Decisions made regarding road building have far-flung consequences. Spending money on roads means that other public goals such as farmland preservation, air quality improvement and provision of housing may be frustrated. In order for knowledgeable land-use decisions to be made, the full cost of roads needs to be examined. This thesis explores the issue of roadway land costs from a professional planning point of view. A method for calculating roadway land costs is developed and is then applied to provincially-funded roads in the Greater Vancouver region. The case study revealed that annual provincial roadway land costs amount to approximately $162 per automobile. Limited supplies of land and limited financial resources suggest that it may be time to examine approaches that would make it less necessary to add capacity to the existing road network. Expenditures on roads can be reduced by shifting from current "supply side" tactics. This thesis suggests various policies that could be enacted to effect such a change. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis looks at the feasibility of promoting knowledge intensive service (KIS) exports to Asia as part of a local economic development strategy. To this end a two part study was conducted, consisting of a postal survey and a series of elite interviews. The study demonstrates that many Vancouver KIS firms have already established a presence in Pacific Rim markets; furthermore, future growth in these markets is likely. The study examines various characteristics of KIS exporters to Asia so as to enable policy makers to draft appropriate recommendations. The remainder of the thesis outlines current initiatives at senior and local levels of government. A case is made for increasing the scope of local government action in this sphere, and some potential initiatives are suggested. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This paper describes the Mississippian. Exshaw, Banff and Rundle units, a remnant of ? Pennsylvania strata and cherty sandstones of the Permian Ishbel Group; paleontological details include information on the megafossils, foraminifers and algae. The Exshaw Formation includes a sanidine bearing tuffaceous sandstone. The Banff was subdivided into four rock units - Basal Shale, Cherty Unit, Crinoidal Unit and Upper Unit. The Rundle Group was divided into the Pekisko, Shunda, Turner Valley and Mount Head Formations. The term Jasper Lake Formation is applied to a sequence of crinoidal biosparites and dolomites at the South Berland River section which are bank-marginal lateral equivalents of eastern Shunda micrites. The Mississippian rocks of the three stratigraphic sections upon which this study is based are assigned to eight main petrographic facies and six petrographic subfacies. Facies A - calcisiltite: argillaceous crinoidal biomicrite and associated calcareous shales Facies B - an interbedded sequence offacies A and B Facies C - calcarenite: argillaceous crinoidal biomicrite Facies D - calcarenites: crinoidal biosparite Subfacies Da - calcarenite: ‘mature’ crinoidal intrasparite Subfacies Db - calcarenite: intraclast bearing crinoidal biosparite Facies E - oolitic and/or grapestone bearing calcarenites Subfacies Ea - fossiliferous intraclast bearing oosparite Subfacies Eb - intrasparites and sparry intramierites; four lithotypes are recognized (1) oolitic micritic crinoidal intrasparite (2) grapestone bearing intrasparite (3) oolite bearing partially merged intrasparite (4) grapestone and oolite bearing, sparry intramicrite Facies F - pure limestone micrites Subfacies Fa - crinoidal micrite Subfacies Fb - micrites, pelsparites, pelmicrites and dismicrites Facies G - unfossiliferous micrograined dolomite, commonly with microbedding Facies H - dolomite breccias The progression through the facies and subfacies from A to H reflects a change in depositional environment from that of normal marine deep quiet waters to lagoonal and evaporitic conditions; modern sedimentation of the Bahama Banks is used as a partial model. The facies distribution pattern for the Rundle carbonates of the area shows a tendency toward lagoonal facies in the east (Mturtm Creek section), bank-marginal facies in the west (South Berland River section) and intermediate facies at the Eagles Nest Pass section. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

It is generally assumed that when natural habitat is converted to human-dominated cover such area is “lost” to its native species. Extinctions will ensue. The literature generally assumes that species are extirpated as natural area is reduced, following the well-known species-area relationship (SAR). However, SARs have consistently over-estimated species losses resulting from conversion of natural habitat to human-dominated land covers. We hypothesize that the overestimation occurs because these area-based models assume that converted habitat is “lost”, eliminating all species. However, in the real world, conversion of natural land cover to human-dominated cover frequently produces new land covers, different from the original habitat, but not necessarily completely inhospitable to biodiversity. We evaluated the responses of total avian richness, forest bird richness and open habitat bird richness to remaining natural area within 991 quadrats, each 100 km2, across southern Ontario. Total bird species richness does not follow SAR predictions; rather, the number of bird species peaks at roughly 50% natural land cover. The richness of forest birds does follow the usual SAR power-law as a function of forested area. In contrast, richness of birds that prefer open-habitat does not increase monotonically with either natural- or human-dominated land cover. However, we can partition human-dominated land cover into an “available human-dominated” component and “lost” habitat. Richness of open-habitat species relates to the amount of available human-dominated cover. Distinguishing three habitat types (natural, available human-dominated, and lost) permits accurate predictions of species losses in response to natural habitat conversion.

The lithostratigraphy and Pliensbachian ammonite fauna of a sequence of Pliensbachian to Bajocian sedimentary rocks, informally referred to here as the Spatsizi Group, from the Spatsizi map-area (104 H) in north-central British Columbia are examined in this thesis. Twenty Five species of ammonites representing fifteen genera from Pliensbachian rocks of the Spatsizi Group are described and their stratigraphic ranges in the thesis area determined. The Spatsizi fauna is comprised primarily of ammonites of Tethyan aspect and also contains elements endemic to the East Pacific faunal realm. The Spatsizi fauna is located on the northern half of the Stikine terrane of the western Cordilleran eugeocline, and is surrounded by biogeographically related faunas containing ammonites of Boreal affinity in addition to Tethyan and East Pacific forms, indicating that northern Stikinia occupied a position within the mixed Boreal/Tethyan zone of the eastern Pacific region during the Pliensbachian. Subsequent tectonic displacement of Stikinia transported it northward to its present position. The Spatsizi Group is informally defined and is divided into five informal formations; the Joan, Eaglenest Gladys, Groves, and Walker Formations. Each formation reflects deposition in a different sedimentary environment affected by varying degrees of volcanic (epiclastic or pyroclastic) input Rocks of the Spatsizi Group represent the basinward sedimentary equivalents to the coeval Toodoggone volcanics that formed along the southern flank of the Stikine Arch. Facies transitions from the Stikine Arch in the north to the sedimentary basin in the south are best developed in sediments deposited during Pliensbachian and Early Toarcian times, when epiclastic sands and conglomerates accumulating on the southern flank of the arch graded southward into silts and muds in the basin. Two phases of non-coaxial deformation folded and faulted the rocks in the thesis map area. Deformation was probably related to interaction between the Stikinia and the North American continental margin during accretion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Greater Vancouver is a cooperative federalism in which planning relies on consensus and cooperation between municipalities, provincial ministries and Crown corporations. A result of this approach is a system in which each organisation and municipality is responsible for making decisions and funding the issues within its jurisdiction. Often this results in inefficient decisions being made; decisions, that otherwise would have considered regional issues, tend to consider only local concerns. Experience suggests that regional governments are generally distrusted by the general public and may pose a threat to the urban power base of the provincial government. Instead, a conjoint approach - which uses the existing agencies and is activated at key points in the process - offers the optimum configuration. In Greater Vancouver, a commission made up of nine directly elected, nine municipally appointed, and nine provincially appointed councillors will provide a well balanced organisation which is responsible to the province, municipalities, and the public. The new commission will be responsible for creating regional goals and ensuring conformity of the municipalities, ministries and Crown corporations to those goals. Adjustments in the provincial legislations will be required to transfer control and funding functions to the new commission, and to pave the way for a truly integrated transportation planning process for Greater Vancouver. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The significant constraints retarding the adoption of a residential landuse innovation, planned unit development or PUD, by private land developers in Greater Vancouver was the subject of this study. PUD is a landuse approach that integrates a variety of dwelling types, recreational and community services while preserving much of the natural landscape of a site. Although its use was highly recommended by land developers and municipal planners in Greater Vancouver, few projects had actually been constructed by 1971. To identify the reasons for this delay, interviews were undertaken with key decision-making personnel in municipal planning departments and in thirteen land development companies who had repeated opportunities to use the PUD innovation prior to 1971. It was found that trial and adoption of the PUD approach was often delayed five years or longer primarily because of external conditions or agents involved in the implementation process. A serious shortage of suitable large tracts of land at reasonable costs had thwarted adoption by four developers and threatened to reduce PUD use by a further seven developers. Prior to 1968, there was a lack of suitable zoning to permit the clustering of housing, services, and open space in non-standard condominium developments. Even when appropriate legislation was developed, municipal planners and private developers still faced serious public and political opposition to the PUD innovation. Residents of predominately single-family neighbourhoods and their elected officials were afraid of change in their community , poorly informed concerning the nature of PUD, and extremely suspicious of the motivation of the private developers. This mistrust and information lag was viewed by the majority of developers as the most serious constraint against PUD adoption. Design, financing and marketing of the innovation were not perceived as significant constraints. In contrast to adoption research findings in other fields, a developer's information behaviour, antecedents or development status, and perception of the innovation were of secondary importance. Only one developer rejected PUD on the basis of incomplete information. There was no significant difference between developers of varying degrees of innovativeness as to the type, number or technical accuracy of information sources used at different stages of adoption. Only three development status characteristics were positively associated with increasing innovativeness. These characteristics, namely a large land inventory, large scale operations and a longterm investment horizon assisted developers in overcoming the primary constraints of PUD implementation. A firm belief in the relative advantage and compatibility of PUD with corporate goals also contributed to the persistance of highly innovative developers in the face of serious implementation constraints. Ultimately, the continued use of a landuse innovation depends on the satisfaction of residents with their environment, as well as the developer's satisfaction with the cost-benefit returns. If PUD in the nineteen seventies does prove to provide a desirable residential environment at acceptable costs and densities, its continued adoption may be assured. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines some of the problems associated with urban sprawl, and attempts to determine the role of soil quality with respect to land use changes on four rural-urban fringe sites in the metropolitan Vancouver area. Part I describes various characteristics of, and problems created by, urban sprawl, its effects on the countryside, and reasons why it occurs. In Part II, the study sites are described in terms of soils, parent materials, drainage, and topography. In addition, physical and cultural information regarding the regions surrounding each site is given to portray each site in its larger context. Details and evaluation of the research results follow. Four sites, one in each of the municipalities of Delta and Langley and two in the Municipality of Richmond, were selected with features reflecting the physical heterogeneity of the Lower Fraser Valley and for their proximity to urban centres. Four series of air photographs were assembled and examined, in conjunction with soils maps, to determine what land use modification had occurred over a period of about twenty years. Land use changes were correlated with soils data to determine which soils were most affected by urban development. The results of this study appear to indicate that soil quality (for agriculture) by itself is insufficient to delay urbanization of fringe land. Other factors, such as isolation from urban centres, zoning provisions, and economic viability, are as important as soil quality in determining the fate of agricultural land on the rural-urban fringes of Greater Vancouver. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Unknown

Detailed structural and petrologic mapping near Azure Lake, British Columbia provides an overview of geologic relations along the northeast margin of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex. Four phases of deformation have been recognized in the Shuswap Complex and the adjacent lower grade metasediments of the cover sequence. The first deformation consists of west-verging isoclinal folds plunging north and northwest. The second phase resulted in large upright folds with a shallow northwest or southeast plunge. The third and fourth phases are only locally developed as faults, fractures, and brittle folds trending north and northeast, respectively. Mineral assemblages range from garnet-biotite through first sillimanite zones of the Barrovian facies series. Metamorphic grade increases toward the southwest. Regional metamorphism is associated with the first phase of deformation. The Complex is separated from the adjacent cover sequence by a first phase tectonic slide. Structural and metamorphic discontinuities across this slide probably resulted from reactivation of the slide surface during the second phase of deformation. Microprobe analyses have been combined with linear regression techniques to outline probable sillimanite-forming reactions in pelites of the Complex. The regressions show that reaction textures are partly preserved because of the exhaustion of rutile as a reactant phase. Metamorphic conditions in the Complex are estimated from the mutual intersection of experimentally studied mineral equilibria. These conditions are: P=7600 ± 400 bars, T=705 ± 40°C, aH₂O =0.5 ⁺⁰•⁵­₀․₂ . Carbonate mineral assemblages initially buffered fluid phase compositions to high X CO₂ values near 0.75 during metamorphism. Therefore the fluid phase was not homogeneous in composition throughout all rock types during metamorphism. Whole rock Rb-Sr dates of 138 ± 12 Ma (all five samples) and 163 ± 7 Ma were obtained for granodiorite stocks in the Azure Lake area. Two biotite-whole rock ± hornblende dates of 119 ± 11 Ma and 77 ± 20 Ma indicate isotopic resetting. Initial Sr⁸⁷ -Sr⁸⁶ ratios vary from 0.7061 ± 0.0001 to 0.7103 ± 0.0002 for rock and mineral dates. These dated stocks cross-cut structural trends for the first two deformations and impose a hornfelsic contact aureole on regional metamorphic assemblages. Therefore regional metamorphism and deformation were completed by Late Jurassic time. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The focus of this study was the development and testing of a micro-spatial supply model which could explain and predict the allocation of residential development to subareas within a region. This involved a three step process. The first step was a review of the literature to determine what criteria were considered important in the location of residential development. Two types of location criteria were found to be important. The first of these criteria were intuitive accessibility measures used in other modelling studies. The second type of criteria were potential supply criteria suggested as important by surveys of residential developers. The second step involved the measuring and testing of various potential supply and accessibility measures to see which were important in explaining the allocation of residential development within the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD). From these tests a microspatial allocation function was derived which could be tested in a large scale urban model of the GVRD. The third step involved incorporating the microspatial allocation function into the supply sub-model of a large urban model and running the model for four simulated years. The simulated data was then compared with actual data before and after the inclusion of the allocation function. Finally, the results of the tests were compared to similar studies which had compared simulated data with actual data. The test results indicate that approximately 50% of single family development and approximately 75% of multiple family development could be explained by potential supply measures. Accessibility measures were of' little significance in explaining single family development, and explained only about 10% of multiple family development. The results of testing the microspatial allocation functions in a large urban model were not as encouraging as the explanatory tests. Generally, the results of tests which compared actual data with simulated data indicate that the increase in performance with the microspatial allocation function was marginal. However, compared to similar studies the results are acceptable. In general, the study indicates that behavioural studies of the role played by developers combined with analytical models of this behaviour may provide considerable insight into the nature of the development process. It also lends strong supporting evidence to the suggestion that government organizations have been effective in allocating growth by their servicing and zoning policies. / Business, Sauder School of / Real Estate Division / Graduate