Purpose: The aim of the study is to measure entrepreneurial intentions of students in their last year of study in Further Education and Training institutions (FETs) in South Africa. The study explored the impact of the following aspects on EI: personal backgrounds (gender, study discipline, and entrepreneurial family backgrounds); geographical location; and the self-assessed supportiveness of the contextual environment. Lastly, the strength of association between antecedents to entrepreneurial intentions and EI itself were also explored. Design: A questionnaire was administered to 360 final-year students undertaking technical and entrepreneurship-related studies at FETs in four different provinces in South Africa. Regression, Stepwise regression, ANOVA, t-test, and correlation matrix analyses were conducted to test the proposed relationships. Findings: FET students generally exhibit high levels of entrepreneurial intentions. Gender, study discipline and geographic location have no direct influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial family background, however, exerts a significant influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, conviction has the strongest association with entrepreneurial intentions compared with the other antecedents that were tested, that is, general attitudes, image of entrepreneurship and FET supportiveness. Research limitations: The use of cross-sectional non-experimental design does not allow for conclusions to be drawn regarding causality. Only five FETs participated in the study; therefore, the generalisability of the findings to all FETs nationally is limited. Practical implications: The study indicates high levels of entrepreneurial intentions in circumstances where literature has found the opposite findings. It therefore becomes critical to find integrated teaching methods that take into account the South African environment in order to harness the high entrepreneurial intentions of students.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (School of Business and Finance) / Entrepreneurial firms, entrepreneurial capital, entrepreneurial ecosystem and entrepreneurial economy are a few terminologies that have emerged since the resurgence of entrepreneurship, arising from the 1990's entrepreneurial revolution in the United States of America. Entrepreneurship education, a paradigm shift from the conventional, has been identifies as being critical to fostering entrepreneurship, building entrepreneurial capital, growing entrepreneurial economy and ultimately delivering sustainable economic growth and developmend for any nation - emerging or developed. From America to Africa, entrepreneurship modules with varies objectives and designs have multiplied in the last decade.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In many parts of the world and in South Africa in particular, there is a growing body of literature supporting the opinion that intentions play a crucial role in the decision to become an entrepreneur. Models of entrepreneurial intentions around the world have been developed, but in South Africa studies in this regard are still inconclusive, especially among the youth. This research study primarily aimed at investigating how social, cultural and socio-economic factors of entrepreneurship students in the universities of the Western Cape Province shape their entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial intentions, social factors, cultural values, as well as socioeconomic factors, were reviewed in the literature and are presented in this dissertation. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach through the amalgamation of both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. A survey questionnaire was administered to the respondents — entrepreneurship students from the University of Cape Town (UCT), the University of Stellenbosch (US), the University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). Data collected was coded by means of the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Six variables out of nine of the instrument had a coefficient Alpha (Cronbach) of more than 0.7, while the remaining three had a coefficient Alpha of between 0.5 and 0.7; this extended its reliability. The study discovered that most of the items of the instrument had a positive relationship with their variables, leading to the variables being considered as having an influence on entrepreneurial intentions. In fact, the study found that social factors, as well as cultural values and socio-economic values, impact on self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. The result of the research is that the study suggests a model of entrepreneurial intentions among university students, and in the final chapter concludes with recommendations and suggestions for future research.

This paper’s objective is to examine the social media influence on students’ self-efficacy with regards to their entrepreneurial intentions. This thesis explores a topic which has received little to no attention at all, and the investigation sheds light on social media in an aspect different from marketing. The paper examines the social media influence on self-efficacy among future graduates with regards to their entrepreneurial intentions, as they are facing their immediate career choice. Moreover, the study fills several literature gaps in the field of graduate entrepreneurship, pointed out by previous studies and serves as a foundation for future research on the topic how social media can influence self-efficacy. The research was handled in a quantitative manner, following previous studies on entrepreneurial intentions and applying existing questionnaire scales regarding self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions in combination with self-administered social media scale. The target population consisted of last year Bulgarian undergraduate students with a smaller reference group of international students, currently in their last year of business studies at Sweden for the sake of comparison. The findings displayed that there are clear cause-and-effect relationships between social media usage frequency and self-efficacy of the students, as well as between their feeling of connectedness associated with their social networks and their level of self-efficacy. The results also indicate that social media activity frequency is negatively correlated with the level of self-efficacy among Bulgarian, whereas this relationship is statistically insignificant for the  reference group. A main limitation of this study is the fact that the psychological impact of social media usage amongst students on their perceived level of self-efficacy can hardly be investigated within the borders of a Bachelor’s thesis, since there are many factors that affect the individual’s self concept and they also vary among different individuals. Moreover, the desired number of observations was not reached, which could have implications on the results’ representativity.

The aim of this study isto analyze the influence of institutional quality on the realization process of entrepreneurial intentions. In this analysis a distinction is made between opportunity-based and necessity-based entrepreneurial intentions. Using Ajzen’s Theory of Planned behavior I hypothesized that Opportunity-based entrepreneurial intentions would better translate to actual entrepreneurship than necessity-based entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, institutional quality was expected to directly influence both types of entrepreneurship and to moderate the realization of both types of intentions to actual entrepreneurship. In order to test these hypotheses, data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, The Heritage Foundation, and The World Bank was adopted, and several regressions have been performed. The outcomes show that opportunity-based intentions and necessity-based intentions translate to entrepreneurship, but that opportunity intentions are not superior in determining levels of entrepreneurship. Moreover, institutional quality has shown to negatively influence necessity intentions, but not opportunity intentions. Finally, Institutional quality negatively moderates opportunity intentions, but not necessity intentions. In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the literature by exposing this difference in domains in which institutional quality has an effect and by displaying the potential negative effect of institutional quality on realizing entrepreneurial intentions.

As discussões econômicas em geral não incluem os empresários, entretanto, este agente é de suma importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Com a aceleração do processo de globalização tende-se a aumentar a demanda por empresários em detrimento da demanda por funcionários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar a existência de um conjunto de características que expliquem o gosto e/ou a intenção de ser empresário versus funcionário entre estudantes que iniciam e terminam seu curso em nível superior. Identifica-se através de um estudo de caso se a educação em nível superior estimula ou não na formação do desejo e da intenção de se tornar empresário. As escolas que compõem o estudo de caso são a Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\"- ESALQ e outra escola identificada neste trabalho como PRI. Os dados do trabalho são de fonte primária e foram coletados por meio de 493 questionários aplicados válidos aos estudantes ingressantes e formandos de ambas as escolas. Considerando-se que gosto e intenção são variáveis dependentes e que a primeira estimula a segunda, o questionário foi construído de forma que gosto e intenção sejam variáveis-chave para se entender a formação do estoque de empresários. Definiu-se que os alunos pertencem a três perfis ocupacionais excludentes: funcionário da iniciativa privada, funcionário público e empresário. A identificação do efeito educação é defendida com base no confronto das freqüências das respostas dos estudantes ingressantes e formandos quanto ao seu gosto e sua intenção em desempenhar os perfis ocupacionais considerados. A aplicação do teste de quiquadrado garantiu que as diferenças encontradas nas respostas dos alunos ingressantes e formandos sejam estatisticamente significantes, podendo-se assim inferir o efeito das instituições na formação do desejo e da intenção de atuar como empresário e demais perfis considerados. Outros testes estatísticos não-paramétricos foram realizados com a finalidade de se conhecer os determinantes dos perfis ocupacionais. Ainda, a aplicação da análise fatorial permitiu determinar quais fatores têm maior importância para a formação do desejo dos estudantes ingressantes e formandos por uma ocupação profissional. Como principal resultado encontrado tem-se que as instituições estimulam a formação de desejo e de intenção de ser empresários. Na ESALQ, comparando-se alunos ingressantes e formandos, observa-se que há um aumento do grupo de alunos com gosto e intenção de atuar como empresários. No entanto, dentre eles, verifica-se que há uma parcela dos estudantes formandos que gostariam de ser empresários, mas não têm intenção de atuar como empresários. Possivelmente este resultado deve-se ao fato de a ESALQ treinar seus alunos para serem funcionários da iniciativa privada. Está hipótese é confirmada pela diferença do percentual de formandos com gosto e com intenção de ser funcionários da iniciativa privada. Os formandos da escola PRI não apresentam este comportamento, sendo que o grupo com intenção de atuar como empresário é maior que o grupo com gosto por atividades empresariais. / In general, economic discussions do not consider the existence of entrepreneurs; however, this agent is important for the growth and economical development. Due to the globalization process acceleration there is tendency to increase the demand for entrepreneurs in detriment to demand for employees. The main objective of this study is to identify the existence of characteristics that explain the desire and/or the intention to become either entrepreneur or employee among freshman and near-completion student groups so that a case study could evaluate if undergraduate education stimulates or not the desire and intention formation of becoming an entrepreneur. Two Universities were selected for collecting samples: the first one, \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), and the second herein called PRI (ficticious name). After that, the survey has contemplated a number of 493 valid questionnaires applied to both groups of both schools. The survey was elaborated by assuming that desire and intention are dependent variables and that the former stimulates the latter, besides considering that they are key variables to understand the formation of entrepreneurs\' figures. It was defined that the students belong to three excluding occupational groups: private initiative employee, civil servant and entrepreneur. Differences between two groups\' answer frequency were supposed to be caused by the educational process. Qui-square test has confirmed that the differences found between freshmans\' and seniors\' answers are statistical significant, which allows to imply that there is an effect of the institutions on the desire and intention formation of becoming an entrepreneur and other considered professions. Non-parametric tests were used aiming to know the determination of occupational choice. Yet, factorial analysis has outlined which factors largely affect the formation of freshmans\' and seniors\' desire in terms of professional occupation. The results show that higher education institutions stimulate the desire and intention formation of becoming entrepreneurs. The comparison of two groups in ESALQ indicates that there is an increase of the students\' group with desire and intention of becoming entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the outcomes highlight that a fraction of senior students would like to be entrepreneurs, although they are not sure about their chances of effectively becoming ones. This might be verified because ESALQ training possibly drives the students towards to private sector. This hypothesis is confirmed by the difference of the percentage of ESALQ senior student that desires and intends to become employees of whatever private company, whereas PRI senior students behaves differently, given that the intentions of becoming an entrepreneur outnumbers the desiring of owning entrepreneurial activities.

‘How do extrinsic factors influence the decision of young adults to become an entrepreneur?’ Michelle Hartmann and Aiko Thumm, 2018: Applied Double Degree Bachelor, Linnaeus University Växjö, Sweden and ICN Business School Nancy, France. Even though governments all over the world are putting a spotlight on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship as a whole, the motivations of why to become a venture creator is rarely touched upon. In general, there are two forms of possible influences on entrepreneurial intentions, namely intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. In order to further describe the phenomenon of extrinsic factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions, this study aims to describe the interplay of three extrinsic factors for venture creation. These three factors are entrepreneurship enhancing education, role models as well as influence of opportunity and necessity. A descriptive, qualitative study has been chosen for that purpose. During semi-structured interviews, the narrative story of the six participants is told. The findings revolve around the narratives of the respondents’ propositions towards the three aforementioned extrinsic factors. This paper shows that the present educational system only partially conveys necessary knowledge and entrepreneurial skills. Furthermore, this study suggests, that there is more than only a positively influencing role model, videlicet, a negative example representing things the young adult does not want to become. In addition, the study depicts the predicament of a clear differentiation between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. Lastly this paper concludes, that more than one factor are motivational drivers for young entrepreneurs and therefore opens a wide research area for future fellow entrepreneurship researchers.

As discussões econômicas em geral não incluem os empresários, entretanto, este agente é de suma importância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico. Com a aceleração do processo de globalização tende-se a aumentar a demanda por empresários em detrimento da demanda por funcionários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar a existência de um conjunto de características que expliquem o gosto e/ou a intenção de ser empresário versus funcionário entre estudantes que iniciam e terminam seu curso em nível superior. Identifica-se através de um estudo de caso se a educação em nível superior estimula ou não na formação do desejo e da intenção de se tornar empresário. As escolas que compõem o estudo de caso são a Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\"- ESALQ e outra escola identificada neste trabalho como PRI. Os dados do trabalho são de fonte primária e foram coletados por meio de 493 questionários aplicados válidos aos estudantes ingressantes e formandos de ambas as escolas. Considerando-se que gosto e intenção são variáveis dependentes e que a primeira estimula a segunda, o questionário foi construído de forma que gosto e intenção sejam variáveis-chave para se entender a formação do estoque de empresários. Definiu-se que os alunos pertencem a três perfis ocupacionais excludentes: funcionário da iniciativa privada, funcionário público e empresário. A identificação do efeito educação é defendida com base no confronto das freqüências das respostas dos estudantes ingressantes e formandos quanto ao seu gosto e sua intenção em desempenhar os perfis ocupacionais considerados. A aplicação do teste de quiquadrado garantiu que as diferenças encontradas nas respostas dos alunos ingressantes e formandos sejam estatisticamente significantes, podendo-se assim inferir o efeito das instituições na formação do desejo e da intenção de atuar como empresário e demais perfis considerados. Outros testes estatísticos não-paramétricos foram realizados com a finalidade de se conhecer os determinantes dos perfis ocupacionais. Ainda, a aplicação da análise fatorial permitiu determinar quais fatores têm maior importância para a formação do desejo dos estudantes ingressantes e formandos por uma ocupação profissional. Como principal resultado encontrado tem-se que as instituições estimulam a formação de desejo e de intenção de ser empresários. Na ESALQ, comparando-se alunos ingressantes e formandos, observa-se que há um aumento do grupo de alunos com gosto e intenção de atuar como empresários. No entanto, dentre eles, verifica-se que há uma parcela dos estudantes formandos que gostariam de ser empresários, mas não têm intenção de atuar como empresários. Possivelmente este resultado deve-se ao fato de a ESALQ treinar seus alunos para serem funcionários da iniciativa privada. Está hipótese é confirmada pela diferença do percentual de formandos com gosto e com intenção de ser funcionários da iniciativa privada. Os formandos da escola PRI não apresentam este comportamento, sendo que o grupo com intenção de atuar como empresário é maior que o grupo com gosto por atividades empresariais. / In general, economic discussions do not consider the existence of entrepreneurs; however, this agent is important for the growth and economical development. Due to the globalization process acceleration there is tendency to increase the demand for entrepreneurs in detriment to demand for employees. The main objective of this study is to identify the existence of characteristics that explain the desire and/or the intention to become either entrepreneur or employee among freshman and near-completion student groups so that a case study could evaluate if undergraduate education stimulates or not the desire and intention formation of becoming an entrepreneur. Two Universities were selected for collecting samples: the first one, \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), and the second herein called PRI (ficticious name). After that, the survey has contemplated a number of 493 valid questionnaires applied to both groups of both schools. The survey was elaborated by assuming that desire and intention are dependent variables and that the former stimulates the latter, besides considering that they are key variables to understand the formation of entrepreneurs\' figures. It was defined that the students belong to three excluding occupational groups: private initiative employee, civil servant and entrepreneur. Differences between two groups\' answer frequency were supposed to be caused by the educational process. Qui-square test has confirmed that the differences found between freshmans\' and seniors\' answers are statistical significant, which allows to imply that there is an effect of the institutions on the desire and intention formation of becoming an entrepreneur and other considered professions. Non-parametric tests were used aiming to know the determination of occupational choice. Yet, factorial analysis has outlined which factors largely affect the formation of freshmans\' and seniors\' desire in terms of professional occupation. The results show that higher education institutions stimulate the desire and intention formation of becoming entrepreneurs. The comparison of two groups in ESALQ indicates that there is an increase of the students\' group with desire and intention of becoming entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the outcomes highlight that a fraction of senior students would like to be entrepreneurs, although they are not sure about their chances of effectively becoming ones. This might be verified because ESALQ training possibly drives the students towards to private sector. This hypothesis is confirmed by the difference of the percentage of ESALQ senior student that desires and intends to become employees of whatever private company, whereas PRI senior students behaves differently, given that the intentions of becoming an entrepreneur outnumbers the desiring of owning entrepreneurial activities.

The field of entrepreneurship is rapidly advancing and matures as a discipline that receives substantial amount of attention. One popular area of research in the discipline of entrepreneurship is to investigate one’s intent to start a business, which is entrepreneurial intention. This is an important construct that warrants ongoing research because entrepreneurial intention is not only a great predictor of entrepreneurial behavior but also an important step in the process of becoming an entrepreneur. The present study, based on a sample of 321 subjects along with 264 observers, makes five contributions to the entrepreneurship literature. First, I examined the psychometric property of entrepreneurial take-over intention and found that it is a construct different from entrepreneurial start-up intention. Second, the results demonstrated that risk propensity and proactive personality are positive predictors of entrepreneurial start-up and take-over intentions, whereas cognitive ability is a negative predictor of entrepreneurial start-up and take-over intentions. Rebelliousness is a positive predictor of entrepreneurial take-over intention and also has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial take-over intention. Third, entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between three individual traits (i.e., emotional intelligence, risk propensity, and proactive personality) and entrepreneurial start-up and take-over intentions. Need for cognition mediates the relationship between two individual traits (i.e., cognitive ability and proactive personality) and entrepreneurial start-up intention. Fourth, 2D:4D ratio (a proxy measure for prenatal testosterone exposure level) negatively predicts risk propensity. There also exist two two-step mediations from 2D:4D ratio to both entrepreneurial start-up and take-over intentions through risk propensity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Fifth, the results suggest that observer ratings of individual traits only contribute modest incremental validity above and beyond self-reported ratings of them in predicting entrepreneurial start-up and take-over intentions. I discuss implications, limitations, and future directions informed by the present study.

Loin de l’image romantique de l’artiste dénué de tout sens des réalités, tous les secteurs des arts mettent aujourd’hui en place des débats où au terme d’artiste s’adjoint fréquemment celui d’entrepreneur pour qualifier la transformation des activités artistiques. Acteurs majeurs de l’économie créative, les artistes suscitent un intérêt grandissant de la part des observateurs et des chercheurs. Parallèlement, l’encouragement de l’entrepreneuriat dans l’enseignement supérieur et particulièrement dans les filières non commerciales, constitue un enjeu majeur de dynamisation des économies occidentales. Afin d’accompagner ces débats, nous avons étudié la formation des intentions entrepreneuriales des jeunes artistes pour mieux cerner leurs composantes ainsi que les eprésentations sous-jacentes au désir d’entreprendre chez ce public particulier. Trente et un entretiens ont été réalisés auprès d’étudiants des écoles d’art de Bretagne. Les analyses de contenu ont permis de déceler un lien significatif entre l’identité artistique des étudiants et leur intention de créer leur structure. Les résultats permettent d’identifier les différentes composantes de l’intention entrepreneuriale des jeunes artistes ainsi que les représentations sur lesquelles elles se fondent. La discussion des résultats permet, enfin, de montrer que la construction d’une identité artistique forte et la construction d’une intention entrepreneuriale évoluent conjointement et se renforcent mutuellement. / Far from the romantic image of the artist which lacks all sense of reality, today there ismuch discussion about the term artist being frequently linked to that of entrepreneur in allsectors of the arts to reflect the transformation in artistic activities. As major players in thecreative economy, artists are provoking a growing interest among observers and researchers. At the same time, the policy of developing entrepreneurship as a specific discipline in higher education - particularly in non-business studies – constitutes a major challenge to stimulate Western economies. In order to make a contribution to the discussion, we studied and analyzed the development of young artists’ entrepreneurial intentions and the social representations underlying that development.We conducted thirty-one interviews with students in arts schools in Brittany. The findings show a significant link between the artistic identity of the students and their entrepreneurial intent. They also enable us to identify the specificities of that intent. Lastly, the findings show that the building of a strong artistic identity and the construction of an entrepreneurial intent jointly mature and reinforce each other.