O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o sistema de franchise bidding como uma alternativa à regulação tradicional, tomando-se como exemplo as concessões de rodovias, tanto do ponto de vista teórico como empírico. A partir do estudo de caso envolvendo o programa de concessões rodoviárias gaúchas, o presente trabalho realizou uma análise comparativa entre o sistema de franchise bidding, também conhecido na literatura como leilão de Demsetz (1968), e a regulação direta, identificando-se os principais pressupostos teóricos, as características e os problemas enfrentados e, ainda, as similaridades e diferenças existentes entre os dois modelos propostos. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o diagnóstico realizado por Williamson (1976), indicando que regulação e franchise bidding diferem somente na forma e não em espécie. / The aim of this study is to analyze franchise bidding as an alternative to traditional regulatory systems, approaching both empirically and theoretically the highway concessions as an example. Taking the highway concession program from the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a study case, this study compares the franchise bidding system, also known in the literature as Demsetz bidding (1968), with direct regulation and identifies the main theoretical assumptions, characteristics and problems experienced as well as the similarities and differences between both models. The results confirm Williamson’s (1976) diagnosis showing that regulation and franchise bidding differ only in form rather than kind.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions deux applications des processus stochastiques au marketing internet. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse au scoring d’internautes pour les enchères en temps réel. Ce problème consiste à trouver la probabilité qu’un internaute donné réalise une action d’intérêt, appelée conversion, dans les quelques jours suivant l’affichage d’une bannière publicitaire. Nous montrons que les processus de Hawkes constituent une modélisation naturelle de ce phénomène mais que les algorithmes de l’état de l’art ne sont pas applicables à la taille des données typiquement à l’œuvre dans des applications industrielles. Nous développons donc deux nouveaux algorithmes d’inférence non-paramétrique qui sont plusieurs ordres de grandeurs plus rapides que les méthodes précédentes. Nous montrons empiriquement que le premier a de meilleures performances que les compétiteurs de l’état de l’art, et que le second permet une application à des jeux de données encore plus importants sans payer un prix trop important en terme de pouvoir de prédiction. Les algorithmes qui en découlent ont été implémentés avec de très bonnes performances depuis plusieurs années à 1000 mercis, l’agence marketing d’avant-garde étant le partenaire industriel de cette thèse CIFRE, où ils sont devenus un actif important pour la production. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux processus diffusifs sur les graphes qui constituent un outil important pour modéliser la propagation d’une opération de marketing viral sur les réseaux sociaux. Nous établissons les premières bornes théoriques sur le nombre total de nœuds atteint par une contagion dans le cadre de graphes et dynamiques de diffusion quelconques, et montrons l’existence de deux régimes bien distincts : le régime sous-critique où au maximum $O(sqrt{n})$ nœuds seront infectés, où $n$ est la taille du réseau, et le régime sur-critique ou $O(n)$ nœuds peuvent être infectés. Nous étudions également le comportement par rapport au temps d’observation $T$ et mettons en lumière l’existence de temps critiques en-dessous desquels une diffusion, même sur-critique sur le long terme, se comporte de manière sous-critique. Enfin, nous étendons nos travaux à la percolation et l’épidémiologie, où nous améliorons les résultats existants. / In this thesis, we study two applications of stochastic processes in internet marketing. The first chapter focuses on internet user scoring for real-time bidding. This problem consists in finding the probability for a given user to perform an action of interest, called conversion, in the next few days. We show that Hawkes processes are well suited for modelizing this phenomena but that state-of-the-art algorithms are not applicable to the size of datasets involved. We therefore develop two new algorithms able to perform nonparametric multivariate Hawkes process inference orders of magnitude faster than previous methods. We show empirically that the first one outperforms state-of-the-art competitors, and the second one scales to very large datasets while keeping very high prediction power. The resulting algorithms have been implemented with very good performances for several years in 1000mercis, a pioneering marketing agency being the industrial partner of this CIFRE PhD, where they became an important business asset. The second chapter focuses on diffusion processes graphs, an important tool for modelizing the spread of a viral marketing operation over social networks. We derive the first theoretical bounds for the total number of nodes reached by a contagion for general graphs and diffusion dynamics, and show the existence of two well distinct regimes: the sub-critical one where at most $O(sqrt{n})$ nodes are infected, where $n$ is the size of the network, and the super-critical one where $O(n)$ nodes can be infected. We also study the behavior wrt to the observation time $T$ and reveals the existence of critical times under which a long-term super-critical diffusion process behaves sub-critically. Finally, we extend our works to different application fields, and improve state-of-the-art results in percolation and epidemiology.

Trading optimal wind power in energy and regulation market offers possibil-ities for increasing revenues as well as impacting security of the system in apositive way[33]. The bidding in both energy and regulation markets can bedone through stochastic optimization process of both markets.Stochastic optimization can be possible once the probabilistic forecst is avail-able through ensemble forecast methodology. For stochastic optimization, thepost-processing of the ensembles to generate quantiles that will be used in op-timization can be accomplished by employing different methodology. In thisstudy, we will concentrate on the impact of post-processing of ensembles onthe stochastic optimization.Generation of quantiles needed for stochastic optimization used herein formarket optimization will be the main focus of the investigation. The impactof price ratios between energy and reserve market will be also investigated toanalyse the impact of said ratios on the revenues. Furthermore this analysiswill be performed for both US and Swedish markets.

容積移轉(Transfer of Development Rights, TDR)制度，源自於歐美國家為保護自然環境、生態環境及文化資產所創設之發展權移轉，多應用於歷史古蹟、歷史保存區與環境敏感地區之保護及保存，此外，並利用都市成長管理計畫加以管理。而在台灣地區，因政府長期受限於公共設施保留地取得問題，故而將容積移轉適用範圍擴大應用於公共設施保留地取得，於是各縣市政府陸續依據內政部訂定之「都市計畫容積移轉實施辦法」訂定自治條例。 政府為解決私有既成道路徵收補償問題，於是訂定「中央補助直轄市縣市政府取得私有既成道路試辦計畫」，希望能以競標方式為手段取得私有既成道路，基於私有既成道路因係私有財產權受有財產權制度性保障，以避免民眾權益受到損害，解決社會不公平問題。 本研究採取對容積移轉及競標制度相關理論做文獻回顧，認為藉由實施容積移轉制度確實是一種可保護自然環境、生態環境、文化資產及取得公共設施保留地的一種方法，卻不是唯一可行的方式，在制度面上有許多未盡周延或實際操作上極待克服的課題。 從本研究中發現容積移轉制度的容積價值換算及競標制度的競標價格，並不能真實補償私有公共設施保留地土地所有權長期無法補償的損失，且確實尚未達到各縣市土地徵收補償標準及容積移轉適用性。期望藉由建構競標價格權重分配模型之補償機制，確立合理的競標價格補償比例規範，透過量化標準尋找競標價格補償比例，其目的是作為日後增修法令調整項目核給競標比例之參考。 政府制定及執相關都市計畫政策都應要有宏觀的視野，對於容積移轉及競標政策，我們認為政府的設計與做法應該更謹慎，才是一個政府永續經營的負責態度，才能為人民建立一個安居樂業的生活環境。 / The mechanism of TDR is for the protection of the conservation of natural environment and eco-system and cultural assets in United States and Europe area. Most casts of TDR are used to reserve the historical district and the sensitive areas, in addition to manage the urban development. In Taiwan, the government expands the use of TDR to retain the lands for public-facilities use, in order to resolve the long-tern struggling of the storage of public-facilities lands. Base on the regulation of the 「The Implementation Measures of TDR in Urban Planning」, the local government formulate the measures one after another. The government in order to solve the issue of the compensation for privately owned road expropriation. To formulate the「The central government subsidy municipalities and counties to obtain a privately owned road into a pilot project」, it is hoped that a privately owned road can be obtained by bidding means. Based on the private ownership of the road, because of the system of private property rights protected by property rights. To avoid damage of the public rights and interests. And solve the problem of social unfair. In this thesis, the capacity transfer theory and the bidding mechanism are reviewed. We conclude that the current system of the capacity transfer is one method to conservation of natural environment and eco-system and cultural assets and in the acquisition of the public reserved but not the only best one. There are still some problems in the system, especially in the practical execution aspect. We found that the current formula for the estimation of the capacity value in the capacity transfer system and the bidding price in the bidding mechanism, they do not really compensate the loss of the long-term private ownership of the public reserved. Furthermore, it does not meet the standard of the compensation for expropriating land, neither does the capacity transfer appropriation. Except to build the compensation mechanism of bidding price weighting allocation model. Establish the reasonable compensation proportion specification of bidding price. Find the compensation proportion specification of bidding price through the quantification criteria. The purpose is to adjust the project as a future increase in the proportion of approved bidding reference. The government should have a global consideration in the urban planning and in enhancement of the living quality in the city. For the capacity transfer theory and the bidding mechanism, we suggest that the government should be more prudent designing the system and the execution. For the sustainable management, it is a responsibility for a city government to help citizens lead their happy life.

Title: The analysis of the issue of hosting the Olympic Games. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe the functioning of the Olympic Movement, the development of the Olympic Games size, the development of the Olympic Marketing, the bidding process for the Games and to examine this reality in light of the problems each subject creates. Identify positive and negative aspects of the Olympic Games through SWOT analysis. Furthermore, this thesis aims to determine how the Olympic Agenda 2020 is changing the function of the Olympic Movement, the Olympic Games and how it contributes to the future sustainability of games. Used methods: This thesis is a theoretical paper that has a descriptive and analytical nature, so the main method used is an analysis and study of documents, literature and web sources. The information was analyzed and comprehensively processed. Results: Identified problems can be summarized in these points: Decreased interest in bidding for the Olympics due to non existing government guarantees, rejection of Olympics from residents, negative perception of gigantism. Hosting the Olympics is historically linked with cost overruns, for the Summer Games of 230%, for the Winter Games of 94%. China is expected to become the sport epicenter. Gigantism threatens Olympic ideals and...

[pt] A eficiência energética (EE) terá um papel cada vez mais importante para garantir o futuro das novas gerações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é estimar o quanto o PNEf (Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética), publicado pelo governo brasileiro no final de 2011 irá economizar ao longo dos próximos 5 anos, evitando a construção de usinas de energia adicionais, bem como reduzindo a emissão de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera. É também objetivo deste trabalho definir as premissas e formular diretrizes para que um possível leilão de eficiência energética seja implantado no Brasil. O custo marginal de operacão é calculado no planejamento de médio prazo do despacho para o sistema hidro-térmico brasileiro utilizando Programação Dinâmica Dual Estocástica. Foi incorporado no modelo do despacho hidro-térmico as políticas de eficiência energética de forma estocástica, havendo assim, vários cenários para a demanda de energia elétrica. Demonstrou-se que, mesmo para uma modesta redução do consumo com políticas de eficiência energética (menor que 1 porcento por ano), há uma economia nos próximos 5 anos em torno de 237 milhões de reais no cenário conservador e 268 milhões de reais no cenário otimista. Em comparação, a nova usina hidrelétrica Belo Monte irá custar em torno de 26 bilhões de reais a serem pagos ao longo de um período de 30 anos (ou seja, 867 milhões de reais em 1 anos). Conclui-se que, políticas de eficiência energética são preferíveis à construção de uma nova usina, mesmo sendo esta de fonte hidráulica. / [en] Energy efficiency will play an increasingly important role in future generations. The aim of this work is to estimate how much the PNEf (National Plan for Energy Efficiency) launched by the Brazilian government in 2011 will save over the next 5 years by avoiding the construction of additional power plants, as well as the amount of the CO2 emission. Besides, it is the aim of this work introduces the premises and guidelines of a possible demand side bidding in Brazil. The marginal operating cost is computed for medium term planning of the dispatching of power plants in the hydro-thermal system using Stochastic Dynamic Dual Programming, after incorporating stochastic energy efficiencies into the demand for electricity. We demonstrate that even for a modest improvement in energy efficiency (less than 1 percent per year), the savings over the next 5 years range from 237 million reais in the conservative scenario to 268 million reais in the optimistic scenario. By comparison the new Belo Monte hydro-electric plant will cost 26 billion reais to be repaid over a 30 year period (i.e. 867 million reais in 1 years). So in Brazil energy efficiency policies are preferable to building a new power plant.

O processo de agravamento dos problemas socioambientais induz a sociedade em geral a repensar em como agir a respeito das questões ambientais e a buscar um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. O setor público possui um papel elementar na construção de um mundo que apresente ações mais sustentáveis. No Brasil, o tema sustentabilidade ganha destaque, ainda que de forma incipiente, com o advento da Constituição Federal de 1988. Mais tarde, surge a Agenda Ambiental na Administração Pública – A3P, classificada como um programa fundamental no compromisso de fortalecer a responsabilidade socioambiental nas atividades da gestão pública. As compras realizadas pelas instituições públicas são responsáveis pela movimentação de um grande volume de bens e, portanto, representam um impacto significativo nas questões ambientais. Por este motivo, o eixo das licitações sustentáveis da A3P é considerado por alguns autores como sendo o mais importante. Diversas ações têm sido implementadas por órgãos da administração pública, a partir da inclusão de critérios considerados sustentáveis em seus editais de licitação. Assim, surge a questão: a Universidade Federal de Alfenas tem adotado critérios sustentáveis em suas licitações, contribuindo assim com o avanço da sustentabilidade? Para responder ao questionamento, este trabalho se propôs a analisar as licitações da universidade com o intuito de verificar se estão sendo incluídos critérios sustentáveis nos editais para aquisição de bens e contratação de serviços, no período de 2015 a setembro de 2016, a partir de um roteiro metodológico - com base em outras pesquisas já realizadas sobre o tema. Após a análise de seus editais, pôde-se constatar que a Universidade Federal de Alfenas - MG apresenta práticas sustentáveis por meio de suas compras e contratações. Embora, de modo geral, a universidade tenha sido capaz de apresentar vários critérios sustentáveis em seus editais, pondera-se, ao final desta pesquisa, algumas críticas e sugestões, como a proposta de que a universidade expanda as práticas já realizadas para um número maior de itens, mantendo um padrão de inclusão dos critérios sustentáveis em suas licitações. Após a comprovação da possibilidade de realização de licitações nos modelos sustentáveis, sugeriu-se ainda que a universidade incorpore em suas licitações as práticas adotadas por outras instituições públicas, uma vez que realiza licitações para itens de mesma categoria. / The aggravation process of social environmental problems induce general society to rethink how to act about environmental issues and to search for a more sustainable development. The public sector has a fundamental role on building a world that features more sustainable actions. In Brazil, the sustainability subject became highlighted, although incipiently, with the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Later, the Public Administration Environmental Agenda – A3P was born, classified as a key program in the commitment to strengthen social environmental responsibility in public management activities. The purchases made by public institutions are responsible for the circulation of a great volume of goods and therefore represent a significant impact on environmental issues. For this reason, the sustainable bidding axis of A3P is considered by some authors as the most important. Several actions have been implemented by public administration agencies from the inclusion of criteria considered to be sustainable in their bidding edictals. Thus, the question arises: the Alfenas Federal University has adopted sustainable criteria in its bids, thus contributing to the advancement of sustainability? To answer the question, this work intends to analyze the biddings of the university with the purpose of verifying that sustainable criteria are being included in the bidding documents for the acquisition of goods and contracting services, in the period from 2015 to September 2016, from a methodological roadmap - based on other researches about the subject. After the analysis of its edictals, it was found that the Alfenas Federal University – Minas Gerais features sustainable practices on its purchases and hiring process. Although generally the university has been capable to feature several sustainable criteria on its edictals, at the end of this research some comments and suggestions are pondered, such as the proposal that the university expands the already made practices to a greater number of items, maintaining a sustainable criteria inclusion pattern on its biddings. After the verification of the possibility to make biddings according to sustainable models, it was also suggested that the university could incorporate to its biddings the practices adopted by other public institutions, as it performs biddings for items of the same category.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Cecilio Moreira Pires.pdf: 642859 bytes, checksum: d49ca5e6b96e349920932cdef04059bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / The scope of this study was to examine the possibility of disregarding the legal entities in the application of the penalties restricting the right to bid and contract with the Public Administration, brought for the Laws 8.666/93 and 10.520/02. The choice of subject is justified on the grounds that the shareholders of the companies bidding participants, when sanctioned by any of the penalties restricting the right to bid and hire with the Public Administration, are in another company, often with the same partners, social object and address .The reason they continue to bid and contract with the government, in a clear breach and abuse of the law, which is supported by the Public Administration due to the lack of formal law to authorize the disregard of the legal entity of these companies. The present work involved research and examination of doctrine, national and foreigner, as well as legislation and concrete cases in the jurisprudence. We start with the concept of the norm and the illegal, through the examination of administrative penalty and its legal system to, soon after, analyze the penalties provided for the art. 87, III and IV, of Law 8.666/93 and art. 7, of Law 10.520/02, highlighting the "sine qua non" condition of the instauration of the administrative process, as required for the Law 9.784/99, in obedience to the principle of due process, until we get to the disregard of the legal entity in the context of the general theory of law. Finally, we examine the disregard of the legal entity in the application of penalties restricting the right to bid and hire with the Public Administration, sustaining the principle of morality, unavailability of public interest, efficiency and impartiality, and the mandatory principles of motivation, reasonableness and proportionality, as a way to attend to the substantive due process / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi examinar a possibilidade da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica na aplicação das penas restritivas do direito de licitar e contratar, previstas nas Leis 8.666/93 e 10.520/02. A escolha do tema, justifica-se em razão de que os sócios das empresas partícipes de licitação, quando sancionadas com qualquer uma das penas restritivas do direito de licitar e contratar, constituem-se em outra sociedade, muitas vezes com os mesmos sócios, objeto social e endereço. Em razão disso, continuam a licitar e contratar com o Poder Público, em nítida fraude à lei e abuso de direito, suportado pela Administração em razão de inexistência de lei formal a autorizar a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica dessas empresas. O trabalho envolveu pesquisa e exame da doutrina nacional e estrangeira, bem como da legislação e jurisprudência. Partimos do conceito de norma e ilícito, passando pelo exame da sanção administrativa e seu regime jurídico e, logo após, analisamos as penas previstas no art. 87, III e IV, da Lei 8.666/93 e art. 7º da Lei 10.520/02, destacando a condição sine qua non da instauração de processo administrativo, nos moldes da Lei 9.784/99, em obediência ao princípio do devido processo legal, até chegarmos à desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, no contexto da teoria geral do direito. Finalmente, examinamos a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica na aplicação das penas restritivas do direito de licitar e contratar, sustentando-a nos princípio da moralidade, indisponibilidade do interesse público, eficiência e impessoalidade, devendo atender, ainda, à motivação, razoabilidade e proporcionalidade, como forma de atendimento ao devido processo legal substantivo

<p>Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) has been a topic of discussion since the dawn of democracy in April 1994. Due to the entrenched inequalities of the past, economic empowerment is very important for the economic growth of the majority of South Africa&rsquo / s citizens. However, significant economic enrichment of black people has not been made, despite, economic success, legislation, state policies and programme interventions. This economic growth is to be realised through the use of preferential procurement as a policy tool for BEE. Whilst sufficient legislation has been enacted to regulate preferential procurement, to favour black people, much still seems to be lacking in the enforcement of the laws in public procurement. Central to the challenges of preferential procurement is the disharmony between the Framework legislation governing preferential procurement and BEE. This discord has seen two visions being followed for preferential procurement / the Procurement Act refers to the beneficiaries of BEE as historically disadvantaged individuals (HDI / s) and the goals for BEE are measured through specific goals which promotes narrow empowerment / the BBBEE Act on the other hand defines black people as the recipients of BEE and through the BEE Codes broad-based empowerment is promoted through seven core elements. This congruency has not served the promotion of preferential procurement, it has created a hindrance that frustrates economic growth for those it is intended. The other quandary that undermines the success of preferential procurement is willful practices engaged by both tenderers and public officials / skills deficiency in the adjudication of tenders and self-interest. The success of BEE through preferential procurement is dependent on a coherently legislated procurement environment fortified by perceptive public officials. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the impact of these challenges on the success of preferential procurement. The study will highlight the main practices that defeat the use of preferential procurement. This will include an analysis of the various legislation and the amendments thereto. In addition the enquiry will examine the proficiency of public officials in the adjudication of public tendering. Recommendations for a successful preferential public procurement environment will be made. The proposed thesis will utilise, inter alia, relevant legislation, case law, theses, journals, books and policy documents.</p>

In electricity markets of modern electric power systems, many generation companies, as major market participants, aim to maximize their profits by supplying the electrical load in a competitive manner. This thesis is devoted to investigate the price based unit commitment problem which is used to optimize generation schedules of these companies in deregulated electricity markets. The solution algorithm developed is based on Dynamic Programming and Lagrange Relaxation methods and solves the optimization problem for a generation company having many generating units with different cost characteristics. Moreover, unit constraints including ramp-rate limits, minimum ON/OFF times, generation capacities of individual units and system constraints such as total energy limits, reserve requirements are taken into account in the problem formulation. The verification of the algorithm has been carried out by comparing the results of some sample cases with those in the literature. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been tested on several test systems. Finally, the possible utilization of the method by a generation company in Turkish Electricity Market to develop bidding strategies is also examined based on some case studies.