Unemployment is a massive and rapidly growing problem in the world as a whole and in South Africa in particular. Its consequences have assumed proportions comparable to those of disasters caused by tornados and hurricanes. Social commentators believe it should be treated the same way as HIV/AIDS in the South African context. Yet policy makers and decision makers have not given enough attention to the problem of unemployment in relation to its devastation effects. Economics and its theories seem unable to provide coherent understanding as to the mechanism leading to unemployment on such a massive scale. The response of the Church to this problem have been indifference; either due to ignorance or to a spiritualised faith and emphasis has been on personal virtues and vices such as industriousness and initiative over and against laziness and lethargy. This thesis aims to give an indication of the extent and urgency of the problem of unemployment, investigate the impact of the phenomenon on the youth in Pietermaritzburg, and the role befitting the Church in helping people deal with the problem. This study attempts to present to the public the contribution of theology, especially Industrial Mission, to the understanding of unemployment. Most research in the field of unemployment has been done by economists and the availability to an audience outside the community of economists is extremely limited. Economists generate their ideas and research results in technical journals where emphasis is on the methodology used and established scientific terminology. This vast technical literature fails to reach the wider public debate about work. This study tries to avoid both jargon and oversimplification in the belief that the research effort must become widely known amongst the employed and unemployed alike. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

ABSTRACT ESSAYS ON UNEMPLOYMENT IN TURKEY TaS&ccedil / i, H. Mehmet Ph.D., Department of Economics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Aysit Tansel March 2005, 223 pages In this study we examine the Turkish labor market by using the Household Labor Force Survey data for the years 2000 and 2001. There are three main essays in this study. In the first essay, the determinants of transitions between the labor market states of employment, unemployment, and out-of-labor force are examined by using multinomial-logit models. We observe from the transitions out of employment that workers with low education and those working in the non-public sector have a higher risk of losing their job than those with higher education and those working in the public sector. In the second essay, grouped duration approach is used to find the determinants of unemployment duration and test whether there is an evidence of duration dependence in unemployment. In the third essay, we distinguish the first-time job-seekers from the other job-seekers, and analyze the determinants of unemployment duration for these groups, separately. The last two parts of this study shows the main characteristics of the short-term and long-term unemployed people in Turkey. We find that individual and demographic characteristics as well as local labor market conditions are important factors in explaining the duration of unemployment for working-age groups. We observe that individuals with higher education (i.e. graduated from a university) have shorter unemployment duration than those with lower education (i.e. primary, middle and high school graduates). Our overall findings (both from transition and duration applications) suggest that women are in the disadvantaged position in the Turkish labor market. Further, regardless of gender difference, we observe that labor market conditions are significant determinant of transitions in the labor market. The same is also observed in the unemployment duration part for all data as well as for both first-time and other job-seekers.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (School of Business and Finance) / Entrepreneurial firms, entrepreneurial capital, entrepreneurial ecosystem and entrepreneurial economy are a few terminologies that have emerged since the resurgence of entrepreneurship, arising from the 1990's entrepreneurial revolution in the United States of America. Entrepreneurship education, a paradigm shift from the conventional, has been identifies as being critical to fostering entrepreneurship, building entrepreneurial capital, growing entrepreneurial economy and ultimately delivering sustainable economic growth and developmend for any nation - emerging or developed. From America to Africa, entrepreneurship modules with varies objectives and designs have multiplied in the last decade.

Employers can be viewed as a center of a so called work ideology. This ideology is at least as old as the ancient greeks and effects how we view people who work, and people who for different reasons do not work. Work ethic as a choice is a content analysis of interviews with five employers regarding work and leisure. This study shows that the interviewed employers speak about labour as something everybody must, and will at some point in life, do. People who are on sick leave are to be respected, and all decisions regarding the persons use of their time should be decided by their doctor. No one should get money without first contributing to society by working in a wage paying job. Work is however something healthy and makes people feel good, mostly because of the social context and the feeling of being part of something; of contributing. The work ideology is highly present in the interviewees language and differs between them in accordance with difference in class and economic, social and cultural capital. / Arbetsberoendet

Unemployment in Austria has been considerably low in the past decades compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, recent increases in the past five years started a controversial discussion about the generous unemployment insurance system in place. The current government, therefore, argues to change the insurance system similar to the German HARTZ IV reform, although the effects on unemployment have proven to be ambiguous in Germany. I introduce a discrete time life-cycle model with endogenous job-search effort to inquire the potential effects of such a reform on long- and short-term unemployment, as well as individuals' job-search incentives. Individuals are ex-ante heterogeneous in their labour income possibilities and are subject to exogenous layoffs throughout their life. The model suggests that the proposed reform would reduce long-term unemployment substantially, however, to the cost of a larger amount of short-term unemployment spells and decreased overall welfare. Job-search effort over the whole life-cycle appears to increase, with the largest differences at the end of the life-cycle.

The aim of this study was to examine psychocultural factors that are related to unemployment amongst the black residents of Bethanie, which is a semi-rural village in the North West Province. The specific objectives were: <ul><li> to describe how values, belief systems and customs in the community where the study was done, are related to socio-economic development; this also involves changes in values, belief systems and customs due to the contact between the traditional African and Westem cultures; </li><li> to describe how socio-economic development is related to unemployment, and, accordingly, how values, belief systems and customs are related to unemployment; </li><li> to describe the role of the physical and. psychosocial environment with regard to socio¬economic development and unemployment.<br> </li></ul> A qualitative, ethnographic approach was used. This involved in-depth interviews with people with knowledge about the cultural, economic and social context in Bethanie, participant observation and psycholinguistic analyses. Bethanie is characterised by economic stagnation in spite of there being good potential for economic growth. Existing economic activities do not provide sufficient employment opportunities for the villagers, and they depend on the areas surrounding the village for employment. With regard to Hofstede's four value dimensions, it was found that individualism and collectivism are not opposite poles on a continuum, but are in a recursive relationship. Development that is exclusively based on either individualistic or collectivistic values is bound to fail. The value system in Bethanie is predominantly feminine by nature and this should form the basis for development; however, the actual implementation of development projects should be based on masculine values. Avoidance of uncertainty impedes new economic activities or expansion of current economic activities. In Bethanie there is a large power distance as well as inadequate linkages between the community and the power base that has decision-making power and control over resources that could be used for development. A non-linear experience of time, together with using time to maintain continuity rather than to create prosperity, inhibits social and economic development. Non-linear temporality restrains the implementation of developmental projects with a long-term future-orientation, an~ to be successful projects should render visible, short-term outcomes. Acculturation leads to diverse outcomes. Firstly, aspects of another culture can become assimilated with the indigenous culture, thereby creating new forms of cultural expression. Secondly, the new can be imposed on a community and replace existing customs. Thirdly, in parallelism both traditional and Western customs are followed. Socio-economic development can occur through all three these forms of change. However, irrespective of the way change occurs, during times of transition and uncertainty, and when the explanation for events is not evident, people may return to their culture. This could entail a positive redefinition of and identification with the values of the in-group, and efforts to regain control over one's own affairs. Some aspects of a culture are more susceptibje to change than others, and in addition sectors of the community are on different levels of development and acculturation. This must be accommodated in developmental initiatives. Value polymorphism can also lead to conflict and fragmentation of society. Structural unemployment, which results from a lack of job opportunities, must be distinguished from unemployment due to incomplete transition from an educational setting to an employment setting. Unemployment is also a social problem that requires immediate action to alleviate the poverty associated with unemployment. The type of unemployment determines the kinds of interventions that are necessary. Development can occur at either a sectional level (involving SUbgroups) or a communal level (involving the whole community). Development may be either evolutionary, or it could be revolutionary, or it could be based on direct interventions. systems and development must occur on a regional level and be linked with development in the larger context. If the larger context is accounted for, factors that influence and control local conditions, can be attended to. Developmental projects should have both an economic and social focus and be in synchrony with the community's level of development, local culture and leadership, facilitating and inhibiting factors in the physical environment, gender differentiation and the role of women in the community. Other factors that promote development include political stability and a sense of security; permeable boundaries between the setting and the external environment; adequate links between a setting and the power base; a focus on the functional development of people so that they can be employable and take charge of economic activities; exposure to middle-class values; dedifferentiation and greater involvement of the community in decision-making. / Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Psychology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis addresses the issue of the analysis of labor market developments in the period 2005-2015, especially the development of indicators of employment and unemployment. In the first, theoretical part, is the method used literature review, in this part of the basic concepts and theoretical background on the labor market as employment, unemployment, economic activity, economic crisis. Attention is also paid to indicators which are used in the practical part. The second part is practical, includes data analysis and indicators of employment and unemployment on the labor market in the Czech Republic, for which purposes the analysis of selected data from the Labour Force Survey. The third and final part of the thesis is focused on a comprehensive analysis period 2005-2015. In the final analysis it shows that despite the fact that the Czech labor market observed in the negative sense of economic crisis, its impact had long-term consequences, but resulted in the period of 2009-2011, and in subsequent years has been some labor market indicators show positive values again.

The diploma thesis deals with active policy of unemployment in Vysočina region. Theoretical part describes unemployment, its measuring and instruments of active policy of unemployment in the Czech republic. The second part of the diploma thesis characterizes Vysocina region, its administrative division and social and economic structure. This part also describes labor market and unemployment in the region and its divisions. Some datas concerning unemployment in particular divisions of Vysočina region are compared to each other and to the average level of unemployment in the Czech republic. Then I will focus on the particular instruments of active policy of unemployment used in Vysočina region, their successfulness in lowering unemployment and financial demandness. All the instruments are then compared to each other. There is the evaluation of the contribution of active policy of unemployment to the labour market in Vysocina region at the end of the diploma thesis

This thesis analyses the labour market in the region Kroměříž and unemployment in this region. The thesis describes the main charakteristics of labour market in the territory of county Kroměříž and his special signs too. Theory is being explained by fundamentals terms like labour market, unemployment, unemployment rate and active and passive employment policy. Single chapters describes risk groups on the labour market like women, school leavers, Roms, foreigners and disabled people. Unemployment is connected to the psychological and sociological aspects. That's why thesis describes a negative impact to the unemployment of the people. Focus is apllyed to the bureau of labour and their function on labour market like agent of work. Thesis is focused on the Strategy industrial zone Holešov too. This can offer a lot of job places. Thesis describes risk factors like aging of population, decreasing natality and other.

This thesis focuses on youth unemployment. Youth belongs to disadvantaged groups in the labour market, so they are given special attention. The thesis aims on identification of youth unemployment. It uses a questionnaire survey among young unemployed and recruiters. The outcome will be recommendations to improve the labour market situation.