The study seeks to determine the effect upon the F-statistic of violating the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes in the one-way, fixed-effects analysis of covariance model. The study employs a Monte Carlo simulation technique to vary the degree of heterogeneity of regression slopes with varied sample sizes within experiments to determine the effect of such conditions. One hundred and eighty-three simulations were used.

For years attribution research has been dominated by the ANOVA model of behavior which proposes that people construct their dispositional attributions of others by carefully comparing and weighing all situational information using mental computations similar to the processes used by researchers to analyze data. A preliminary experiment successfully determined that participants were able to distinguish differences in variability assessed across persons (high vs. low consensus) and across situations (high vs. low distinctiveness). Also, it was clear that the subjects could evaluate varying levels of situational constraint. A primary experiment administered to participants immediately following the preliminary study determined that participants grossly under-utilized those same variables when making dispositional attributions. Results gave evidence against the use of traditional ANOVA models and support for the use of the Behavior Averaging Principle of Attribution. / by Kori A. Hakala. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Métodos não-paramétricos têm aplicação ampla na análise de dados, tendo em vista que não são limitados pela necessidade de imposição de distribuições populacionais específicas. O caráter multivariado de dados provenientes de estudos nas ciências do comportamento, ecológicos, experimentos agrícolas e muitos outros tipos, e o crescimento contínuo da tecnologia computacional, têm levado a um crescente interesse no uso de métodos multivariados não-paramétricos. A aplicação da análise de variância multivariada não-paramétrica é pouco inacessível ao pesquisador, exceto através de métodos aproximados baseados nos valores assintóticos da estatística de teste. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma rotina na linguagem C que realiza testes baseados numa extensão multivariada do teste univariado de Kruskal- Wallis, usando a técnica das permutações. Para pequenas amostras, todas as configurações de tratamentos são obtidas para o cálculo do valor-p. Para grandes amostras, um número fixo de configurações aleatórias é usado, obtendo assim valores de significância aproximados. Além disso, um teste alternativo é apresentado com o uso de componentes principais baseados nas matrizes de postos. / Nonparametric methods have especially broad applications in the analysis of data since they are not bound by restrictions on the population distribution. The multivariate character of behavioural, ecological, agricultural and many other types of data and the continued improvement in computer technology have led to a sharp interest in the use of nonparametric multivariate methods in data analysis. The application of nonparametric multivariate analysis is inaccessible to applied research, except by approximation methods based on asymptotic values of the test statistic. Thus, this work aims to presenting a routine in the C language that runs multivariate tests based on a multivariate extension of the univariate Kruskal-Wallis test, using permutation technique. For small samples, all possible treatment configurations are used in order to obtain the p-value. For large samples, a fixed number of random configurations are used, obtaining an approximated significance values. In addition, another alternative test is presented using principal components based on rank matrices.

This study sought to determine the effect upon Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) statistic of concurrently violating the assumptions of homogeneity of variance and equal sample sizes. Two forms for the unequal sample size problem were investigated. Kramer's form and the harmonic mean approach were the two unequal sample size procedures studied. The study employed a Monte Carlo simulation procedure which varied sample sizes with a heterogeneity of variance condition. Four thousand experiments were generated. Findings of this study were based upon the empirically obtained significance levels. Five conclusions were reached in this study. The first conclusion was that for the conditions of this study the Kramer form of the HSD statistic is not robust at the .05 or .01 nominal level of significance. A second conclusion was that the harmonic mean form of the HSD statistic is not robust at the .05 and .01 nominal level of significance. A general conclusion reached from all the findings formed the third conclusion. It was that the Kramer form of the HSD test is the preferred procedure under combined assumption violations of variance heterogeneity and unequal sample sizes. Two additional conclusions are based on related findings. The fourth conclusion was that for the combined assumption violations in this study, the actual significance levels (probability levels) were less-than the nominal significance levels when the magnitude of the unequal variances were positively related to the magnitude of the unequal sample sizes. The fifth and last conclusion was that for the concurrent assumption violation of variance heterogeneity and unequal sample sizes, the actual significance levels significantly exceed the nominal significance levels when the magnitude of the unequal variances are negatively related to the magnitude of the unequal sample sizes.

This thesis presents a contribution to the active research area of functional data analysis (FDA) and is concerned with the analysis of data from complex experimental designs in which the responses are curves. High resolution, closely correlated data sets are encountered in many research fields, but current statistical methodologies often analyse simplistic summary measures and therefore limit the completeness and accuracy of conclusions drawn. Specifically the nature of the curves and experimental design are not taken into account. Mathematically, such curves can be modelled either as sample paths of a stochastic process or as random elements in a Hilbert space. Despite this more complex type of response, the structure of experiments which yield functional data is often the same as in classical experimentation. Thus, classical experimental design principles and results can be adapted to the FDA setting. More specifically, we are interested in the functional analysis of variance (ANOVA) of experiments which use orthogonal designs. Most of the existing functional ANOVA approaches consider only completely randomised designs. However, we are interested in more complex experimental arrangements such as, for example, split-plot and row-column designs. Similar to univariate responses, such complex designs imply that the response curves for different observational units are correlated. We use the design to derive a functional mixed-effects model and adapt the classical projection approach in order to derive the functional ANOVA. As a main result, we derive new functional F tests for hypotheses about treatment effects in the appropriate strata of the design. The approximate null distribution of these tests is derived by applying the Karhunen- Lo`eve expansion to the covariance functions in the relevant strata. These results extend existing work on functional F tests for completely randomised designs. The methodology developed in the thesis has wide applicability. In particular, we consider novel applications of functional F tests to gait analysis. Results are presented for two empirical studies. In the first study, gait data of patients with cerebral palsy were collected during barefoot walking and walking with ankle-foot orthoses. The effects of ankle-foot orthoses are assessed by functional F tests and compared with pointwise F tests and the traditional univariate repeated-measurements ANOVA. The second study is a designed experiment in which a split-plot design was used to collect gait data from healthy subjects. This is commonly done in gait research in order to better understand, for example, the effects of orthoses while avoiding confounded analysis from the high variability observed in abnormal gait. Moreover, from a technical point of view the study may be regarded as a real-world alternative to simulation studies. By using healthy individuals it is possible to collect data which are in better agreement with the underlying model assumptions. The penultimate chapter of the thesis presents a qualitative study with clinical experts to investigate the utility of gait analysis for the management of cerebral palsy. We explore potential pathways by which the statistical analyses in the thesis might influence patient outcomes. The thesis has six chapters. After describing motivation and introduction in Chapter 1, mathematical representations of functional data are presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 considers orthogonal designs in the context of functional data analysis. New functional F tests for complex designs are derived in Chapter 4 and applied in two gait studies. Chapter 5 is devoted to a qualitative study. The thesis concludes with a discussion which details the extent to which the research question has been addressed, the limitations of the work and the degree to which it has been answered.

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Junior / Banca: Samuel Silva / Banca: Michael John Brennan / Banca: Carlos Alberto Cimini Junior / Resumo: Pesquisadores de diversas partes do mundo se empenham em desenvolver técnicas capazes de monitorar a integridade de máquinas, veículos e estruturas, principalmente as que a ruptura ou destruição possa provocar acidentes e catástrofes. Neste contexto, várias técnicas não destrutivas podem ser utilizadas para monitorar estes sistemas permitindo a realização de reparos e, evitando maiores prejuízos econômicos e danos sociais. A técnica da Impedância Eletromecânica está entre as técnicas baseadas na utilização de materiais piezelétricos e, particularmente, utiliza-se de uma curva sensível a pequenas variações na estrutura, característica que faz a técnica ser eficiente na detecção de danos incipientes. No entanto, sob variações das condições ambiente e de teste, a sensibilidade da técnica pode produzir falsos diagnósticos. Desta forma, o desafio atual é aplicar a técnica da Impedância Eletromecânica em sistemas de monitoramento considerando condições mais próximas às condições de operação reais dos sistemas a serem monitorados. Este trabalho apresenta duas metodologias para sistemas SHM, a primeira consiste em utilizar a técnica de agrupamento Fuzzy c-means para entender e considerar o efeito da temperatura nos sinais da Impedância Eletromecânica. A segunda metodologia utiliza análise de variância (ANOVA) para propor uma metodologia de detecção mais robusta, e assim, incorporar variações aleatórias nos sistemas de medição e aquisição sem comprometer o diagnóstico SHM / Abstract: Researchers around the world are engaged to develop techniques for structural health monitoring of machinery, vehicles and structures, especially systems where damage or destruction could induce accidents and disasters. In this context, several non-destructive techniques can be used to monitor these systems allowing repairs and avoiding major economic losses or social losses. The electromechanical impedance technique is among the techniques based on piezoelectric materials use and it is sensible to small variations in the structure which makes it efficient in detecting incipient damages. However, variations in the ambient or test conditions can cause false diagnoses. Therefore, the current challenge is to apply the electromechanical impedance technique considering monitoring conditions closer to real operating conditions of the systems to be monitored. This work presents two methodologies for SHM systems. The first one uses Fuzzy c-means clustering to distinguish the temperature effect on impedance signal. The second method uses analysis of variance (ANOVA) to propose a more robust detection methodology and thus incorporate random variations in measurement systems and acquisition without loss of SHM diagnostic / Mestre

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Industrial Psychology) / Organizations exist for the primary aim of meeting particular objectives: innovation and advancement, customer satisfaction, profit making and delivery of quality goods and services. These goals are mostly channelled with the intent of demonstrating high performance crucial for the continued existence of the organization especially in these rapidly changing global economies. This target, however, cannot be achieved without the aid of employees in the organization. A plethora of previous studies have proven that efficiency, productivity, high performance and stability on the job can be better achieved when the employees are dedicated, committed to their work roles and experience work engagement. The experience of work engagement on the part of the employees is not a random event; it depends on a myriad of factors that include authentic leadership. Leaders have a cumulative change effect on their followers; hence, leaders in an organization can be termed as core drivers of employee engagement. Hence, it becomes imperative to seek to understand what authentic leadership as a construct has to offer to the workplace.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Bahman Daryanian. / M.S.

É muito comum encontrar nas áreas agronômica e biológica experimentos cujas observações são correlacionadas. Porém, tais correlações, em tese, podem estar associadas às parcelas ou às subparcelas, dependendo do plano experimental adotado. Além disso, a metodologia de modelos lineares mistos vem sendo utilizada com mais freqüência, principalmente após os trabalhos de Searle (1988), Searle at al. (1992), Wolfinger (1993b) entre outros. O sucesso do procedimento de modelagem está fortemente associado ao exame dos efeitos aleatórios que devem permanecer no modelo e na possibilidade de se introduzir, no modelo, estruturas de variâncias e covariâncias das variáveis aleatórias que, para o modelo linear misto, podem estar inseridas no resíduo e, também, na parte aleatória associada ao fator aleatório conhecido. Nesse contexto, o Teste da Razão de Verossimilhança e o Critério de Akaike podem auxiliar na tarefa de escolha do modelo mais apropriado para análise dos dados, além de permitir verificar que escolhas de modelos inadequadas acarretam em conclusões divergentes em relação aos efeitos fixos do modelo. Com o desenvolvimento do Proc Mixed do SAS (Littel at al. 1996), utilizado neste trabalho, a análise desses experimentos, tratada pela metodologia modelos lineares mistos, tornou-se mais usual e segura. Com a finalidade de se atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, utilizaram-se dois exemplos (A e B) sobre a resposta da produtividade de três cultivares de trigo, em relação a níveis de irrigação por aspersão line-source. Foram criados e analisados 29 modelos para o Exemplo A e 16 modelos para o Exemplo B. Pôde-se verificar, para cada um dos exemplos, que as conclusões em relação aos efeitos fixos se modificaram de acordo com o modelo adotado. Notou-se, também, que o Critério de Akaike deve ser visto com cautela. Ao se comparar modelos similares entre os dois exemplos, ratificou-se a importância de se programar corretamente no Proc Mixed. Nesse contexto, conclui-se que é fundamental conduzir a análise de experimentos de forma ampla, buscando vários modelos e verificando quais têm lógica em relação ao plano experimental, evitando erros ao término da análise. / In Biology and Agronomy, experiments that produce correlated observations are often found. Theoretically, these correlations may be associated with whole-plots or subplots, according to the chosen experimental design. Also, the mixed linear model methodology is now being used much more frequently, especially after the works of Searle (1988), Searle et al. (1992) and Wolfinger (1993b), among others. The success of the modeling procedure is strongly associated with the examination of the random effects that must remain within the model and the possibility of introducing variance-covariance structures of random variables in the model. In the case of the mixed linear model, they may be included in the residual error or in the random part which is associated with the known random factor. In this context, the Likelihood Ratio Test and Akaike's Information Criterion can help in choosing the most appropriate model for data analysis. They also enable the verification of inadequate choice of models which can lead to divergent conclusions regarding the fixed effects of the model. With the development of the SAS Mixed Procedure (Little at al. 1996), which was used in this work, analysis of these experiments, conducted through the mixed linear model methodology, has become more usual and secure. In order to achieve the target of this work, two examples were utilized (A and B) involving the productivity response of three varieties of wheat, in regards to irrigation levels by line-source aspersion. Twenty-nine models for Example A and 16 models for Example B were created and analyzed. For each example, it was verified that conclusions regarding fixed effects changed according to the model adopted. It was also verified that Akaike’s Information Criterion must be regarded with caution. When comparing similar models between the two examples, the importance of correct programming in the Mixed Procedure was confirmed. In this context, it can be concluded that it is fundamental to conduct the experiment analysis in an ample manner, looking for various models and verifying which ones make sense according to the experimental plan, thus avoiding errors at analysis completion.

A técnica de tratamento de solos com cal ou cimento vem sendo empregada com sucesso na engenharia geotécnica, melhorando as características do solo, que por ser um material complexo e muito variável nem sempre satisfaz as necessidades da obra a ser realizada. As últimas pesquisas em solos tratados com cal mostram o desenvolvimento de metodologias de dosagem baseadas em critérios racionais (como a relação água/cimento para o concreto), onde a relação volume de vazios/volume de cal desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. O volume de vazios (ou a porosidade) é um fator importante nestas metodologias de dosagem, e ainda não existem técnicas que quantifiquem este fator (como o ensaio de porosimetria por injeção de mercúrio para o concreto) e também modelos que permitam o entendimento do comportamento da porosidade dessas misturas o longo do tempo de cura (como o modelo de Powers para o concreto). Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar a influência da quantidade de cal (Ca), da porosidade (h), do teor de umidade (w) e do tempo de cura (t), sobre a resistência à compressão simples (qu), sobre a resistência à tração (qt) e sobre a rigidez inicial (Go) de um solo siltoso estabilizado com cal (misturas caulim-cal), verificando a adequação do uso da relação vazios/cal na estimativa de qu, qt e Go. Além disso, esta pesquisa busca quantificar a porosidade dessas misturas solo-cal e também desenvolver um modelo, que permita o entendimento do comportamento da sua porosidade ao longo do tempo de cura. Para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa foram realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, ensaios de resistência à tração por compressão diametral, ensaios para a medida de Go, ensaios de sucção matricial e ensaios de porosimetria por injeção de mercúrio. Os resultados dos ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, de resistência à tração e de rigidez inicial demonstram que o aumento da quantidade de Ca, a diminuição da h e o aumento do t provoca o aumento de qu, qt e Go. Sendo que, qu, qt e Go crescem linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de cal e exponencialmente com a redução da sua porosidade. Assim, verifica-se que, a relação vazios/cal (h/Cav), definida pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de cal, demonstra ser um parâmetro adequado na estimativa de qu, qt e Go. A partir desses mesmos resultados, observase que a w também desempenha um papel fundamental na previsão de qu, qt e Go. Além disso, a partir dos ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, resistência à tração e rigidez inicial, observa-se que a existência de relações únicas e distintas no controle de qu, qt e Go em função da h, do Cav e da w mostrou-se muito eficiente para relações de dosagem. Relações entre qu, qt, Go e h/Cav também, foram muito satisfatórias. Além disso, foram realizadas análises estatísticas dos dados obtidos neste experimento, e os resultados demonstram, a partir da análise da variância, que todos os fatores controláveis escolhidos no experimento são significativos. Os resultados dos ensaios de porosímetro por intrusão de mercúrio demonstram que a porosidade diminui com o tempo de cura. Porém, o modelo de Powers não se adaptou perfeitamente na previsão da variação da porosidade das misturas caulim-cal estudadas. / The technique of treating soil with lime or cement has been used successfully in geotechnical engineering, improving the characteristics of the soil, which is a highly variable and complex material, and does not always meet the needs of the earthwork to be performed. The last researches in soils treated with lime are in the development of dosage methodologies based on rational criteria (such as water/cement ratio for concrete), where the voids/lime ratio plays a fundamental role in the assesstment of the target strength. The void volume (or porosity) is an important factor in these dosage methodologies, and there are not techniques that quantify this factor (as the test porosimetry with intrusion of mercury, for concrete) and also models that allow understanding the behavior of porosity for these mixtures in long curing times (such as the Powers’s model for concrete). Thus, this research aims to determine the influence of the amount of lime (Ca), porosity (h), moisture content (w) and curing time period (t) on the unconfined compression strength (qu), tensile strength (qt) and initial stiffness (Go) of a silty soil stabilized with lime (kaolin-lime mixtures), checking the suitability of the use of voids/lime ratio in estimating qu, qt and Go. Besides, this research aims to quantify the porosity of these soil-lime mixtures and also adjusting a model that allows understanding the behavior of their porosity during the curing time. For that, a number of unconfined compression tests, splitting tensile tests, the measurement of Go, measurement of matric suction and porosimetry with intrusion of mercury tests were carried out in present work. The results of unconfined compression strength, tensile strength and initial stiffness show that increasing the amount of Ca, decreasing of h and increasing of t, causes increased of qu, qt and Go. Further, qu, qt and Go grow linearly with the increased amount of lime and exponentially with reducing its porosity. The voids/lime ratio, defined as the ratio of the compacted mixture porosity and the lime volumetric content, adjusted by an exponent, proves to be an appropriate parameter to estimate the qu, qt and Go. From these results, it is observed that the w also plays a fundamental parameter in predicting the qu, qt and Go. Moreover, it is noted that the existence of distinct and unique relationships in the control of qu, qt and Go according to h, Cav and w proved to be very efficient for dosage relationships. Relations between qu, qt, Go and h/Cav were very satisfactory too. Furthermore, statistical analyzes were performed of the results obtained in this experiment, and results demonstrate, through analysis of variance, that all controllable factors chosen in the experiment are significant. The results of test porosimetry with intrusion of mercury show that the porosity decreases with increasing curing time. However, the Powers’s model has not adapted perfectly to predict the variation of the porosity of kaolin-lime mixtures studied.