Child centered play therapy (CCPT) is a therapeutic intervention that provides the environment for children to work through and heal from difficult experiences through expression of play and therapeutic relationship. It has been demonstrated effective with multiple types of disruptive behaviors. I conducted single-case research to explore CCPT's influence on children who had four or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and provided analysis of data collected from one assessment administered weekly and one assessment at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention: the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Young Children. The two participants (one 8-year-old White American male and one 9-year-old White American female) demonstrated significant improvement in total difficulties and prosocial behaviors. The study revealed potential therapeutic benefits for utilizing CCPT with children who had four or more ACEs. Encompassed in discussion of study results are implications for practice, suggestions for future research, and limitations.

Social health is an important predictor of overall health. Yet, it is an often neglected area of research. Strikingly, social connectedness is associated with a 50% reduction in risk of early death. While a plethora of research evidence supports the beneficial impact of nature exposure on physical and mental health, literature regarding the beneficial impact of nature exposure on social health is scant. In fact, no research to date has investigated the causal influence of nature exposure on social motivation, a construct comprised here of three measures (State Motivation to Foster Social Connections, State Positive Affect, and State Anxiety). The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the effects of virtual nature exposure on state social motivation, and 2) to investigate adverse childhood experiences as a moderator of those effects. In this online study, adult participants (N = 444) aged 18 to 58 were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental video conditions (wilderness nature exposure, urban non-nature exposure, indoor non-nature exposure). After watching a 15-minute video, participants completed measures related to state social motivation. Results revealed a significant main effect of nature exposure on state social motivation. However, the effects of nature exposure on state social motivation were not significantly moderated by adverse childhood experiences. Results suggest that nature exposure may have a positive impact on the development and maintenance of social connections and should be explored further as a social health intervention aimed at improving overall health.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a certain set of abuse household dysfunction experiences that many children in the United States experience. Children who experience multiple ACEs are more likely to have negative mental and physical health issues as they grow older. These outcomes include ADHD, depression, cancer, heart disease, and early death. In this study, I examined the effectiveness of child centered play therapy (CCPT), a developmentally appropriate treatment modality, with children who have experienced two or more ACEs and who are also demonstrating inattention and impulsivity symptoms. Participants were 34 students from five Title 1 elementary schools in the southwest United States (28 males and 6 females; age range 5-8 years old with a mean age of 6.12). In the sample, participants were comprised of 29.4% African American (n = 10), 38.2% Caucasian (n = 13), 17.6% Hispanic/Latino (n = 6), and 14.7% identified as biracial (n = 5). Participants were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received 16 CCPT 30-minute sessions twice a week (n = 17) or a waitlist control group (n = 17) that received treatment at the conclusion of the study. Using a factorial ANOVA, results indicated statistically significant improvement of CCPT treatment group over waitlist control group on the ADDES-4 School Total and the DOF Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems scale indicating that CCPT was an appropriate treatment model for children who have experienced ACEs and inattention and impulsivity symptoms.

No description available.

Social health is an important predictor of overall health. Yet, it is an often neglected area of research. Strikingly, social connectedness is associated with a 50% reduction in risk of early death. While a plethora of research evidence supports the beneficial impact of nature exposure on physical and mental health, literature regarding the beneficial impact of nature exposure on social health is scant. In fact, no research to date has investigated the causal influence of nature exposure on social motivation, a construct comprised here of three measures (State Motivation to Foster Social Connections, State Positive Affect, and State Anxiety). The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the effects of virtual nature exposure on state social motivation, and 2) to investigate adverse childhood experiences as a moderator of those effects. In this online study, adult participants (N = 444) aged 18 to 58 were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental video conditions (wilderness nature exposure, urban non-nature exposure, indoor non-nature exposure). After watching a 15-minute video, participants completed measures related to state social motivation. Results revealed a significant main effect of nature exposure on state social motivation. However, the effects of nature exposure on state social motivation were not significantly moderated by adverse childhood experiences. Results suggest that nature exposure may have a positive impact on the development and maintenance of social connections and should be explored further as a social health intervention aimed at improving overall health.

An abundance of research has implicated socioeconomic disadvantage as a major risk factor for increased rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While advances in science, medicine, and technology have enabled a positive trend in health outcomes over the previous two decades, individuals of lower socioeconomic status have experienced negligible improvements in health and longevity. Furthermore, individuals of lower socioeconomic status face higher risks of mental health disorders than their higher socioeconomic status counterparts. In order to improve methods of intervention, it is important to understand how the roots of these issues are cultivated during childhood. Socioeconomic status is operationalized in multiple ways, including objective measures at both the household and neighborhood levels such as income, education, occupation, employment status, and single-parent status, as well as subjective measures such as perceived social status. This work explores the relationships between exposure to childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and the development of psychopathology. It reviews the literature for impacts of lower socioeconomic status during childhood on both internalizing (mood and anxiety) and externalizing (behavioral and substance use) disorders. Overall, mental health disorders constitute a significant proportion of the worldwide health burden, affecting one in four adults across the global population, including one in five adults and one in two adolescents in the United States. These staggering prevalence rates illuminate the importance of better understanding the mechanisms by which mental health illnesses emerge. Childhood exposure to socioeconomic deprivation has been identified as a robust contributing factor to the increased risk of psychopathology development. Exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage increases the risk for mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I and II disorder, cyclothymic disorder; anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias; behavioral disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and substance use disorders such as alcohol and tobacco use. These conditions can disrupt normal growth and development; cause significant impairment in social, academic, and occupational environments; and create tremendous distress in important areas of daily functioning. An ecobiodevelopmental model reveals how the interplay of biological factors, such as genetic inheritance and physiological adaptations/disruptions, with ecological factors, such as the social and physical environment, occurs continuously across the entire life span from the prenatal period through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to drive development and the evolution of individual health and disease. Application of this approach helps to explain how genetic predispositions interact with exposure to poverty to cultivate an environment more prone to adverse childhood experiences. Adverse childhood experiences are stressors occurring prior to the age of 18 that can be threatening or harmful emotionally or physically, which can include traumatic or potentially traumatic experiences such as neglect and abuse. Examples include socioeconomic hardship, racial/ethnic discrimination, parental death, separation from parents, divorce, neighborhood violence, parental mental illness, abuse, neglect, parental substance abuse, violence and criminality in the home, and life-threatening physical illness. Adverse childhood experiences promote toxic stress, which occurs from distressing situations high in magnitude, duration, or frequency without protective, buffering adult relationships to help the child cope. Toxic stress is characterized by an overloading of the body’s normal physiologic response mechanisms, which can have adverse long-term consequences through brain circuitry alterations and physiologic disruptions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis occurring during sensitive, critical periods of development. Toxic stress-induced alterations can occur in brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, which are important in mood control, anxiety, stress coping, decision-making, and self-regulation. Self-regulation is a critical mediator in the link between childhood deprivation and subsequent psychopathology, as deficits in self-regulation increases the risk of both internalizing and externalizing disorders. In summation, the ecobiodevelopmental model is a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates developmental science constructs of toxic stress and self-regulation with ecology, neuroscience, and life course sciences to supply promising explanations for the underlying mechanisms linking childhood poverty to mental illnesses.

The therapeutic alliance is a core element of successful treatment in therapy. Recent literature has explored variables that predict the alliance at various time points during therapy, but few studies have explored how the alliance develops over time and the factors that influence its rate of change. The current study addresses these questions by estimating latent growth-curve models to analyze how male and female partners' alliance scores develop over time and how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact the development of the alliance during the first six sessions of therapy. Results from these analyses show that neither men nor women's ACEs had a significant effect on the rate of change in the alliance. A discussion of the attachment implications of these findings, as well as the limitations of this study and potential directions for future research are then presented.

Introduction: A culturally competent survey currently does not exist to characterize the burden of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among a HIV/AIDS population receiving care at a local Center of Excellence (COE). Methods: A qualitative study was conducted including 11 interviews involving opinions on national surveillance questions to develop a culturally competent survey. Purposive sampling, reactive probing, and analysis of transcribed interviews were completed using structured coding to determine which questions were kept, modified, or removed in the final survey. Results: The final 55-question survey contained more generalized ACE questions, topics pertaining to barriers to HIV care, and a list that patients could select from to indicate what they need to improve their HIV care. Conclusion: The final survey provided the opportunity to characterize the burden of ACEs at a COE. Future directions involve piloting the survey as a quality improvement tool with the goal of increasing retention rates through more individualized HIV care.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between (1) different types of ACEs and migraine, and (2) the number of ACEs and migraine among adolescent mothers in Lima, Peru. Methods: Our cross-sectional study included 787 adolescent mothers (14- to 18-years of age) in Peru. In-person interviews were conducted postpartum, in hospital, within 2-days of delivery. Nine types of ACEs were assessed, including exposure to three categories of abuse, two categories of neglect, and four categories of household dysfunction. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between ACEs and migraine while adjusting for putative confounders. Results: Approximately 75% of adolescent mothers reported having experienced at least one type of ACE. Adolescent mothers who reported any childhood abuse had 1.49-fold increased odds of migraine (aOR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.03–2.18) compared to those with no history of childhood abuse. Adolescent mothers who reported experiencing household dysfunction had 1.56-fold increase odds of migraine (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.09–2.24). Compared to participants who reported no ACE, those who experienced four or more ACEs had 3.09-fold (aOR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.80–5.40) increased odds of migraine (ptrend < 0.001). Conclusion: Exposure to ACEs is highly prevalent in adolescent-aged mothers postpartum and is associated with increased odds of migraine. These findings support the importance of screening for ACEs and migraine among adolescent mothers; and the need for providing culturally appropriate, trauma-informed headache care. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares

No description available.