Les applications réactives et sensibles au contexte sont des applications intelligentes qui observent l’environnement (ou contexte) dans lequel elles s’exécutent et qui adaptent, si nécessaire, leur comportement en cas de changements dans ce contexte, ou afin de satisfaire les besoins ou d'anticiper les intentions des utilisateurs. La recherche dans ce domaine suscite un intérêt considérable tant de la part des académiques que des industriels. Les domaines d'applications sont nombreux: robots industriels qui peuvent détecter les changements dans l'environnement de travail de l'usine pour adapter leurs opérations; systèmes de contrôle automobiles pour observer d'autres véhicules, détecter les obstacles, ou surveiller le niveau d'essence ou de la qualité de l'air afin d'avertir les conducteurs en cas d'urgence; systèmes embarqués monitorant la puissance énergétique disponible et modifiant la consommation en conséquence. Dans la pratique, le succès de la mise en œuvre et du déploiement de systèmes sensibles au contexte dépend principalement du mécanisme de reconnaissance et de réaction aux variations de l'environnement. En d'autres termes, il est nécessaire d'avoir une approche adaptative bien définie et efficace de sorte que le comportement des systèmes peut être modifié dynamiquement à l'exécution. En outre, la concurrence devrait être exploitée pour améliorer les performances et la réactivité des systèmes. Tous ces exigences, ainsi que les besoins en sécurité et fiabilité constituent un grand défi pour les développeurs.C’est pour permettre une écriture plus intuitive et directe d'applications réactives et sensibles au contexte que nous avons développé dans cette thèse un nouveau langage appelé INI. Pour observer les changements dans le contexte et y réagir, INI s’appuie sur deux paradigmes : la programmation événementielle et la programmation à base de règles. Événements et règles peuvent être définis en INI de manière indépendante ou en combinaison. En outre, les événements peuvent être reconfigurésdynamiquement au cours de l’exécution. Un autre avantage d’INI est qu’il supporte laconcurrence afin de gérer plusieurs tâches en parallèle et ainsi améliorer les performances et la réactivité des programmes. Nous avons utilisé INI dans deux études de cas : une passerelle M2M multimédia et un programme de suivi d’objet pour le robot humanoïde Nao. Enfin, afin d’augmenter la fiabilité des programmes écrits en INI, un système de typage fort a été développé, et la sémantique opérationnelle d’INI a été entièrement définie. Nous avons en outre développé un outil appelé INICheck qui permet de convertir automatiquement un sous-ensemble d’INI vers Promela pour permettre un analyse par model checking à l’aide de l’interpréteur SPIN. / Context-aware pervasive computing has attracted a significant research interest from both academy and industry worldwide. It covers a broad range of applications that support many manufacturing and daily life activities. For instance, industrial robots detect the changes of the working environment in the factory to adapt their operations to the requirements. Automotive control systems may observe other vehicles, detect obstacles, and monitor the essence level or the air quality in order to warn the drivers in case of emergency. Another example is power-aware embedded systems that need to work based on current power/energy availability since power consumption is an important issue. Those kinds of systems can also be considered as smart applications. In practice, successful implementation and deployment of context-aware systems depend on the mechanism to recognize and react to variabilities happening in the environment. In other words, we need a well-defined and efficient adaptation approach so that the systems' behavior can be dynamically customized at runtime. Moreover, concurrency should be exploited to improve the performance and responsiveness of the systems. All those requirements, along with the need for safety, dependability, and reliability pose a big challenge for developers.In this thesis, we propose a novel programming language called INI, which supports both event-based and rule-based programming paradigms and is suitable for building concurrent and context-aware reactive applications. In our language, both events and rules can be defined explicitly, in a stand-alone way or in combination. Events in INI run in parallel (synchronously or asynchronously) in order to handle multiple tasks concurrently and may trigger the actions defined in rules. Besides, events can interact with the execution environment to adjust their behavior if necessary and respond to unpredictable changes. We apply INI in both academic and industrial case studies, namely an object tracking program running on the humanoid robot Nao and a M2M gateway. This demonstrates the soundness of our approach as well as INI's capabilities for constructing context-aware systems. Additionally, since context-aware programs are wide applicable and more complex than regular ones, this poses a higher demand for quality assurance with those kinds of applications. Therefore, we formalize several aspects of INI, including its type system and operational semantics. Furthermore, we develop a tool called INICheck, which can convert a significant subset of INI to Promela, the input modeling language of the model checker SPIN. Hence, SPIN can be applied to verify properties or constraints that need to be satisfied by INI programs. Our tool allows the programmers to have insurance on their code and its behavior.

<p dir="ltr">Humans are social beings and throughout our evolution we have survived and thrived thanks to our ability to cooperate [7]. Overcoming our current societal challenges from sustainability and energy conservation [8] to democracy, public health, and community building [9] will all require our continued cooperation. Yet, many of these present us with a dilemma where our short-term personal goals are at odds with the collective long-term benefits. For example, many of us listen NPR radio but never make a donation to help cover its operational costs. The success of cooperation during such dilemmatic situations often depends on communication, reward and punishment structures, social norms and cues [10], [11], [12], [13]. But how to encourage cooperation online where social cues are not readily available?</p><p dir="ltr">Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of digital technologies, cooperation among individuals increasingly happens online where data-based feedback supports our decisions. Problematically, people online are often not only remote and asynchronous, but often also anonymous, which has resulted in de-individuation and antinormative behavior [14]. Social data, information that users share about themselves via digital technologies, may offer opportunities for social feedback design that affords perceptions of social cohesion and may support successful cooperation online.</p><p dir="ltr">This dissertation seeks to answer the normative question of how to design for cooperation in social data feedback charts in dilemmatic situations online. I conducted mixed methods design research by combining theory-driven design with a series of controlled experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk to understand the perceptual and behavioral effects of visually unifying social data feedback charts. To achieve this, I mapped the design space for home energy feedback (<i>Chapter 2</i>) to guide my iterative and user-centered theorizing about how visual unity in social feedback charts might prime viewers with unified group perceptions (<i>Chapter 3</i>). I then validated my theorizing with controlled perceptual (<i>Chapter 4</i>) and decision experiments (<i>Chapter 5</i>).</p><p dir="ltr">The triangulated results offer evidence for visually unifying cues in feedback charts affecting social data interpretation (<i>Chapter 4</i>) and cooperation online (<i>Chapter 5</i>). Two visual properties: data point <i>proximity</i> and <i>enclosure</i> -, trigger variable levels of perceivable social unity that play a partial role in participants’ decision to cooperate in a non-monetary social dilemma situation online. I discuss the implications for future research and design (<i>Chapter 6</i>).</p>

This diploma thesis deals with alternative and augmentative communication systems using at the individuals with pervasive development disorders. Thesis is divided the theoretical and the experimental part. Theoretical part contains mainly informations about communication disability, speech development, diagnosis of communication abilities, alternative and augmentative communication systems and possibilities of aid to the families with child with pervasive development disorder. Experimental part presents research using questionnaire, which was send to the parents or legal representatives with child with pervasive development disorder. The research prepares base for next extensive researchs.