Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 99-104).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004. / Title from title screen (viewed 7 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

INTRODUCTION: Poor management of health-care waste can cause serious disease to health-care personnel, waste workers, patients and the general public. The greatest risk is posed by infectious waste. Through the observation of the researcher, the management of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland seemed to be poor because waste was often seen scattered around the clinics. This motivated the researcher to scrutinize the reason behind the situation in clinics. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of sharp waste in 35 rural clinics in Swaziland. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY a) To assess the degree to which resources are available to enable staff to adhere to procedures regarding the segregation, storage, transportation and treatment of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland. b) To determine if relevant documents to address the management of sharp waste in rural clinics are available and accessible. c) To determine perceptions of clinic managers for failures to comply fully with sharp waste management standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Methods of data acquisition were by acquiring observation checklist and interviewing clinic managers on sharp waste management practices in their clinics. The researcher sampled 35 clinics. A convenience sample method was used. RESULTS: NATIONALLY Ninety four percent (94%) of the sampled clinics had sharp waste containers to segregate sharp waste properly. Sixty five percent (65%) had punctured proof containers. Eighty percent (80%) had sharp waste containers. Eighty six percentage (86%) sealed sharp waste at ¾ full. Twenty percentage (20%) did not have storage areas for sharp waste. Only one (3%) had a waste trolley. There was availability of protective clothing for all health personnel. Seventy seven percentage (77%) clinics did not have full protective clothing for waste handlers. Fifty one percent (51%) did not have risk waste pit/incinerator. Most of the clinics in the four regions did not have the Waste Regulation 2000, Health Care Waste Management plan document or the National Health Care Waste Guidelines. Twenty nine percent (29%) had done trainings on health care waste management. REGIONALLY Almost all the clinics had 100% compliance in the availability of sharp waste containers for segregating health care waste except the Lubombo region that had 78% compliance. There was no 100% compliance in all the regions on the availability of puncture proof containers. The Shiselweni region had a very poor compliance as compared to other regions. It was observed that not all clinics sealed their containers when ¾ full. The Shiselweni region had lower compliance by 78% and Hhohho region had the highest compliancy of 100%. There was poor availability of storage areas. All the regions were less than 50% compliance in the provision of the storage area. Shiselweni region was the only region that was above 50% compliancy. There was very poor availability of transportation waste trolleys. Only one clinic in Shiselweni region had transportation waste trolley. There was 100% compliance in the availability of protective clothing for health personnel. There was poor availability of protective clothing for waste handlers. Shiselweni region was the only region that was above 50% compliance, the rest had a very low compliance. There was poor availability of risk waste pit/incinerator in Hhohho and Manzini region. Their compliance was less than 50%. Shiselweni andLubombo region were above 50% compliance. Availability of legislation was very poor in regions. The Hhohho and Manzini were the worst regions in terms of compliancy. They had 0% compliancy. The Lubombo region had the highest compliancy of 33% and this was very low since it was below 50%. INTERVIEWS Eighty six percent (86%) clinic managers revealed that there was poor availability of resources in their clinics and that was why their clinics were not complying. Eighty six percent (86%) of clinic managers recommended that there should be availability of resources; few recommended that there should be availability of protective clothing for the waste handlers and regulations. Seventy one percent (71%) clinic managers needed technical support on incinerators/risk waste pit, Twenty percent (20%) need supported on trainings of health care waste. CONCLUSION: There was poor availability of resources and there were poor relevant documents to address the management of sharp waste containers in most clinics. All clinic managers during their interviews felt that they needed close supervision and technical support from their supervisors so that it could be easy for the supervisors to identify any problems associated in clinics. RECOMMENDATIONS: The study revealed that sharp waste management was not well managed in all the stages from segregation to disposal. It is the responsibility of Supervisors in clinics to make sure that there is availability of resources in clinics to enable staff to adhere to procedures regarding the segregation, storage, transportation and treatment of sharp waste in rural clinics in Swaziland. Relevant documents should be available to address the management of sharp waste containers. There should be close supervision in clinics from supervisors

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1974. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

This research consists of an investigation on the incidence of residential construction waste in Texas. Construction waste has proved to have a negative effect on the economic health of construction companies and on the environment. To evaluate the current methods two waste diagnostic questionnaires were developed to identify the most frequent waste categories present in the job site affecting the final cost of the residential projects, the types of waste and their possible causes. The questionnaires were sent to one hundred and twenty construction companies. Three criteria were used to select companies for the study. First, only private companies were chosen. Second, only companies doing predominantly residential construction works were chosen. Third, only companies who are operating in Texas were chosen. The results showed that wood, drywall and concrete are the most frequent waste categories affecting the final cost in residential projects and waste of materials, over allocation of materials, rework, clarifications, unnecessary handling of materials, inefficient movement of workers, waste of space on site, and delays are the most dominant types of waste occurring in these categories.

This research consists of an investigation on the incidence of residential construction waste in Texas. Construction waste has proved to have a negative effect on the economic health of construction companies and on the environment. To evaluate the current methods two waste diagnostic questionnaires were developed to identify the most frequent waste categories present in the job site affecting the final cost of the residential projects, the types of waste and their possible causes. The questionnaires were sent to one hundred and twenty construction companies. Three criteria were used to select companies for the study. First, only private companies were chosen. Second, only companies doing predominantly residential construction works were chosen. Third, only companies who are operating in Texas were chosen. The results showed that wood, drywall and concrete are the most frequent waste categories affecting the final cost in residential projects and waste of materials, over allocation of materials, rework, clarifications, unnecessary handling of materials, inefficient movement of workers, waste of space on site, and delays are the most dominant types of waste occurring in these categories.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1972. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-96). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-101).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1969. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center