While traditional management of the boreal forests results in even-aged forests with low landscape scale variability, recent work has suggested that much of the eastern boreal forest of North America is subject to long natural fire return-intervals. This has led to the development of new management strategies to maintain a mosaic of even and multi-aged stands. In this context I investigated the relationships between diameter-distributions, stand age, forest structure and bird communities. Results showed weak associations of the bird community with cohort classes, but that diameter-distributions can work to succinctly describe some of the variation in stand structure and bird communities. I also explored the utility of LiDAR to measure important structural features for bird communities. Results showed that LiDAR can outperform traditional measures of stand structure at explaining bird communities at differing scales.

While traditional management of the boreal forests results in even-aged forests with low landscape scale variability, recent work has suggested that much of the eastern boreal forest of North America is subject to long natural fire return-intervals. This has led to the development of new management strategies to maintain a mosaic of even and multi-aged stands. In this context I investigated the relationships between diameter-distributions, stand age, forest structure and bird communities. Results showed weak associations of the bird community with cohort classes, but that diameter-distributions can work to succinctly describe some of the variation in stand structure and bird communities. I also explored the utility of LiDAR to measure important structural features for bird communities. Results showed that LiDAR can outperform traditional measures of stand structure at explaining bird communities at differing scales.

ABSTRACT HEAT REMOVAL FROM A LARGE SCALE WARM WATER STORAGE Kayserilioglu, Yavuz Selim M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R&uuml / knettin Oskay August 2004, 88 Pages A preliminary experimental study was performed in order to investigate the charging and heat removal characteristics of a sensible heat storage. Two sets of experiments were performed at two aspect ratios. Heat removal processes of these two sets were different while the charging processes were similar. In the first set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit with relatively warm water was complete, heat removal process was started with simple heat exchangers from different elevations within the storage while the charging of the storage unit was continued. In the second set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit was complete, heat removal from the storage unit was started without further charging of the storage unit. Charging water was fed into the storage from the top of one side and relatively colder water was drained from the bottom of the opposite side. Internal heat exchangers were used for the heat removal. Vertical temperature profile developments during the charging and heat removal periods were investigated. Thermal stratification was observed in all experiments. Heat exchangers extracted heat from different elevations in different experiments and the trend was that more heat can be extracted in upper elevations. Comparable heat can be extracted from the same elevation of lower and higher aspect ratio. Keywords: Sensible Heat Storage, Heat Removal, Thermal Stratification, Warm Water Storage

This thesis analyzes the validity of main assumptions of housing classes approach, which is a Weberian mode of analyses developed to explain the effects of spatial stratification on social structures of cities, in an empirical level through a case study. According to this approach, housing is a scarce resource which is subject to processes of competition between different social groups and struggles among these groups to get access to desirable housing types constitute the basis of urban social processes. In this context, it is suggested that housing type resided in has apparent effect on individuals&rsquo / position in social stratification system and their life chances are restricted in the style and location of housing to which they could get access. It is seen that the way of analysis proposed by housing classes approach has certain effects on urban studies conducted in Turkey, as well. These studies suggest that differences in accessed housing types and in living spaces on a large scale affects life chances of social groups residing in there. By the same token, apartment and squatter (gecekondu) have been used as two concepts representing the relationships of different social sections with the city and they have been considered as two different social environments or neighborhoods. In this context, in addition to analyzing the main assumptions of housing classes approach in an empirical level, this study also questions the mode of analysis used in studies conducted in Turkey insofar as they share the main assumptions of this approach, within the frame of transformations experienced in gecekondu neighborhoods. In this study, in the light of the findings gathered through case study, it is concluded that spatial stratification arising from the housing ownership is parallel to the social divisions based on labor market. Moreover, it is found out that gecekondu and apartment being constructed during transformation processes in gecekondu areas do not indicate different social environments or living spaces which represent opposite forms of social relations and, therefore, which separate from each other through definite lines.

The South Burnett region of Queensland is Australia's most important rainfed peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) production area. It also produces a considerable amount of cereal and grain legume crops. The cropping soils of the region are red, acid to neutral, clay loams that are classified as Ferrosols (Australian Soil Classification). Over 50 years of cropping on these soils has resulted in severe depletion of nutrient reserves, particularly potassium (K). In addition, the remaining K is predominantly confined to the surface 10 or 15cm of the soil profile, a feature commonly refered to as nutrient stratification. Dry periods during the summer cropping season are common due to the highly variable, summer-dominant rainfall pattern of the South Burnett. As topsoil dries out, crops forage for moisture and nutrients from lower in the soil profile where K reserves are smaller. It is therefore suspected that the combination of dry periods and stratified K reserves have resulted in an increasing incidence of K deficiency symptoms in summer crops. To investigate these issues, K relations of Ferrosols of the South Burnett were studied using soils from two representative sites. The pools of soil K that are important to crop growth in Ferrosols, and their interaction was examined through fractionation of soil K pools, and determination of quantity/intensity relationships, charge characteristics and clay mineralogy, and a leaching column study. A rapid K uptake period was identified for peanut and the effect of profile distribution and soil moisture during this period on K accessibility was studied in a divided column experiment. Finally, on-farm trials were used to evaluate commercial-scale options for improving K distribution in field profiles. It was found that the immediately available exchangeable K pool in these soils was the most important source of soil K, and was poorly buffered by slowly available non-exchangeable K. However the leaching column study revealed that K was preferentially adsorbed onto soil cation exchange sites, displacing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions, and therefore was not susceptible to vertical movement within the soil profile. These observations helped to explain the development of stratified K profiles in these soil types. Peanut (cv. Streeton) was found to take up most of its K requirement between 25-70 days after planting. The divided column study showed that profile distribution, and topsoil iv moisture content during this rapid K uptake period, were able to affect the ability of peanut plants to access K. Plants that grew in low K soil, or where soil was dry at the site of K supply, had reduced access to K. However, improving access to K did not result in improved growth, but rather in a significant reduction in dry matter (DM) production, apparently due to interference in the availability of other nutrients, possibly phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) or boron (B). Field studies showed that application of K and profile inversion improved K uptake and DM production of various crop species. However, in most instances improved K uptake and DM production was not reflected in increased yield. It was suggested that a combination of agronomic factors, seasonal conditions and crop type prevented the expression of yield responses to improved K nutrition and these influences need to be understood. The findings of this project have important consequences for nutrition of crops grown on Ferrosols in the South Burnett region. Surface applied K cannot be expected to increase exchangeable K in the subsoil unless it is incorporated to depth. Similarly, band applied K will remain close to the site of application as a result of only limited vertical or lateral movement. This may affect the ability of roots to access band applied K. The ability of surface applied K to displace Ca and Mg from soil exchange sites may have negative implications for the Ca nutrition of developing peanut pods. On the other hand, it could present an opportunity for the movement of Ca into deeper soil layers to address the amelioration of acid subsoils. The unexplained negative responses to potassium chloride application and apparent effect on P, Mg or B nutrition need to be investigated.

Following over 100 years of agriculture and continuous phosphorus (P) fertilizer application in the south west of Western Australia, there is a growing risk of P transport from cropping and pasture land to streams. However, soil and landscape factors affecting the likelihood of P losses and of stream water contamination have not yet been assessed for the South coast region of Western Australia. The present investigation was conducted in the Fitzgerald River catchment located ~ 400 km south east of Perth, to identify risk of P losses from agricultural land to streams, through an understanding of how P is retained within complex landscapes and released via surface and subsurface flow paths. The 104,000 ha catchment is in a moderately dissected landscape (average annual rainfall 450 mm) and discharges into the World Heritage listed Fitzgerald Biosphere. The main use of cleared land in the catchment is broad-scale agriculture, primarily winter grain cropping and pasture for livestock. The aim of an initial study was to identify the areas with high soil P concentrations and their relationship to factors such as soil type, topography, management (e.g. fertilizer and manure inputs, and uptake by crops or forage) and how variations in soil P concentrations were related to soil physico-chemical properties, P fertilizer management and landscape position. A wide variation in P concentrations was observed across the catchment, but few of the samples exceeded Colwell extractable P levels of 30 mg/kg in the 0-10 cm layer which is regarded as a critical level for crop and pasture productivity. The western area of the catchment, which was cleared earlier (before 1966) than the eastern area had a greater prevalence of loam soils, and higher Colwell-extractable P concentrations (average)22 mg/kg vs. 13 mg P/kg) due to soil type effects and higher P accumulation over time. Risk of P loss from the east and west of the catchment is expected to vary due to textural and topographic differences and P history (P fertilizer input and uptake by crops). The CaCl2-extractable P in the catchment was negatively correlated with oxalate extractable Fe (Feox) in soils. This suggests that P may be transported as particulate P (PP) on loam and clay soils due to sorption of P on oxides surfaces, while on sand soil leaching losses may be more likely. On loam and clay soils, higher sodicity and the dispersive nature of subsoils may increase the risk of both dissolved P (DP) and PP loss due to the effects on hydraulic conductivity of the profile. Hedley's fractionation scheme was used to quantify P fractions in the order of decreasing lability, viz: resin-P > NaOH-Pi > NaOH-Po > acid-P (H2SO4-P) > residual-P. Surface soil had higher resin and NaOH-Pi, which are regarded as water-soluble and readily exchangeable P forms, respectively and expected to contribute to DP in the runoff losses. The residual P was the largest fraction followed by the hydroxide extractable organic-P fraction (NaOH-Po): the former was positively correlated (r) with clay content, organic carbon (OC) and pyrophosphate extractable Fe and Al (0.48**, 0.61**, 0.69** and 0.58**, P < 0.01). A relatively higher value of NaOH-Po in the subsurface layer and positive correlation with OC (r = 0.45**, P < 0.01) suggests potential mobility of P as soluble organic P in run-off, throughflow and leachate. Phosphorus sorption and its relationship to soil properties was used to assess the potential P release from the catchment soils. Values of P sorption maxima varied from 1111-3333 mg/kg for surface soils and 1010-2917 mg/kg for subsoils. The P sorption isotherms conformed better to the Freundlich equation than the Langmuir equation. A highly significant negative correlation between CaCl2 extractable P and Feox in surface soils (r = -0.65**, P < 0.01) suggests that P was bound to hydrated Fe oxide surfaces and this may determine the concentration and dynamics of loosely bound P equilibrating with leachates and eroded particulate materials. On the other hand, high surface organic matter and the high proportion of total dissolved P in organically bound form may inhibit P sorption on clays and sesquioxides, which would increase P mobility through leaching or runoff losses. The relationship between soil P concentration and degree of P stratification in the top 0-10 cm of soils along five toposequences was examined to predict the effect on runoff P losses. The total Colwell-P content of the 0-10 cm layer of soils in the catchment was very low in comparison to other studies on P losses from agricultural soils, but soils showed higher P concentration at 0-1 cm depth compared to 5-10 cm (average 37 mg/kg vs. 19 mg/kg). The higher extractable P concentration in the 0-1 cm layer will create a greater P mobilization risk in surface runoff and leachate than analysis of the 0-10 cm layer might suggest. Assessment of P risk using the 0-10 cm data would still be reliable as P concentration in the 0-1 cm layer was linearly related (R2 = 0.59) with concentration in the 0-10 cm layer. The sampling at varied soil depths will result in different critical P levels for estimating the risk of P enrichment in runoff. In a glasshouse study with intact soil columns, initial high P concentrations in leachate decreased with leaching events suggesting that macropore flow dominated in initial leaching events changing later to matrix flow. The hydraulic behavior of clay and loam soil below 10 cm depends largely on structure and the type of clay minerals and exchangeable Na. Higher levels of exchangeable Na in the subsoil might increase dispersion of clay particles resulting in low permeability leading to ponding of surface water or lateral movement of water at the interface of sand A and clay B horizons. Lateral water movements increase the risk of P losses in the form of DP, dissolved organic P (DOP) or PP. The P concentration in all the P forms (DRP, DOP and TDP) increased significantly with P rates of application (P < 0.01). The DRP concentration was < 2 mg/l in unfertilized columns but an increase to 11 mg/l was observed with P application at 40 kg P/ha. The higher proportion of DOP relative to DRP and its correlation with TDP indicates that the DOP was the major form of P in leachate. However, the estimation of DOP which was by subtraction of DRP from TDP generally overestimates OP concentration. The TDP load from unfertilized soil was < 0.20 mg/l in runoff and < 2.40 mg/l in throughflow but increased with P application (20, 40 kg P/ha) for both packed box and field studies. Under field conditions, higher P loss was found with broadcast P application compared to drill placement. The higher load of DOP as a proportion of TDP and its significant relationship with TDP in runoff (R2sand = 0.81; R2clay = 0.79) and throughflow (R2sand = 0.94; R2clay = 0.98) in field and box studies also suggests DOP was the major form of P loss from soil. Dissolved OP concentration increased significantly with increase in soluble organic carbon (SOC) in soil solution at 5 cm depth (P < 0.05). Consequently, the amount of organic matter dissolved in soil solution may influence P sorption and mobility. Relatively higher affinity of soil for sorption of DRP compared to DOP might allow DOP to be more mobile through the profile. Higher PP load in clay soil in throughflow indicates subsurface lateral flow along the interface with the horizon of dispersive clay might be an additional risk factor regarding P mobility in clay soils of the catchment. The runoff, throughflow and leachate were dominated by eroded particles of clay and colloidal organic materials. However, the soil solution collected though 0.1 m pores in the Rhizon samplers had a similar dominance of DOP to the < 0.45 jum filtered samples in runoff and throughflow. This reduces the likelihood that the so-called DOP fraction was mostly P associated with PP in the 0.1 to 0.45 jum size fraction. The composition of DOP in soil solution collected through Rhizon samplers (< 0.1 jum) might provide important insights for P mobility since this more effectively excluded PP than in the < 0.45 jum filtrate used for runoff and throughflow samples. The DOP in soil solution (< 0.1 jum) might be associated with fine colloidal compound such as silicates, metallic hydroxides, humic acids, polysaccharides, fulvic acids and proteins. If so, then most, but not all of the DOP fraction would be organically bound. However, this requires verification. In conclusion, soil P levels across the catchment were never very high when assessed in the 0-10 cm layer, but levels in the 0-1 cm layer were more than twice as high. Overall, < 1 % of land area of the upper Fitzgerald River catchment had Colwell-P levels > 30 mg/kg (0-10 cm) and hydrological connection to streams. In addition, another 7 % of land had Colwell-P levels > 15 mg/kg, which appears to be a change point in soils for the release of CaCl2 extractable P. These areas, which are predicted to represent critical source areas of the catchment, need careful management. The high proportions of TDP as DOP in runoff, throughflow and soil solution suggest DOP was the major form of P loss from soil. Phosphorus losses from the catchments are also likely in the form of PP in clay and loam soil but leaching losses are more likely in sand. High exchangeable Na in the subsoil of loam and clay soils increases dispersion of clay particles resulting in low permeability of subsoil and greater lateral P mobility as throughflow at the interface of sand and clay textured horizons. In general, soils of Fitzgerald River catchment had low soil P, but nevertheless significant risk of P loss at Colwell-P > 15 mg/kg. This study provides baseline information for P loss risks in the wheatbelt of WA. Stream water quality monitoring instruments were installed in the upper Fitzgerald River Catchment at 5 stream locations by CSIRO to measure base line concentrations of P. The measured P concentrations were higher than ANZECC trigger values (> 0.05 mg P/l) for management response over the three-year monitoring period (2005-07). Hence this and many other catchments on the south coast and wheatbelt of south west Western Australia need assessment for P loss risks. Previous emphasis in south west Western Australia on P losses from sandy coastal soils under pasture may need to be reconsidered. In the South coast region, cropping land in the medium rainfall zone may still represent a risk of P loss to waterways and risk to water quality. The present study evaluated the risk of P loss based on soil P forms and their mobility. It suggests greater attention needs to be given to the difference between clay and loam soils with dispersive or non-dispersive sub-soils, and to the composition and mobility of DOP. However, a more complete understanding of P loss risks depends on follow-up studies on hydrological flow and connectivity in the upper Fitzgerald River catchment and similar landscapes of south west Western Australia.

The South Burnett region of Queensland is Australia's most important rainfed peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) production area. It also produces a considerable amount of cereal and grain legume crops. The cropping soils of the region are red, acid to neutral, clay loams that are classified as Ferrosols (Australian Soil Classification). Over 50 years of cropping on these soils has resulted in severe depletion of nutrient reserves, particularly potassium (K). In addition, the remaining K is predominantly confined to the surface 10 or 15cm of the soil profile, a feature commonly refered to as nutrient stratification. Dry periods during the summer cropping season are common due to the highly variable, summer-dominant rainfall pattern of the South Burnett. As topsoil dries out, crops forage for moisture and nutrients from lower in the soil profile where K reserves are smaller. It is therefore suspected that the combination of dry periods and stratified K reserves have resulted in an increasing incidence of K deficiency symptoms in summer crops. To investigate these issues, K relations of Ferrosols of the South Burnett were studied using soils from two representative sites. The pools of soil K that are important to crop growth in Ferrosols, and their interaction was examined through fractionation of soil K pools, and determination of quantity/intensity relationships, charge characteristics and clay mineralogy, and a leaching column study. A rapid K uptake period was identified for peanut and the effect of profile distribution and soil moisture during this period on K accessibility was studied in a divided column experiment. Finally, on-farm trials were used to evaluate commercial-scale options for improving K distribution in field profiles. It was found that the immediately available exchangeable K pool in these soils was the most important source of soil K, and was poorly buffered by slowly available non-exchangeable K. However the leaching column study revealed that K was preferentially adsorbed onto soil cation exchange sites, displacing calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions, and therefore was not susceptible to vertical movement within the soil profile. These observations helped to explain the development of stratified K profiles in these soil types. Peanut (cv. Streeton) was found to take up most of its K requirement between 25-70 days after planting. The divided column study showed that profile distribution, and topsoil iv moisture content during this rapid K uptake period, were able to affect the ability of peanut plants to access K. Plants that grew in low K soil, or where soil was dry at the site of K supply, had reduced access to K. However, improving access to K did not result in improved growth, but rather in a significant reduction in dry matter (DM) production, apparently due to interference in the availability of other nutrients, possibly phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) or boron (B). Field studies showed that application of K and profile inversion improved K uptake and DM production of various crop species. However, in most instances improved K uptake and DM production was not reflected in increased yield. It was suggested that a combination of agronomic factors, seasonal conditions and crop type prevented the expression of yield responses to improved K nutrition and these influences need to be understood. The findings of this project have important consequences for nutrition of crops grown on Ferrosols in the South Burnett region. Surface applied K cannot be expected to increase exchangeable K in the subsoil unless it is incorporated to depth. Similarly, band applied K will remain close to the site of application as a result of only limited vertical or lateral movement. This may affect the ability of roots to access band applied K. The ability of surface applied K to displace Ca and Mg from soil exchange sites may have negative implications for the Ca nutrition of developing peanut pods. On the other hand, it could present an opportunity for the movement of Ca into deeper soil layers to address the amelioration of acid subsoils. The unexplained negative responses to potassium chloride application and apparent effect on P, Mg or B nutrition need to be investigated.

Thesis (M.A.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-112). Also available on microfilm.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography : leaves 208-223.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [145]-151).