Because of the adaptation to technological and social changes, the advertising environment is constantly evolving and today the central part of online advertising is called Programmatic advertising. It’s an automated media buying technique that involves targeting individual consumers in real-time. However, previous research shows that high frequency is one of the most important issues within programmatic advertising and not all ads bought programmatically is in frame of a good frequency. Furthermore, theories indicate that frequency influences consumers’ attitudes towards advertising, which lead to our research question: “How does high frequency exposure affect consumers’ attitudes towards programmatic advertising?” The purpose of this research is therefore to get a deeper understanding of how highly frequent exposure of programmatic advertising affect consumers’ attitudes towards it. We found that Irritation, Invasiveness, Likeability of relevance and Recognition are terms examined in previous studies related to individually targeted advertising or frequently exposed advertising. In order to carry out an explanatory research, we measured these variables including frequency with a quantitative survey and made statistical calculations such as correlation and regression analyses to see if our hypotheses were supported. The analyses indicated average causal relationships between Frequency and Irritation as well as between Frequency and Likeability of relevance whereas the causal relationships between Frequency and the other two variables were weak. We concluded based on our study that highly frequent exposed programmatic advertising is affecting consumer attitudes both positively with relevance, and negatively causing irritation. However, the relevance that comes with programmatic advertising generates a stronger feeling of likeability than of irritation. / Annonsering utvecklas ständigt, främst genom anpassning till tekniska och sociala förändringar, och idag kallas den centrala delen av onlineannonsering för Programmatisk annonsering. Det är en automatiserad metod för att köpa individuellt riktade annonser i realtid. Tidigare forskning visar dock att hög frekvens är ett av de viktigaste problemen inom programmatisk annonsering. Vidare indikerar tidigare teorier att frekvens influerar konsumenters attityder gentemot annonsering vilket ledde fram till vår problemformulering: “Hur påverkar hög frekvens av programmatisk annonsering konsumenters attityder?”. Vårt syfte med uppsatsen var därmed att få en djupare förståelse för hur frekvent exponering av programmatisk annonsering påverkar konsumenters attityder mot det. Vi konstaterade att Irritation, Inkräktande, Relevans och Igenkännande är termer som är granskade i tidigare forskning relaterat till individuell riktning av annonsering eller frekvent annonsering. För att kunna genomföra en förklarande undersökning mätte vi dessa variabler samt Frekvens i ett kvantitativt frågeformulär och gjorde statistiska uträkningar som korrelation - och regressionsanalyser för att se om vi har stöd för våra hypoteser. Analyserna indikerade ett medelstarkt kausalt samband mellan Frekvens och Irritation samt mellan Frekvens och Relevans medan de kausala sambanden mellan Frekvens och de två andra variablerna var svagt. Baserat på vår studie kunde vi dra slutsatsen att frekvent exponering av programmatisk annonsering påverkar konsumenters attityder både positivt genom relevans och negativt genom skapandet av irritation. Relevansen som kommer med programmatisk annonsering genererade dock högre uppskattning än känslan av irritation.

In this dissertation, I investigate how different aspects of the procurement process and evaluation affect bidding behavior. In essay 1, we attempt to map public procurements in Sweden by gathering a representative sample of procurements. We find that framework agreements and multiple-contract procurements represent a very large share of total government spending. The total value procured by government authorities, municipalities and counties accounts to 215 BSEK yearly, which we believe is an underestimate due to data issues. Essay 2 suggests a simple method for of estimating bidding costs in public procurement, and are empirically estimated to be approximately 2 percent of the procurement value using a comprehensive dataset and approximately 0.5 percent for a more homogeneous road re-pavement dataset. Our method provides reasonable estimates with, compared to other methods, relatively low data requirements. Essay 3 investigates the effect of quality evaluation on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Contrary to common belief, SMEs’ participation does not increase when evaluating quality, and their probability to win procurements decreases compared with that of large firms. In essay 4, the bidders’ decision to apply for a procurement review “appeal” is investigated. Contrary to procurers’ beliefs, evaluating quality is found not to have any statistically significant effect on the probability of appeals. Instead, I empirically confirm theoretical prediction of the 1st runner-up’s decision to claim the evaluation to be redone, as well as free-riding in appealing. In essay 5, we test whether spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusion in procurement data. We apply this method on a known cartel and test during and after the period the cartel was active. Our estimates support the proposition that spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusive behavior.

[pt] Com base em alguns conceitos de planejamento, que buscam utilizar recursos materiais e humanos de forma racional e eficiente, e na Lei Nacional das Licitações, Lei 8.666/93, que normatiza as contratações feitas pelas empresas públicas, este trabalho estuda os procedimentos adotados em um processo de licitação e apresenta uma proposta para otimizar esses processos e suas consequentes contratações. Discute-se a metodologia de planejamento adaptativo, o processo de Gestão de Conhecimento e a estratégia empresarial de aperfeiçoamento de processos de modo a compor uma base teórica para dar suporte ao projeto de melhoria de desempenho e otimização dos processos licitatórios. Este trabalho analisa também as condições de aplicação da Lei 8.666/93, os procedimentos que devem ser adotados para realização de licitações e descreve os processos licitatórios de contratação de serviços, obras e fornecimento de bens da Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos - CBTU, regidos pelas diretrizes da Lei 8.666/93. A partir de uma análise crítica desses processos e da Lei Nacional de Licitações, apresenta-se uma proposta para otimização desses processos. / [en] Based in some planning concepts which take advantage of human and material resources rationally and efficiently as much as on Bidding Brazilian Law, which regulates the public contracts, this work studies the procedures used in bidding processes and presents a proposition to optimize then and their contracts. This work also considers the adaptive planning methodology, the knowledge management process improvement, so that to compose a theorical base to support the performance progress and optimization of bidding processes. Finally, this work realizes a critical analysis of bidding national law and CBTU bidding processes presenting a optimization for such processes.

This study examines the effect of using toeholds in domestic and cross-border acquisitionprocesses on the bidder’s acquisition performance. The sample constitutes 1,701 acquisitionsof European listed firms over the period 2003-2016. Results reveal significant evidence of anadverse effect of toeholds on the bidder’s acquisition performance. However, in cross-borderacquisitions, the use of toeholds results on average in significantly higher abnormal returns.Finally, the use of toeholds is found to be more efficient in target countries with a civil-lawsystem compared to countries with a common-law system. Overall, these findings increase ourunderstanding of management actions about the application of toeholds as an acquisitionstrategy.

The thesis presents RTB as a new way of buying media. The theoretical part defines the display advertising market, compares different ways of buying media and deeper describes functions of individual entities within the RTB ecosystem. In the application part are used methods such as the deep interviewing, the primary data analysis from the Adform DSP platform and the content analysis, to characterize the Czech market which is also compared with selected markets of Central and Eastern Europe. A future development of RTB on the Czech market is outlined by means of expert interviews. Shortcomings of the current solution are identified based on comparison and analysis of results of retargeting campaigns for the selected subject. Furthermore, an appropriate modification of a retargeting strategy is proposed with support of experts.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-19T11:32:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Caroline Pereira Bona - Pregão Eletrônico e o Princípio da Eficiência.pdf: 1326545 bytes, checksum: 19e1c53fff7f896447b9c794b3d2222b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T11:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Caroline Pereira Bona - Pregão Eletrônico e o Princípio da Eficiência.pdf: 1326545 bytes, checksum: 19e1c53fff7f896447b9c794b3d2222b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / A distribuição de competência aos municípios do Brasil decorre do federalismo brasileiro dominante na Constituição de 1988 o qual busca aproximar governo e sociedade. Assim, desde então, o município vem assumindo a tarefa de prestar os serviços básicos aos cidadãos, como os relacionados à saúde, à educação, à infraestrutura e ao saneamento. Essa responsabilidade requer que as compras se façam de forma eficiente, por meio da modalidade de licitação pregão eletrônico, em virtude da escassez de recursos públicos. O pregão eletrônico surgiu pela necessidade de se dar maior concorrência, mais agilidade, mais transparência e accountability aos processos licitatórios. Tal mudança na gestão pública incorporou-se no modelo gerencial respaldado no princípio da eficiência, no sentido de atender às novas demandas no Estado e, consequentemente, na administração pública. O pregão eletrônico na comissão permanente de licitações de materiais é o caso que escolhemos para estudo, a fim de conhecermos como o sistema opera na Prefeitura do Recife para a aquisição dos bens necessários ao seu funcionamento, no período de 2011 a 2014, e se as aquisições têm sido benéficas ao município em todos os aspectos. / The distribution of powers to municipalities in Brazil stems from the dominant Brazilian federalism in the Constitution of 1988 which seeks to bring government and society closer. So, since then, cities have taken on the task of providing basic services to citizens, such as those related to health, education, infrastructure and sanitation. These assignments require that the purchases take place efficiently, through electronic bidding mode, because of the scarcity of public resources. The electronic bidding mode was created to increase competition, flexibility, transparency and accountability to the procurement procedure. Such a change in public governance has been incorporated in the management model supported by the principle of efficiency, in order to meet the new demands in the state and hence in public administration. The electronic bidding mode on the Permanent Procurement of Materials Committee is the object choosen to study in order to know how the system operates in the city of Recife for the acquisition of the assets necessary for its operation, between the period from 2011 to 2014, and if the acquisitions have been beneficial to the city in all aspects.

While regular maintenance of roads and bridges are essential to ensure a high level of service for road users, road users typically do not prefer having to drive through a construction zone because of the lower speed and increased possibilities of crashes. These road user inconveniences are typically ignored or not given much weight while planning, developing, and awarding construction and maintenance projects. Typically, a contractor with the lowest bid is awarded a construction project irrespective of whether the project will be completed in a shorter or longer duration if the duration is within a provided limit. Such a decision-making process, known as "the apparent lowest bidder," is the most common method for selecting the best contractor for construction projects, even though quicker completion of a construction project results in reduced inconvenience to the road users. To overcome this limitation, state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have started to use the monetary quantification of the road user inconveniences, known as the road user cost, while selecting the best contractor for a project. However, monetary quantification of the road user cost is a significant challenge to state DOTs. Many state DOTs lack a systematic methodology to compute the road user cost or have inconsistent methodologies within the same state DOT. Currently, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) does not have a systematic methodology to compute the road user cost. This study aims to review existing methodologies from other state DOTs across the U.S. to identify the best practices for calculating the road user cost. To achieve this, the study reviewed existing literature on the subject and conducted a nationwide survey questionnaire covering all 50 state DOTs. The survey result shows that 34 out of 37 responding state DOTs are currently calculating the road user cost. More than half of the state DOTs have developed their state-specific methodologies for various purposes, including A+B contract evaluation, incentives/disincentives determination, and benefit-cost analysis for alternative project evaluation. The delay cost and the vehicle operating costs are the two most common components to compute the road user costs. As the road user cost calculation requires additional time and effort, it is calculated only for a limited number of construction projects based on the project's duration, location, and complexity. Most state DOTs prefer and use a spreadsheet-based tool to ease the calculation process. The survey results provide the most extensive and detailed information about the current practices of calculating the road user costs in the U.S. The survey results will be used to develop a new methodology to compute road user costs for TDOT. Other state DOTs can also use the study's findings to improve their road user cost calculation methodologies. Such improved methodology will help state DOTs make more informed contract-management decisions and reduce inconveniences to road users. Keywords: Road User's Cost, Department of Transportation, Work Zone, A+B Bidding

Expensive medicine cost is always a thorny livelihood problem that most people complain about in China. From pharmaceutical factories to consumers, medicines prices increases several times during the circulation. Due to this situation, many hospitals launched different pattern of purchasing and selling medicines to decrease patients’ drug costs. Among them, the uniform bidding mode is the mode most commonly used by state-operated institutions in China. However, as a typical innovation pattern of purchasing and selling medicines, the drug direct supply mode launched by Hubei Zhongshan Hospital has achieved remarkable progress.   In this thesis, I intend to analyze these two modes and compare the performance of them to give some suggestions for future medical reform. The unified bidding mode achieved a win-win-win between pharmaceutical suppliers, medical institutions and patients. The direct supply mode compressed intermediate circulations to transfer multilayer wholesalers' profits to the patients to reduce their burden of medicine costs. However, the introduction of this purchasing mode may lead to market concentration which may influence prices in the longer run. For future medical reform, in the long run, the key is the separation of medical services and pharmaceutical sales. However, from a short-term perspective, direct supply mode can be adopted to solve the core issue of excessive price-adding in medicine circulations.

Los riesgos son eventos inciertos que pueden configurarse en amenaza u oportunidades, cuya probabilidad e impacto dependerá de su identificación y las acciones a tomar, para poder aprovecharlos, transferirlos, mitigarlos o eliminarlos. El presente trabajo de investigación busca plantear un proceso de gestión de riesgos que pueda adaptarse a los procesos de elaboración de propuestas técnico-económicas de empresa constructoras viales, con la finalidad de incrementar las probabilidades de terminar los proyectos dentro del plazo y costo estimados. Los procesos propuestos tratan de evitar que las empresas constructoras estén inmersas en penalidades que posteriormente serán llevadas a arbitrajes generando gastos para ambas partes (contratista y entidad). Además, que se eviten los problemas sociales ya que se cumplen los proyectos en el tiempo esperado evitando afectación de los usuarios y de los stakeholders. En el capítulo 2 se hace un resumen de las metodologías de gestión de riesgos más ampliamente difundidas, las cuales son ISO 31000: 2018, modelo de Gestión de Riesgos del PMI - Project Management Institute (PMBOK 2013), modelo de gestión riesgo del PRINCE 2, modelo de gestión de riesgo según AACE (American Association of Cost Engineering). En cuanto al capítulo 3, se expone los escenarios internos y externos de la organización, con la finalidad de entender el impacto que tienen los riesgos identificados en el capítulo 4, en este ítem, mostramos la propuesta de valor del presente estudio de investigación exponiendo el proceso de gestión planteado aplicado en un proceso elaboración de una propuesta económica de un servicio de conservación, reposición y/o recuperación de infraestructura vial. Como consecuencia de la aplicación de los procesos planteados se espera que los contratistas puedan plantear propuestas técnico – económicas cuya variabilidad este controlada, asegurando el adecuado desempeño de la organización reflejada en márgenes de utilidad esperadas. / Risks are uncertain events that can be configured as threats or opportunities, the probability and impact of which will depend on their identification and the actions to be taken, in order to take advantage of, transfer, mitigate or eliminate them. This research work seeks to propose a risk management process that can be adapted to the processes of preparing technical-economic proposals of road construction companies, in order to increase the probability of completing the projects within the estimated time and cost. The proposed processes try to avoid that the construction companies are immersed in penalties that will later be taken to arbitration generating expenses for both parties (contractor and entity). In addition, that social problems are avoided since projects are fulfilled in the expected time avoiding affecting users and Stakeholders. Chapter 2 summarizes the most widely disseminated risk management methodologies, which are ISO 31000: 2018, Risk Management model of the PMI - Project Management Institute (PMBOK 2013), risk management model of PRINCE 2, risk management model according to AACE (American Association of Cost Engineering). Regarding chapter 3, the internal and external scenarios of the organization are exposed, in order to understand the impact of the risks identified in chapter 4, in this item, we show the value proposition of this research study exposing the proposed management process applied in a process of preparing an economic proposal for a service for the conservation, replacement and / or recovery of road infrastructure. As a consequence of the application of the proposed processes, it is expected that the contractors will be able to propose technical - economic proposals whose variability is controlled, ensuring the adequate performance of the organization reflected in expected profit margins. / Trabajo de investigación

Wind power has been growing rapidly in Sweden over the past decade as the country focuses on 100% renewable energy by 2040. The thesis seeks to investigate if increased wind power has had a dampening effect on the hourly day-ahead spot prices in Sweden’s bidding area SE3. An empirical approach is undertaken to estimate the impact that wind power has had onprices. Hourly spot prices for bidding area SE3 for the years 2016-2019 are analysed using a multivariate regression method. Other important variables like hydropower and nuclear production which are very significant in the Swedish electricity market are controlled for in the study. The results confirm that in the period 2016-2019, bidding SE3 experienced a merit order effect on price caused by increased wind power. The study shows that a 1% increase inwind power production is estimated to have decreased SE3 hourly spot prices by between 0.0268% and 0.059% between 2016 and 2019.