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Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of supplemented feedstuffs to improve the performance of cattle consuming fescue-based rations. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate growth and reproductive characteristics of heifers consuming endophyte-infected (EI) fescue seed with or without sodium bicarbonate supplementation. Forty-eight heifers (8 mo; BW = 268 ± 24 kg) were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Treatments were either high-EI fescue seed without sodium bicarbonate (E+B-), high-EI fescue seed with sodium bicarbonate supplementation (E+B+), low-EI fescue seed without sodium bicarbonate (E-B-), or low-EI fescue seed with sodium bicarbonate supplementation (E-B+). At d 56, G:F (P= 0.084) and ADG (P = 0.071) tended to be improved for heifers fed E+B+. By d 84 bicarbonate supplementation tended to decrease ADG (P = 0.087). Bicarbonate supplementation ameliorated the negative effects of E+ at 28 d, but by d 84 negatively impacted animal performance. The objective of the second experiment was to determine the energy content of corn gluten feed (CGF) relative to corn in forage-based beef rations. Forty-two steers (13.8 ± 0.4 mo; BW = 382 ± 8 kg) were supplemented with either corn or CGF at 0.15% (L), 0.54% (M) or 0.96% (H) BW for 63 d. Steer ADG was greater for steers supplemented with CGF relative to steers supplemented with corn (P = 0.034). Energy value of CGF relative to corn was calculated by adjusting supplement TDN in the 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Model. The energy values of CGF relative to corn were 106%, 107%, and 112% for L, M, and H. / Master of Science / Tall fescue is the predominant forage in the southeast United States, and has a symbiotic relationship with an endophytic fungus, providing drought and pest resistance to the plant. However, the fungal endophytes produce toxic ergot alkaloids which can result in decreased performance when cattle consume tall fescue. Performance losses, resulting from the consumption of these ergot alkaloids, are costly and economical strategies to reduce the negative impact of endophyte-infected fescue consumption on animal performance are needed. Previous research indicates that ruminal buffering capacity and nutrient uptake may be impaired in cattle consuming endophyte-infected fescue seed. Providing a dietary buffer is a low-cost strategy that my help to improve nutrient utilization in cattle, resulting in improved animal performance. Aside from reduced performance resulting from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, forage nutrient content can vary throughout the year, resulting in situations where the animals’ nutrient requirements are not met by the forage alone. Historically, corn has been the major energy supplement used, but recent data suggest that co-products of the corn sweetener and ethanol industries have greater energy compared to corn in both feedlot and forage-based beef rations. Supplementing corn gluten feed at low levels may improve performance of cattle consuming forage-based rations without driving up the cost of production. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate two strategies to mitigate the negative effects of endophyte-infected fescue consumption on animal performance. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate to mitigate the negative effects of endophyte-infected fescue on replacement heifers. Heifers were fed a basal corn silage diet. Fescue seed and bicarbonate were supplemented at 1.5 kg/day and 0.25 kg/day, respectively. After a 56 d treatment period, bicarbonate supplementation tended to improve performance of heifers fed endophyte-infected seed with bicarbonate relative to those fed un-infected seed without bicarbonate supplementation. However, by d 84 of the experiment, the benefits of bicarbonate supplementation were no longer observed. More research is needed to understand why the benefits of sodium bicarbonate supplementation were not sustained over the full experimental period. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of corn gluten feed relative to corn when fed to steers consuming a forage-based ration. Steers had free-choice access to fescue hay, and individual hay and supplement intake were recorded daily. Steers supplemented with corn gluten feed had greater average daily gain than steers supplemented corn. This translated to a greater energy value relative to corn for all inclusion levels, exceeding model predictions. These experiments help to shed light on low-cost solutions to improve performance and profitability for fescue forage-based beef production systems.

Thesis (M. Sc.)(Animal Science)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 15, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-113).

No description available.

Masculinization of the female fetus by administration of androgens has been studied in domestic and many laboratory species. Research concerned with cattle has been based solely on neonatal examination of the genital structures; no studies have reported on postnatal growth and development of androgenized offspring. In the present study, pregnant cows were treated with l 7α-methyl-testosterone (MET, 250 mg/d, sq) from day 40 through 60 of gestation to induce virilization of female fetuses. Control cows received no treatment. At parturition, the phenotypic characteristics of each calf were recorded, including birth weight, ano-genital distance and the appearance of the external genitalia. Calves were weighed every 28 days, and the effects of sex and age on body weight were determined. Blood serum was obtained twice weekly from female calves beginning at ≃230 days of age. Serum was analyzed for progesterone (P₄) concentration by radioimmunoassay and the P₄ profiles were used to estimate the age at puberty and estrous cycle lengths. At 4, 8 and 12 months of age blood samples were collected every 15 min for 12 h from three male, female and androgenized female calves. Serum was analyzed for growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and thyroxine (T₄) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Visual examination of female calves born after MET exposure revealed that no external vulval opening was present; a penis, prepuce and scrotum had developed and gonads were not palpable in the scrotum. Mean birth weights were similar among male, untreated female and androgenized female calves, whereas weanling and yearling weights were greater (P < .07) in males and androgenized females than in untreated females. Androgen exposure did not affect the initiation or length of estrous cycles in female calves, however, puberty occurred at an earlier age (P < .05) compared with untreated heifers. Concentrations of GH in serum from androgenized female calves were generally lower than both males and untreated females, whereas concentrations of PRL and T₄ were similar to those of control female calves. / Master of Science

The economic necessity of a better production strategy on sourveld promoted this study. Production of marketable two-tooth steers in the summer season and overwintering of all cattle without excessive feed costs were motivating factors. The problems of economic beef production were identified as resulting from the seasonal flow of forage quality from sourveld grass production. Season long rests, early burning and non-selective grazing of nutritious grass were identified as essential elements of a new utilization strategy. A 'forage reserve', built into the system to cater for fluctuations in grass production due to varied climatic conditions, is used as an indicator of the seasonal stocking rate. This provides a barometer in relation to the economic and ecological carrying capacity of the property. Research was conducted on the winter utilization of rested veld and its effects on grass species composition and vigour in the following season. It was found that the winter grazing of the rested veld did not affect (P>0.05) the subsequent production in the three seasons of this study on 'Stratherne' in the Dundee district, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa (30°17'E 28°17'S). The grass species composition of four transects was recorded in 1994, prior to the implementation of the grazing system under test. The same transects were recorded again in 2002 to determine the effect of the change in utilization on grass species composition. It was found that a more productive state was developing in response to the strategy implemented in this study. The general trend has been for sites to move from a Hyparrhenia hirta dominated state to a more productive one associated with species such as Themeda triandra. Summer mass gains of steers (147 kg and 143 kg over the two summers) have improved over the previous systems applied (average 119 kg), as a result of the more nutritious grazing. A greater proportion reached market readiness as two-year old to two and half year olds (97%) on veld, which is far superior to the 38% quoted from research using similar Bonsmara type steers from 'conventional' systems. Monitoring and flexibility are important in the application of the strategy to conditions in Africa. The principles of adaptive management (monitoring, recording, constant learning and adaptation) will build a data base to ensure long-term success of the strategy. A change of focus in grazing strategy from needs of animals to the needs of plants is strongly advocated. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1932 F61