With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Challenges of access to education in the developing world and elsewhere appear to be widespread. Many declarations and conventions have been developed to assist countries to respond to the issue. While challenges of access are universal, Africa in general and sub-Saharan Africa in particular are presented with additional concerns about gender equality and gender parity. While learner numbers seem to be on the decline globally, dropout amongst girls is disproportionately greater than amongst boys. Even though school retention presents a challenge at all levels of the schooling system, it is more acute for girls at the secondary school level. This study was conducted to examine and understand factors that shape retention of secondary school female learners in two rural public schools in Alimosho Region of Lagos State, Nigeria. The study design was qualitative and interpretive in nature. Data collection strategies included administered questionnaires in two schools, focus group discussion with twenty female learners in two schools, case studies, individual interviews with four participants from two schools, and observation in English and Biology classes where the two teachers from the two schools participated in the interviews. Ethical clearance from Alimosho Educational Region office and the two schools was obtained before undertaking the study. Participants’ school principals also signed written consent forms before interviews. The female learners were briefed about the study interview activities and advised that their participation was voluntary and that they were free to withdraw at any point. This study drew on Sen’s (1989, 2000) capabilities theory to understand the phenomenon beyond dominant discourses on education that view education as a basic human right or that focus on economic and development gains. The key finding of this study is that in-school and out- of- school factors interact in complex ways to support female learner retention. Key among these are value placed on education by female learners and significant others, particularly parents; family support; and individual aspirations. Extra-curricular participation, government policy, role models, and peer support were also found to be important factors that mediate progression and retention.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Office Management and Technology)-Durban Institute of Technology, 2004 v, 105 leaves / This topic was initiated because of love of community development and information communication application by the researcher. It was further strengthened by taking part during the International Wowen University (Ifu) practice in 2000. The main theme of the study was Information Age. Ifu is well known as the virtual university, which is based in Germany at the University of Hamburg. The researcher, together with eight other women from different countries, designed and developed a model for community development by using ICTs. The model can be used as a basic guide for similar projects. The work, therefore in this thesis is based on personal experiences shared experiences, and research as well as by reading others experiences. This study provides ideas for potential community development by using Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in rural areas with special reference to Ward Three of Durban Metro. The results of the study confirmed the saying “If you can’t beat them join them”. This study reported on research conducted in two different rural areas known as Bamshela and Ward Three. The results from the first area Bamshela, illustrated the way forward for Ward Three. Since the ICTs center exists in Bamshela the author received more information about the centre’s utilisation than its establishment. The focus on the second area emphasises the necessity, awareness and participation in community development. The three specifics focuses on whether there is a need for the ICTs centre for community development. Further more the study focused on areas where ICTs played prominent roles, such as in policy making, education, globalisation, ICTs, community development and participation of community members in community development projects.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

China is a country built on traditions and one of its most respected traditions is a preference for the family unit. The closeness of the family unit is carried over into the economic life of the country. Family members not only live together, but also work together in the fields or in enterprises. The advantage of this is that families have a guaranteed labour force that is not only loyal and can also be trusted. The disadvantage however is that positioning within the business is not always based on merit and competence, or trustworthiness which can ultimately impede growth. This research was an examination of Chinese family-owned businesses that focused on their management practices. The purpose of the study was to explore the management characteristics of Chinese family-owned businesses by means of interview data collected from five Chinese businesses in the Cape Metropolitan area. The emphasis of the project concentrated on the establishment, expansion and growth, ownership and leadership, management structure, the impact of cultural factors and the strategy for the future as well as challenges in terms of competitors and environments.

No abstract available.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar, describir y establecer relaciones entre las áreas de riesgo de estudiantes de secundaria y la conducta de intimidación entre pares. La muestra estuvo conformada por 257 estudiantes de 1ro, 3ro y 5to de secundaria regular, de dos colegios de Lima Metropolitana, uno nacional y el otro privado. Se aplicó la encuesta de conductas de riesgo e intimidación entre pares en adolescentes, elaborada para el presente estudio, estableciéndose la validez de contenido a través del criterio de jueces, con un coeficiente de Aiken de 0.889 para cada uno de los ítems. Se obtuvo una confiabilidad mediante el Alpha de Crombach de 0.808 en riesgo y 0.720 en intimidación. Los resultados principales comprueban la hipótesis de la existencia de una correlación directa y positiva entre los factores de riesgo, en las áreas: personal social, familiar, consumo de alcohol y drogas, y ambiente inseguro; y la conducta de intimidación entre pares (Correlación de Spearman=0.402). Se encontró que el puntaje total de intimidación está relacionado con el grado que cursan los estudiantes, de manera inversa (p=0.07), a mayor grado menor intimidación. Así mismo se hicieron comparaciones entre la posición que ocupan los estudiantes: testigo, víctima y agresor en la intimidación entre pares, de acuerdo al sexo, encontrándose que respecto a la posición de testigo, las mujeres tuvieron una mayor puntuación que los hombres (p=0.025), en contraste con la posición de agresor que los hombres obtuvieron una mayor puntuación que las mujeres (p=0.001). / Tesis

Durante los meses de Febrero a Mayo del 2005, se estudió la concentración de cadmio, plomo en sangre y manganeso en orina en un total de 72 personas entre ambulantes, lustradores de calzado, vigilantes, vendedores de periódicos, vendedores de mostrador y residentes en las Avs. Abancay y A. Ugarte, quienes están expuestos a la contaminación o exposición de los gases tóxicos del parque automotor respectivamente. Los métodos utilizados para la cuantificación de cadmio, plomo y manganeso fueron: cadmio en sangre, manganeso en orina (Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica por Horno de grafito); plomo en sangre (Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica por llama). Se realizaron encuestas que revelaron un conocimiento incipiente de la toxicidad de estos metales, por lo que se procedió a la realización de charlas informativas de prevención y medidas profilácticas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedio son: En la Av Abancay de cadmio en sangre es 8,25 ug/L, manganeso en orina es 157,32ug/L y de plomo en sangre es 26,08ug/dL. En la Av A. Ugarte la concentración promedio de cadmio en sangre es 8,29ug/L, manganeso en orina es 143,82 ug/L y plomo en sangre es 24,34ug/dL. Estos resultados nos indican que el promedio de concentración de cadmio y plomo no superan los limites permisibles según OMS (plomo en sangre 40ug/dL y cadmio en sangre 10 ug/L.), sin embargo el promedio de concentración de manganeso en orina supera el límite permisible según OMS (manganeso en orina 40ug/L). Dichos resultados evidencian la necesidad de hacer un seguimiento y control continuo del nivel de cadmio, plomo y manganeso en sangre y/u orina de la población incidentalmente expuesta. / -- During February and March of 2005, we study the concentration of cadmium (in blood), lead (in blood) and manganesium (in urine) in a whole of 72 persons between ambulant polishers of footwears, watchmen, sellers of newspapers, sellers of counter and residents of Avenue Abancay y A. Ugarte which exposed to the pollution or exhibition of the toxic gases of the automobile park . The method used for the quantification of cadmiun, lead and manganesium were : cadmium in blood (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by graphite oven); lead in blood (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by flame) and manganesium in urine (Atomic absorption spectrophotometry by graphite oven). There were realized surveys that shown that in the persons exposed incidentally there is a shallow knowledge of the toxicity of cadmium, lead and magnesium, for procedure was the accomplishment of informative chats of speechesof and prophylactic measurements. The obtained results indicate that, the concentration average: Avenue Abancay of cadmium in blood is 8.25 ug/L, manganesium in urine is 157, 32 ug/L and of lead in blood is 26,08 ug/dL. Avenue A. Ugarte, the concentration average of cadmium in blood is 8.29 ug/L, manganesium in urine is 143,82 ug/L and lead in blood is 24,34ug/dL. These results for cadmium and lead don’t surpass permissible limit according by OMS (cadmium in blood 10 ug/L and lead in blood 40 ug/dL), so the concentration average of manganesium in urine surpass permissible limit according by OMS(manganesium in urine is 40ug/L). The above mentioned results demostrate the need to do a follow-up and constant control of level of cadmium, lead and magnesium in blood and/or urine of the incidentally exposed population.

El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en Lima Metropolitana. Se determinaron dos contaminantes atmosféricos: el dióxido de nitrógeno y el dióxido de azufre. El estudio se desarrolló entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2009; donde se establecieron cinco estaciones de muestreo y se tomaron un total de 200 muestras. Los análisis se realizaron en el laboratorio del Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental (CICOTOX) de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la UNMSM. El método empleado para la determinación de dióxido de nitrógeno fue de Griess – Saltzman y para determinar el dióxido de azufre se usó el método modificado de West Gaeke. Durante los meses de estudio, el promedio de las concentraciones de dióxido de nitrógeno fue de 60,294 μg/m3, el cual se encuentra dentro del límite establecido por la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (100 μg/m3) y por encima del valor guía establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (40 μg/m3). El promedio de las concentraciones de dióxido de azufre fue de 35,121 μg/m3, el cual está dentro del límite establecido por la Dirección General de Salud Ambiental (80 μg/m3) y por encima del valor guía establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (20 μg/m3). Palabras Clave: Dióxido de nitrógeno, Dióxido de azufre, Dirección General de Salud Ambiental, Organización Mundial de la Salud. / -- This research work was developed in Lima Metropolitana. There were identified two air pollutains, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The investigation was conducted from November to December 2009, which set five sampling stations and took a total of 200 samples. Analysis was performed at the Toxicological Control, Information and Environmental Management Support Center (CICOTOX), Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, San Marcos University. The method for determining nitrogen dioxide was Griess-Saltzman and to determine sulfur dioxide was used the modified method of West Gaeke. During the months of research, average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide was 60,294 μg/m3, which is within the limit set by the Environmental Health Department (100 μg/m3), and above the guideline value set by the World Health Organization (40 μg/m3). The average concentrations of sulfur dioxide was 35,121 μg/m3, which is within the limit established by the General Directorate of Environmental Health (80 μg/m3), and above the guideline value set by the World Health (20 μg/m3). Key Words: Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Department of Environmental Health, World Health Organization.