A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Wiwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the degree of Master of Science. / This study aimed to investigate, within the contemporary philosophy of science, key aspects of the paradigm formulated by the national Vegetation Monitoring Work team (VMW), and thereby develop a grassland monitoring system to place. the management of the Wolkberg Wilderness Area (WWA) on a testable basis. ( Abbreviation abstract ) / AC2017

Analysant les « "mythes" de "royauté" », de combat », de jugement », d’"organisation" du "cosmos" » et/ou "fondation" du "royaume" » – nous entendons ces textes « littéraires » à thème « mythologique », centrés sur les activités de divinités appartenant à la typologie du « dieu de l’Orage » dans la perspective « historiographique » de « création » du « cosmos » –, dans l’« aire culturelle » syro-mésopotamienne, indo-européenne et méditerranéenne antique, le présent travail interroge l’existence possible d’une « aire culturelle » « mythologique » – « mythopoïétique » –, indo-méditerranéenne. La proximité reconnue, tant sur les plans « structurel », que « narratif », de ce type particulier de « mythes » pose en effet, que l’on considère, sur un plan « folklorique » et « généalogique », leur possible identité « génétique » – qu’elle soit « préhistorique » ou « horizontale » –, ou, sur un plan « mythopoïétique » et « analogique », leur intégration à une même perspective interprétative, la question de leur comparaison. Quand chacun véhicule un « modèle »/« système » « idéologique » spécifique, en ce qu’il apparaît, dans le cadre donné des « "mythes" de "royauté" », l’expression paradigmatique d’un système « symbolique » particulier, leurs différences précisément non seulement interrogent leur identité « épistémologique », mais invitent également à une contextualisation précise. / Analysing « "myths" of "kingship" », conflict », judgement », cosmos "organisation" » and/or "kingdom" "foundation" » – meaning these « literary » texts with « mythological » themes, focused on the activities of deities belonging to the « Storm-god’s » typology in view of historiographical « "cosmos" "creation" » –, in the syro-mesopotamian, indo-european and ancient mediterranean cultural area, the present work questions the possible existence of a « mythological » – « mythopoieic » –, indo-mediterranean « cultural area ». The recognised proximity, both « structurally » and « narratively », of those particular types of « myths » raises, considering, on a « folkloric » and « genealogical » level, their potential « genetic » identity – whether it is « prehistoric » or « horizontal » –, or, on a « mythopoieic » and « analogical » level, their integration in a common interpretative perspective, the issue of their comparison. When each conveys a specific and « ideological » « model »/« system », as it appears, within the « "myths" of "kingship" », the paradigmatic expression of a particular « symbolic » system, their differences not only ask about their « epistemological » identity, but also beckon a precise contextualisation as well.

Thesis. 1977. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 188-190. / M.C.P.

El Estudio tiene como marco referencial la ampliación de cobertura del Servicio de Agua y Alcantarillado de Lima con cooperación del Banco Mundial, a través del Programa de Agua y Saneamiento - PAS e implementado por la Asociación Servicios Educativos Rurales. El objetivo principal es describir y analizar las prácticas y percepciones de higiene en la población beneficiaria del proyecto de Ampliación de Cobertura de SEDAPAL de Lima Metropolitana. El carácter del estudio es cualitativo y cuantitativo; en el análisis aplica el enfoque epidemiológico para identificar los factores que actúan como barrera en la contaminación del agua y alimentos; y el enfoque antropológico social para explicar las razones y percepciones de la población. Los resultados del estudio indican que las familias están integradas por un promedio de 5 personas, 93% de mujeres encargadas del hogar tienen en promedio 35 años y el 50.6% tiene al menos un grado de secundaria. El 55% de viviendas tienen piso de arena, 57.3% paredes de maderba o tripley y 59% techo de calamina. Usan en promedio 2 habitaciones, las cuales son ocupadas por 3 personas en promedio, el 90% tiene radio y TV. El 83% cuentan con letrina y 15.8% usan campo abierto. Con respecto a las condiciones de higiene: el 59% de las letrinas tienen presencia de heces y papeles, el 50% tienen olores y vectores; 80% elimina las excretas infantiles a través de la basura; 88% de las personas que limpian las letrinas, son mujeres. Los factores que influyen en la construcción o no construcción de letrinas son el costo de inversión, la percepción de “suciedad” de las heces en las casas, la idea de que las heces de los niños y niñas no son “sucias” y el limitado acceso de información sobre construcción. / The Study has as frame the extension of cover of the Service of Water and Sewage system of Lima with cooperation of the World Bank, through Program of Water and Cleaning - PAS and implemented by the Association Rural Educative Services. The primary target is to describe and to analyze the practices and perceptions of hygiene in the population beneficiary of the project of Extension of Metropolitan Cover of SEDAPAL of Lima. The character of the study is qualitative and quantitative; in the analysis it applies to the approach epidemiologist to identify the factors that act like barrier in the contamination of the water and foods; and the social anthropological approach to explain the reasons and perceptions of the population. The results of the study indicate that the families are integrated by an average of 5 people, 93% of women in charge of the home is in average 35 years old and the 50,6% has a degree of secondary at least. 55% of houses has sand floor, 57, 3% walls of “maderba” (a type of wood) or “tripley” and 59% calamine ceiling. They use in average 2 rooms which are occupied by 3 people in average, 90% has radio and TV. 83% counts on latrine and 15,8% uses open field. According to the conditions of hygiene: 59% of the latrines has lee presence and papers, 50% has scents and vectors; 80% eliminates the children’s excrements through the sweepings; 88% of the people who clean the latrines, are women. The factors that influence in the construction or nonconstruction of latrines are the investment cost, the perception of “dirt” of lees in the houses, the idea that the lees of the children are not “dirty” and the limited access of information on construction.

El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en Lima Metropolitana. Se determinaron dos contaminantes atmosféricos: el dióxido de nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre. El estudio se desarrolló entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2009; donde se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo y se tomaron un total de 200 muestras. Los análisis se realizaron en el laboratorio del Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental (CICOTOX) de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la UNMSM. El método empleado para la determinación de dióxido de nitrógeno fue de Griess – Saltzman y para determinar el dióxido de azufre se usó el método modificado de West Gaeke. Durante los meses de estudio, el promedio de las concentraciones de dióxido de nitrógeno fue de 60,294 μg/m3, el cual se encuentra dentro del límite establecido por la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (100 μg/m3) y por encima del valor guía establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (40 μg/m3). El promedio de las concentraciones de dióxido de azufre fue de 35,121 μg/m3, el cual está dentro del límite establecido por la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (80 μg/m3) y por encima del valor guía establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (20 μg/m3). Palabras Clave: Dióxido de nitrógeno, Dióxido de azufre, Dirección General de Salud Ambiental, Organización Mundial de la Salud. / This research work was developed in Lima Metropolitana. There were identified two air pollutains, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The investigation was conducted from November to December 2009, which set five sampling stations and took a total of 200 samples. Analysis was performed at the Toxicological Control, Information and Environmental Management Support Center (CICOTOX), Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Marcos University. The method for determining nitrogen dioxide was Griess-Saltzman and to determine sulfur dioxide was used the modified method of West Gaeke. During the months of research, average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide was 60,294 μg/m3, which is within the limit set by the Environmental Health Department (100 μg/m3), and above the guideline value set by the World Health Organization (40 μg/m3). The average concentrations of sulfur dioxide was 35,121 μg/m3, which is within the limit established by the General Directorate of Environmental Health (80 μg/m3), and above the guideline value set by the World Health (20 μg/m3). Key Words: Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Department of Environmental Health, World Health Organization.

Durante los meses de Febrero a Mayo del 2005, se estudió la concentración de cadmio, plomo en sangre y manganeso en orina en un total de 72 personas entre ambulantes, lustradores de calzado, vigilantes, vendedores de periódicos, vendedores de mostrador y residentes en las Avs. Abancay y A. Ugarte, quienes están expuestos a la contaminación o exposición de los gases tóxicos del parque automotor respectivamente. Los métodos utilizados para la cuantificación de cadmio, plomo y manganeso fueron: cadmio en sangre, manganeso en orina (Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica por Horno de grafito); plomo en sangre (Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica por llama). Se realizaron encuestas que revelaron un conocimiento incipiente de la toxicidad de estos metales, por lo que se procedió a la realización de charlas informativas de prevención y medidas profilácticas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedio son: En la Av Abancay de cadmio en sangre es 8,25 ug/L, manganeso en orina es 157,32ug/L y de plomo en sangre es 26,08ug/dL. En la Av A. Ugarte la concentración promedio de cadmio en sangre es 8,29ug/L, manganeso en orina es 143,82 ug/L y plomo en sangre es 24,34ug/dL. Estos resultados nos indican que el promedio de concentración de cadmio y plomo no superan los limites permisibles según OMS (plomo en sangre 40ug/dL y cadmio en sangre 10 ug/L.), sin embargo el promedio de concentración de manganeso en orina supera el límite permisible según OMS (manganeso en orina 40ug/L). Dichos resultados evidencian la necesidad de hacer un seguimiento y control continuo del nivel de cadmio, plomo y manganeso en sangre y/u orina de la población incidentalmente expuesta. / During February and March of 2005, we study the concentration of cadmium (in blood), lead (in blood) and manganesium (in urine) in a whole of 72 persons between ambulant polishers of footwears, watchmen, sellers of newspapers, sellers of counter and residents of Avenue Abancay y A. Ugarte which exposed to the pollution or exhibition of the toxic gases of the automobile park . The method used for the quantification of cadmiun, lead and manganesium were : cadmium in blood (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by graphite oven); lead in blood (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by flame) and manganesium in urine (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by graphite oven). There were realized surveys that shown that in the persons exposed incidentally there is a shallow knowledge of the toxicity of cadmium, lead and magnesium, for procedure was the accomplishment of informative chats of speechesof and prophylactic measurements. The obtained results indicate that, the concentration average: Avenue Abancay of cadmium in blood is 8.25 ug/L, manganesium in urine is 157, 32 ug/L and of lead in blood is 26,08 ug/dL. Avenue A. Ugarte, the concentration average of cadmium in blood is 8.29 ug/L, manganesium in urine is 143,82 ug/L and lead in blood is 24,34ug/dL. These results for cadmium and lead don’t surpass permissible limit according by OMS (cadmium in blood 10 ug/L and lead in blood 40 ug/dL), so the concentration average of manganesium in urine surpass permissible limit according by OMS(manganesium in urine is 40ug/L). The above mentioned results demostrate the need to do a follow-up and constant control of level of cadmium, lead and magnesium in blood and/or urine of the incidentally exposed population.

No description available.

The focal point of the case study is based on the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) as one of the initiatives agreed to at the Growth and Development Summit (GDS) in June 2003. The goal of the EPWP is to bridge the gap between the growing economy and the large numbers of unskilled and unemployed people who have not yet enjoyed the benefits of economic development. Taking into consideration that most of the unemployed are unskilled, the importance is on relatively unskilled work opportunities. This case study sought to understand the conceptualisation and operation of the EPWP in the eThekwini Municipality. It attempted to establish the extent to which the beneficiaries of the EPWP have been able to sustain decent jobs after the implementation of the EPWP within the Municipality. Against this backdrop, this case study drew conclusions on the conceptualisation and implementation of EPWP and made recommendations on how best to implement the programme. The study was largely qualitative seeking to establish people’s views and perceptions on the programme. In addition however, the study was enriched with one-on-one interviews which were held with selected officials so as to gain deeper understanding of the situation. / Thesis (MPA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.

The study was conducted to explore the experiences and perceptions of crime prevention managers on crime prevention programmes. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive investigative study was conducted in Umgungundlovu District Municipality. Interviews were conducted with eleven crime prevention managers, ten from South African Police Service and one from Umgungundlovu District Municipality. Data were analysed using content analysis. All crime prevention managers had a variety of crime prevention programmes implemented in their areas of operation. Generally, the crime prevention managers viewed their experiences as positive. Certain challenges were identified. Based on the findings, recommendations in terms of policy, practice and research are made. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

The purpose of this study is to uncover the extent, causes, and to find solutions to the decay in the inner city neighbourhood of Albert Park. The Albert Park area is at a stage where appropriate intervention is required to prevent the area from deteriorating further and to improve the quality of life for the people that live and work in the area. The sources used to carry out this study entailed researching various publications such as planning related books and journals to understand the dynamics of the inner city; urban renewal theories; and political and socio-economic theories. Newspaper articles and interviews of role players also informed the study. The research methods entailed a detailed study of the area where the researcher investigated the physical characteristics of each building in detail. These were defined as buildings in good, fair and poor condition. A systematic stratified sample was used to interview thirty residents from each building condition. The physical study of the area found that the area is presently experiencing a small pocket of decay. This is surrounded by buildings in fair condition, which are beginning to deteriorate to a state of disrepair and will soon become decayed if no intervention takes place. The questionnaire survey found that people throughout the area share similar requirements for the physical and socio-economic regeneration of the area. It was concluded that although the economic characterictics of the residents residing in buildings matched the physical condition of the building they occupied, the residents themselves were not responsible for the decay of apartments. The Albert Park area is being targeted mostly by poor people for residence close to employment opportunities. The decay in the area is the result of exploitation, by landlords and managers, of tenants as minor and major maintenance is not undertaken. The recommendations for Albert Park entail a holistic approach to the area's future development. The area is experiencing a cycle of change. This change is important for the area's residents and needs to be accommodated rather than stopped. The change in the area is allowing poorer people access to inner city housing which is limited at this time. It is also possible for people of different income groups to live together. This can be achieved through improving the physical condition of buildings and the area in general. The apartments in the area need minor and major renovations. It is also necessary for social planning as there is a high level of apathy among residents. There is also a need for crime to be stopped and more community facilities to be opened in the area. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2001.