry in the rest of South Asia is relatively sparse. The aim of the final chapter is to study dowry payments in Pakistan. Since an exploration of how they have evolved through time is not possible due to limitations of the data, the analysis focuses instead on the present role of dowry payments. The investigation concludes that the dowry phenomenon in Pakistan is similar to that occurring in India. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

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