A weak absorption in iodine vapour was reported by earlier workers to not obey Beer's Law, and was attributed to the dimer I₄. The ultraviolet spectrum of iodine vapour was reinvestigated in this study on a more quantitative basis. The extinction coefficients have been found to be independent of concentration of iodine (10 ̄⁵ to 10 ̄² M), pressure of an inert gas (up to 1 atm), and temperature (25°C to 220°C, except for the usual temperature broadening). The absorption continuum (maximum 2694±3 A; oscillator strength 4.98 ±. 05 x 10 ̄⁴) must be due to a transition in the free molecule to a repulsive state correlating with either ²P3/2 + ²P3/2 or ²P3/2 + ²P1/2 atoms. The identification of the upper state involved and of the mechanism allowing the transition to occur were not possible with the available evidence. The previous identification of I₄ in solution and of Br₄ in the vapour phase, determined by similar ultraviolet continua, are discussed in relation to the lack of evidence for I₄ in the vapour phase found in this study. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Le confinement des antibiotiques dans des matrices inorganiques, constituent une classe de matériaux particulièrement bien adaptée, pour la conservation de leurs activités. Cette thèse à pour objectifs: (1) d’établir une corrélation entre la localisation des antibiotiques dans les matrices HDL et leur activité antibactérienne, (2) de définir la matrice la plus adéquate pour protéger les antibiotiques de la dégradation thermique et/ou photonique. Nous nous sommes intéressés à étudier l’influence de la localisation de l’antibiotique dans le matériau sur son activité antibactérienne, et de vérifier si la phase HDL peuvent protéger les antibiotiques de la dégradation thermique et/ou photonique.Dans ces travaux, nous avons utilisé des hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL) de type Zn2Al, Mg2Al, Ni2Al et Mn2Al comme des supports pour différentes types d’antibiotiques (cycline, polypeptide et enzymatique). Nous avons étudié l’immobilisation de deux antibiotiques de types cyclines tetracycline (TCH) et oxytetracycline (OXY), par deux méthodes (la coprécipitation et l’échange anionique). Nous avons étudié l’impact de l’irradiation du UV ou/et stockage à différentes températures (30, 60 et 120°C) pour évaluer leurs activités antibactériennes. Les résultats ont montré que les antibiotiques sont localisés à la surface des grains de la phase HDL. Les matériaux préparés par coprécipatation présentent un taux de relargage et une activité antibactérienne plus importante que celles préparé par échange anionique. Une baisse significative de l’activité antibactérienne après un stockage à haute température et l’exposition à la lumière UV est observée. Cela permet de conclure que la phase HDL accélère la dégradation des antibiotiques sous l’effet du température et la lumière UV. Nous avons étudié l’immobilisation de la nisine dans des différentes phases HDL, en tenant compte de l’effet du rapport molaire, l’effet de matrice, l’effet de l’anion et l’effet de morphologie. Les résultats ont montré que l’immobilisation de la nisine dans les différentes phases HDL n’affecte pas son activité antibactérienne à 4°C. En revanche, on remarque que l’activité de la nisine est moins sensible à la température quand elle est confinée.. La localisation de la nisine joue donc un rôle très important dans la meilleure protection de l’activité antibactérienne. Enfin nous avons effectué l’immobilisation du lysozyme dans les différentes phases HDL. Nos résultats ont montré que, le lysozyme est localisé à la surface des grains du matériau, on note un abattement plus important pour le lys libre que lYS adsorbé. Cela peut être du à une dénaturation du site enzymatique. / The confinement of antibiotics in inorganic matrices results in a class of materials particularly suitable for the conservation of their activities. This thesis aims to: (1) establish a correlation between the localization of antibiotics in HDL matrices and their antibacterial activity, (2) define the most appropriate matrix to prevent the antibiotics thermal and / or photon degradation. We were interested in studying the influence of the antibiotic localization in the material and the effect on the material antibacterial activity and whether the HDL phase can protect the antibiotics from thermal and / or photon degradation.In this work, we used double lamellar hydroxide (HDL) type Zn2Al, Mg2Al, Ni2Al and Mn2Al as supports for different types of antibiotics (cyclin, polypeptide and enzymatic). We investigated the immobilization of two cyclin types tetracycline (TCH) and oxytetracycline (OXY), by two methods (coprecipitation and anion exchange). We investigated the impact of UV irradiation and / or storage at different temperatures (30, 60 and 120°C) to evaluate their antibacterial activities. The results showed that the antibiotics are localized on the grain surface of the HDL phase. The materials prepared by coprecipitation have a higher release rate and antibacterial activity than those prepared by anion exchange. A significant decrease in the antibacterial activity after storage at high temperature and exposure to UV light was observed. This leads to the conclusion that the HDL phase accelerates the degradation of antibiotics under the effect of temperature and UV light. We investigated the immobilization of nisin in different HDL phases, taking into account the effect of the molar ratio, of the matrix, of the anion and the morphology. The results showed that the immobilization of nisin in the different HDL phases does not affect its antibacterial activity at 4°C. On the other hand, we noteiced that the activity of nisin is almost temperature sensitive under confinement. The localization of nisin plays therefore a very important rolefor the best protection of the antibacterial activity. Finally, we immobilized lysozyme in the various HDL phases. Our results showed that lysozyme is localized on the surface of the material grains, one notes a more important abatement for free lys than adsorbed LYS. This can be due to denaturation of the enzyme site.

In this research, the interfacial behavior of Trichoderma reesei CBHI and Thermomonospora fusca E��� cellulases were studied at synthetic surfaces. For this purpose, colloidal silica and polystyrene particles were used to prepare cellulase-particle suspensions that were analyzed by several solution-phase techniques. These included circular dichroism spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and filtration, and a spectrophotometric assay for cellulase activity. All techniques were performed in the presence and absence of particles. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and size exclusion chromatography showed, however, that binding did not occur between either cellulase and silica, presumably because silica is hydrophilic and negatively charged. Binding did occur between each cellulase and polystyrene, most likely mediated through hydrophobic associations. Cellulase-polystyrene complexes were not analyzed using CD because of high light absorption by the polystyrene nanoparticles. Upon adsorption to polystyrene, the activity of the E��� dropped about 95% relative to that of the free enzyme. While this substantial loss in activity may have been the result of binding being mediated through the catalytic domain, strong evidence supporting the thought that adsorption occurs through hydrophobic associations, mediated through the binding domain, suggests that structural or steric factors were partly responsible for the loss. / Graduation date: 1999

Graduation date: 1996

The integrating cavity absorption meter (ICAM) has been used successfully to measure the low absorption coefficient of pure water. The ICAM produces an effective total path length of several meters or even longer, although the physical size of the instrument is only several centimeters. The long effective total path length ensures a high sensitivity that enables the ICAM to measure liquid mediums with low absorption. Compared to the conventional transmission type of instruments that were used to measure the same medium with the same path length, the ICAM eliminates the effect of scattering by introducing isotropic illumination in the medium, and consequently measures the true absorption coefficient of the medium in stead of the attenuation coefficient. The original ICAM was constructed with Spectralon and used in the wavelength range from 380 nm to 700 nm. Later studies showed that Spectralon is not suitable for measurements in the UV region because of its relatively lower reflectivity in this region and, even worse, the continuously decaying reflectivity under the exposure to UV radiation. Thus, we have developed a new way to construct the ICAM utilizing the material fumed silica. The resulting ICAM has a high sensitivity even in the UV region and doesn't have the deterioration problem. The measurement results from the new ICAM are in good agreement with the existing results. The absorption coefficients of pure water at wavelengths between 250 nm and 400 nm are presented here.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1996. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1996. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

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