Resumo: A proposta do estudo foi avaliar um pino intra-radicular pré-fabricado metálico em titânio puro com rosca, projetado e desenvolvido na faculdade de odontologia de São José dos Campos - UNESP. O pino desenvolvido tem como objetivo, minimizar tanto as tensões que são encontradas quando do uso de pinos pré-fabricados quanto o custo benefício. Para a análise do pino utilizou-se o teste de resistência à fratura do conjunto pino/munhão/raiz, análise da fratura por microscopia e análise de tensões por elementos finitos. Foram analisados quatro sistemas de pinos metálicos pré-fabricados, divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1 - Pino desenvolvido, Grupo 2 - Pino desenvolvido modificado, Grupo 3 - Flexi Post, Grupo 4 - Para Post. Na resistência à fratura foram utilizados 40 dentes bovinos distribuídos aleatoriamente pelos grupos (n=10) e utilizados para a confecção de corpos de prova simulando a situação encontrada em boca. Os corpos de prova foram levados para uma máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) e realizado o teste de compressão até sua fratura. Após a fratura dos corpos de prova, aquelas raízes que fraturaram foram fatiadas e analisadas microscopicamente. No método dos elementos finitos foram simulados os corpos de prova do teste de resistência à fratura em modelos computacionais para verificar a distribuição de tensões dos pinos estudados. Os três testes realizados tiveram resultados que interagiram. Conclui-se que os pinos desenvolvidos obtiveram bons resultados diante da análise de resistência à fratura e da análise de tensões com os melhores resultados. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate a metallic prefabricated intraradicular post in titanium with thread, projected and developed by the author and advisors of this study with the objective of minimizing the tensions found when used of prefabricated posts and to minimize the cost. For the analysis were used fracture strength test, analysis of the fracture image by microscope and tensions analysis for finite elements method. In this study was analysed four metallic prefabricated posts systems, divided in: Group 1 - projected post, Group 2 - modified projected post, Group 3 - Flexi Post, Group 4 - Para Post. In the fracture strength test 40 bovine teeth were used (n=10) for to make the specimens simulating the situation found in mouth. The specimens were submitted to compressive strength test in a universal machine (EMIC) until fracture occurred. After the fracture, the fractured specimens were sliced and analyzed by microscope. In the finite element method the specimens of fracture strenght were simulated in computer models and analysed tensions distribution of the posts. Concluded that the projected posts behaved well in the fracture strength test and the tension analysis obtending the best results. The finite element test was validated by the fracture strength test and still for the microscopic image of the fracture. / Orientador: Clovis Pagani / Coorientador: Eduardo Galera da Silva / Banca: Eduardo Shigueyuki Uemura / Banca: Pedro Yoshito Noritomi / Mestre

abstract: Eccentric muscle action (ECC) occurs when the force exerted by a working muscle is less than that of an outside resistance. This is characterized by muscle lengthening, despite actin-myosin crossbridge formation. Research has indicated that muscles acting eccentrically are capable of producing more force when compared to muscles acting concentrically. Further, research has shown ECC muscle actions may have different fatigue patterns that CON actions. The purpose of this study was to determine if a) ECC bench press yields greater strength than concentric (CON) as measured by one-repetition maximum (1RM), b) there is a difference between the number of repetitions that can be completed concentrically and eccentrically under the same relative intensities of 1RM (90%, 80%, 70%, 60%), c) a prediction model may be able to predict ECC 1RM from CON 1RM or CON repetitions to fatigue. For this study, 30 healthy males (age = 24.63 + 5.6 years) were tested for 1RM in CON and ECC bench press, as well as the number of repetitions they were able to complete at various intensities of mode-specific 1RM. A mechanical hoist was affixed to a gantry crane and placed over a standard weightlifting bench. The hoist was connected to 45lb plates that were loaded on a standard barbell, which allowed for mechanical raising and lowering of the barbell. For CON repetitions, the weight was mechanically lowered to the chest and the participant pressed it up. For ECC repetitions, the weight was mechanically raised and the participant lowered it. Paired t-tests showed that ECC 1RM was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than CON 1RM (ECC =255.17 + 68.37lbs, CON = 205.83 + 58.43lbs). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the number of repetitions completed at 90% 1RM (CON = 4.57 + 2.21 repetitions, ECC = 7.67 + 3.24 repetitions). There were no differences in repetitions completed at any other intensity 1RM. CON 1RM and the number of repetitions completed with two different absolute loads (130-150lbs and 155-175lbs) concentrically and eccentrically were valid predictors of ECC 1RM. These data indicate that ECC actions yield increased force capabilities than CON actions, there is no difference in the rate of the fatigue, and ECC 1RM may be predicted from various CON tests. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physical Activity, Nutrition and Wellness 2013

Orientador: Jose Roberto Lovadino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:05:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre_RodrigoSversutde_M.pdf: 5656736 bytes, checksum: 13f53feb57ad1569d4d4d53ef1d4e6b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da temperatura do adesivo na resistência à microtração (µT) de um convencional de frasco único, Primer &Bond NT(PBNT) e dois adesivos autocondicionante,Clearfil SE Bond (SEB) e Adper Prompt L-Pop (PLP). Adicionalmente, foram analisados o padrão de condicionamento (PC) e a interface resina-esmalte (IRE). Foram utilizados 63 dentes bovinos divididos em 3 grupos (n=21) de acordo com o adesivo. Cada grupo foi subdividido em 3 sub-grupos de acordo com a temperatura do adesivo (NORM = 20°C; FRIO = 5°C; QNT = 40°C). Os dentes tiveram sua face vestibular média planificada com lixas de granulação 320, 400 e 600 de SiC e abrasionada com uma ponta diamantada por 10s. Os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados segundo as instruções do fabricante e a resina composta em incrementos 2mm de espessura. Cada incremento foi polimerizado por 40s. Em seguida, os espécimes foram cortadas no sentido mésio-distal, sendo a metade cervical destinada a análise da interface e a incisal destinada ao teste de µT , realizado em máquina de ensaio universal. Para cada espécime, 4 amostras do tipo "Hour Glass" foi testado e o padrão de fratura avaliado. Para o PC foram confeccionados 2 blocos para cada subgrupo (14), os quais receberam o mesmo tratamento de superfície dos espécimes utilizados para o teste de µT, porém as superfícies foram lavadas após a aplicação da solução ácida . Para a análise da interface, estas foram polidas e limpas através da aplicação de plasma de argônio e foram, juntamente com os espécimes do padrão de condicionamento, preparados para visualização em MEV. Os valores de resistência à µT foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA/Tukey (p<0,05). Na temperatura NORM não houve diferença estatística entre os adesivos, porém no FRIO a resistência à µT dos adesivos PBNT e PLP foram menores que a do SEB. Na temperatura QNT houve uma redução na resistência à µT dos adesivos SEB e PLP. Dentro de cada adesivo, o SEB aquecido, foi o único que reduziu sua resistência. O padrão de fratura mostrou maior incidência de fraturas coesivas em esmalte para o adesivo PBNT. Porém, os adesivos autocondicionantes mostraram uma predominância de fraturas adesivas/ coesivas e adesivas. O aspecto da interface e do padrão de condicionamento foi dependente da temperatura e do adesivo. O grupo PLP foi o que mais se aproximou do grupo com condicionamento ácido prévio, porém apenas na temperatura ambiente. Através dos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que os adesivos autocondicionantes apresentam menor agressividade de desmineralização em relação ao ácido fosfórico e são influenciados pela alteração da temperatura. / Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of adhesive temperature on microtensile (µT) bond strength of a total-etch adhesive, Primer&Bond NT (PBNT) and two self-etching adhesives, Clearfil SE Bond (SEB) and Adper Prompt L-Pop (PLP). Additionally, the etch patterns (EP) and resin-enamel interface were analyzed. Sixty-three bovine incisors were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (N=21) according to the adhesive. Each group was subdivided into 3 sub-groups according to the temperature (NORM = 20°C; FRIO = 5°C; QNT = 40°C). The buccal enamel surfaces were flattened with 320, 400, 600-grit SiC paper and abrasioned with a diamond bur for 10s under water coolant. The adhesive were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions and resin was incrementally placed in 2mm thick. Each resin increment was light cured for 40s. The specimens were sectioned in the middle. For the µT test was used incisal center, accomplished in a universal testing machine, 4 "hour glass" type specimens were tested, after was fractures type classified. The cervical middle was used for interface analyze. The sections were polished and cleanned with Argon Plasma. For the EP, 24 fragments received the same treatment of the specimens used for µT, but the surface was rinsed off after the application of the acidic solutions. EP and interface analyze were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bond strength data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (p<5%). No significant differences were found for NORM adhesives. However, for FRIO, PBNT and APLP presented the lower bond strength means significantly differing from SEB. For QNT, the SEB and PLP presented the lowest bond strength means. Within each adhesive, the SEB used in a QNT, was the only one to present a reduction in a bond strength. There was a more enamel cohesive fracture type to PBNT. However, the self-etching adhesive presented adhesive/cohesive fracture types. The interface aspect was temperature and adhesive depended. When the APLP was applied in normal temperature there was greater similarity with the group PBNT. The result of this study was concluded that the self-etching showed a least aggressive etch patterns in relation to the Phosphoric acid and temperature change influenced adhesive µT bond strength and EP. However, they were adhesive and temperature dependent. / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has gained a lot of interest for its proposed benefits across a range of populations both active and injured. The purpose of the present thesis was to test the efficacy of WBVT in terms of injury rehabilitation and performance enhancement amongst professional and amateur athletes. The five papers submitted for the degree of PhD by publication are grouped into two key themes relevant to the development of knowledge and evidence to advance a better understanding of the chronic and acute effects of WBVT. The themes encompass the efficacy of WBVT (Chronic) as a rehabilitation tool and as an addition to a warm-up routine (acute). The explanatory narrative provides a brief background to WBVT, a summary of each paper and what the paper has contributed to the field both in terms of knowledge and methodological development. The papers presented provide evidence that chronic WBVT is an effective method of improving balance and stability in athletes suffering functional ankle instability (FAI) (Paper 1). Even when compared to traditional methods of rehabilitation for FAI, the addition of WBVT enhances the benefits of traditional rehabilitation protocols (Paper 2). The use of acute WBVT enhances reactive strength, again showing a significant benefit as an addition to a more traditional warm-up (FIFA 11+) amongst amateur soccer players (Paper 3). When training status was considered (amateur vs. professional), high frequency acute WBVT stimulus significantly improved landing stability (DPSI) amongst professional players only (Paper 4). These differences between groups were also identified when examining knee extensor potentiation and force output with significant improvements amongst professional but not amateur soccer players. Professional players also reported significantly greater beliefs in the effectiveness of WBVT (Paper 5). In conclusion the body of work presented discusses the practical and methodological implications of the new knowledge presented and identifies a series of future lines of research.

Abstract Ciprofloxacin was incorporated to plain bioresorbable self-reinforced polylactide/glycolyde 80/20 screws and tacks (ciprofloxacin releasing SR-PLGA). These implants were compared to otherwise similar conventional fixation devices. The effect of the ciprofloxacin addition on the pull-out force of screws and tacks was evaluated in human cadaver cranial bones. SR-PLGA tacks applied to cranial bone with a special applicator gun had a similar holding power as screws. Addition of the antibiotic compromised the strength of the screws so that ciprofloxacin-containing PLGA screws had lower pull-out strength than corresponding plain PLGA screws. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibrillar strip-like microstructure of plain SR-PLGA screws turned into a coarse uni-axial platelet-like pattern as a result of ciprofloxacin addition. It is concluded that this type of 4 mm long and 1.5 mm diameter ciprofloxacin-containing screws can only be used in non-load-bearing or slightly load-bearing applications. Tissue reactions elicited by plain bioresorbable self-reinforced polylactide/glycolide (SR-PLGA) 80/20 screws were compared to similar but ciprofloxacin-releasing SR-PLGA fixation devices in rabbit cranial bone. Plain and ciprofloxacin-PLGA 80/20 screws elicited only mild inflammatory reactions upon implantation in rabbit cranial bone, but they did not interfere with osteoblast activity in up to 72 week long follow-up. Release of the antibiotic from ciprofloxacin-PLGA screws was gradual and the drug concentration in bone tissues was still higher at 8 weeks than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin for S. aureus (0.1–1.0 μg/g). Ciprofloxacin-releasing SR-PLGA screws can find clinical usage in the prevention of implant-related infections in osteofixation in craniomaxillofacial bones in non-load-bearing or slightly load-bearing applications. Larger 6 mm long and 2 mm diameter ciprofloxacin-releasing tacks had a similar holding power to cranial bone as conventional tacks. Tacks can be recommended for clinical use as the application procedure saves time and costs.

This study critically investigates the material and structural behaviour of Aer-Tech material. Aer- Tech material is composed of 10% by volume of foam mechanically entrapped in a plastic mortar. The research study showed that the density of the material mix controls all other properties such as fresh state properties, mechanical properties, functional properties and acoustic properties. Appreciably, the research had confirmed that Aer-Tech material despite being classified as a light weight material had given high compressive strength of about 33.91N/mm2. The compressive strength characteristics of Aer-Tech material make the material a potential cost effective construction material, comparable to conventional concrete. The material also showed through this study that it is a structural effective material with its singly reinforced beam giving ultimate moment of about 38.7KN. In addition, the Aer-Tech material is seen as a very good ductile material since, the singly reinforced beam in tension showed visible signs of diagonal vertical cracks long before impending rapture. Consequently, the SEM test and the neural network model predictions, carried out had showed how billions of closely tight air cells are evenly distributed within the Aer-Tech void system as well as the close prediction of NN model for compressive strength and density are same with the experimental results of compressive strength and density. The result shows that the Aer-Tech NN-model can simulate inputs data and predicts their corresponding output data.

M.Tech. (Chiropractic) / Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chiropractic adjustment therapy (CAT) to the cervical spine on the reflex motorneuron excitability of C5 and C6 nerves on the biceps brachii muscle bilaterally. This study was also aimed at measuring the subsequent increase in strength of the biceps brachii muscle. Method: A selection of 30 participants, male or female and between the ages of 18 and 40 were recruited. Participants had to meet all the inclusion criteria and present with no contra-indications. Only one group was used as each participant served as their own control. Participants were seen seven times over a period of three weeks. The measurements were taken during the 1st, 4th and 7th consultations. On the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th consultations only treatment was applied. On the 7th consultation only data was collected and no treatment was done. Results: Statistically significant improvement of dynamometry and electromyographic measurements were noted over the consultation periods on both sides. No conclusion could be made regarding the comparison of dynamometer and sEMG measurements of the biceps brachii between each consultation and between each side (left and right) over the study period. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this research it may be deduced that CAT may have an effect on the neurological system and further more an effect by increasing motorneuron excitability at sites distant to the spine itself. These results are important to the Chiropractic profession as it shows that CAT does not only produce a segmental response, but that there are wide spread effects on structures distant to the spinal column. The extent of the effects CAT can elicit on the nervous system requires further investigation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / X. Susan Sun / The ecological and public health liabilities related with consuming petroleum resources have inspired the development of sustainable and environmental friendly materials. Plant protein, as a byproduct of oil extraction, has been identified as an economical biomaterial source and has previously demonstrated excellent potential for commercial use. Due to the intrinsic structure, protein-based materials are vulnerable to water and present relatively low wet mechanical properties. The purpose of this study focuses on increasing protein surface hydrophobicity through chemical modifications in order to improve wet mechanical strength. However, most of the water sensitive groups (WSG), such as amine, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, are also attributed to adhesion. Therefore, the goal of this research is to reduce water sensitive groups to an optimum level that the modified soy protein presents good wet adhesion and wet mechanical strength. In this research, we proposed two major approaches to reduce WSG: 1). By grafting hydrophobic chemicals onto the WSGs on protein surface; 2). By interacting hydrophobic chemicals with the WSGs. For grafting, undecylenic acid (UA), a castor oil derivative with 11-carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end and naturally hydrophobic, was used. Carboxyl groups from UA reacted with amine groups from protein and converted amines into ester with hydrophobic chains grafting on protein surface. The successful grafting of UA onto soy protein isolate (SPI) was proved by both Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and ninhydrin test. Wood adhesive made from UA modified soy protein had reached the highest wet strength of 3.30 ± 0.24 MPa with fiber pulled out, which was 65% improvement than control soy protein. Grafting fatty acid chain was verified to improve soy protein water resistance. For interaction approach, soy oil with three fatty acid chains was used to modify soy protein. Soy oil was first modified into waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) to improve its compatibility and reactivity with aqueous protein. The main forces between WPU and protein were hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and physical entanglement. Our results showed that WPU not only increased protein surface hydrophobicity with its fatty acid chains but also enhanced the three-dimensional network structure in WPU-SPI adhesives. WPU modification had increased wet adhesion strength up to 3.81 ± 0.34 MPa with fiber pulled out compared with 2.01 ± 0.46 MPa of SPI. Based on IR and thermal behavior changes observed by DSC, it was inferred that a new crosslinking network formed between WPU and SPI. To exam if the UA and WPU technologies developed using soy protein are suitable for other plant proteins, we selected camelina protein because camelina oil has superior functional properties for jet fuels and polymers. Like soy protein, camelina protein is also highly water sensitive. However, simply applied UA and WPU to camelina protein following the same methods used for soy proteins, we did not obtain the same good adhesion results compared to what we achieved with soy protein. After protein structure analysis, we realized that camelina protein is more compact in structure compared to soy protein that made it weak in both dry and wet adhesion strength. Therefore, for camelina protein, we unfolded its compact structure with Polymericamine epichlorohydrine (PAE) first to improve flexible chains with more adhesion groups for future reaction with UA or WPU. PAE with charged groups interacted camelina protein through electrostatic interaction and promoted protein unfolding to increase reactivity within protein subunits and between protein and wood cells. Therefore, the wet adhesion strength of camelina protein was improved from zero to 1.30 ± 0.23 MPa, which met the industrial standard for plywood adhesives in terms of adhesion strength. Then the wet adhesion strength of camelina protein was further improved after applying UA and WPU into the PAE modified camelina protein. In addition, we also found PAE unfolding significantly improved the dry adhesion strength of camelina protein from 2.39 ± 0.52 to 5.39 ± 0.50 MPa with 100% wood failure on two-layer wood test. Camelina meal which is even more economical than camelina protein was studied as wood adhesive. Through a combination of PAE and laccase modification method, the wet adhesion strength of camelina meal was improved as high as 1.04 ± 0.19MPa, which also met industrial standards for plywood adhesives. The results of this study had proven successful modification of oilseed protein to increase water resistance and wet mechanical strength. We have gained in-depth understanding of the relationship between protein structure and wet adhesion strength. The successful modification of plant proteins meeting the industrial needs for bio-adhesives will promote the development of eco-friendly and sustainable materials.

The aim of this study was to establish reference data for the cervical spine’s dynamic force characteristics in a healthy adult urban South African population aged 19 to 69 years. The reference data was classified according to gender discriminate age categories. In total ten gender discriminate age categories, five male and five female, were created; 19 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59 and 60 to 69-year-olds. The force characteristics measured, analysed and used to generate reference data in stanine format were: absolute peak torque (P-), relative peak torque (P-/BW), peak power (Pow-), relative peak power (Pow-/BW), peak work (W-), relative peak work (W-/BW), torque acceleration energy (TAE-), maximal voluntary cervical muscle contraction range of motion (MVCR-), controlled full range of joint motion (CFR-), joint angle at peak torque (Jang@P-) and peak torque ratios for cervical flexion (-F), extension (-E), lateral flexion to the dominant (-LD) and non-dominant (-LN) sides. In addition biographic and anthropometric data was also collected. Data, grouped in the ten gender discriminate age categories were compared and statistically and practically significant differences were highlighted between the gender discriminate age categories. Inferential statistics used included ANOVA and Cohen’s d. A significance level of α = .05 was used in all inferential statistical analyses. Correlations between various anthropometric and isokinetic strength variables were also explored.

The effect of uni-directional stress on the electrode potential of copper in aerated potassium nitrate solutions was studied. The influence of the variables time, temperature, concentration, magnitude of stress, mechanical condition of the metal, and pH was considered. The potential difference between two size #22 B & S copper wires was continuously recorded on a type G Speedomax automatic recorder. A balance pan was attached to one of the wires to which weights were added and the change in the potential difference between the two wires from the pre-stress potential difference was taken as the strain potential. At least four runs, using fresh pairs of wires for each run, were carried out to illustrate each specific point and to show the results have statistical significance and are reproducible. The following results were obtained: (A) Electronegative strain potentials have been obtained for copper metal in aerated potassium nitrate solution; these changes achieve a maximum at the instant of stressing and then decay with a negative acceleration with time. After an initial period of time, the strain potential decayed logarithmically with time. The magnitude of the electronegative strain potential for a given stress increased exponentially with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature and remained essentially unchanged for concentration changes ranging from 0.005N to 0.500N. (B) Experimental evidence was obtained to support the postulate that strain potentials of copper metal in aerated potassium nitrate solution and their time dependence parallel film rupture; the effect of the change in internal energy due to plastic deformation cannot be ignored. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate