This paper seeks to find whether the spectrum auctions in Sweden have been conducted efficiently and if there is a de facto model that suits all auctions. The efficiency is conditions that emphasise truthful bidding, price discovery and limits collusive behaviour. The paper compares three different auction models used in Sweden, a beauty contest used in the allocation of 3G spectrums, and the auction model selected for the upcoming 5G spectrum auction. The auction models are as follows: first and second-price sealed-bid auction, SMRA and CCA. We found that beauty contests should not be used in any spectrum allocation as it did not meet the criteria of efficiency outlined in this paper. The first-price sealed-bid auction is not a suitable format for spectrum auctions. According to the theory, it generates equivalent revenues on average as the second-price format, which shows a higher degree of efficient allocation. We found that depending on the blocks sold, both SMRA and CCA can result in somewhat efficient results, but they are not suitable for a single object auction. We found that no de facto auction format is suitable for every spectrum auction to be conducted in the future, but instead that the auction format is dependent on the characteristics of the individual auctions.

Skillnaden mellan det marknadsförda priset och försäljningspriset är något media under de senaste åren och än idag gärna riktar fokus mot. Fastighetsmäklare påstås använda sig av lockpriser vid marknadsföring av objekt till salu. År 2015 nådde man rekordsiffror för antalet anmälningar till Fastighetsmäklarinspektionen (FMI). Enligt fastighetsmäklarna själva handlar det om att dem gör ett bra arbete. Fastighetsmäklarna kan inte påverka hur den enskilda budgivaren agerar vid en budgivning. I den här studien tittade jag därför på hur budgivningen påverkar skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris. Sex olika kommuner i Stockholm undersöktes, vardera med 156 observationer från år 2011-2015. Med hjälp av multipla regressionsanalyser försökte jag se ett samband mellan prisskillnaden och budgivningen i de olika kommunerna. De faktorer jag valde att titta på inom budgivningen var "kontraktsdatum", "antal bud" och "antal budgivare". Statistik framställdes även för att se den genomsnittliga skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris i respektive kommun. Detta för att kunna diskutera förekomsten av lockpriser. Studien visade att ett svagt samband råder mellan prisskillnaden och valda faktorer. Slutsatsen som drogs var att antal bud och antal budgivare inte på egen hand utgör en anledning till skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris. Dessa faktorer kan istället tillsammans med andra faktorer förklara slutpriset bra. I samtliga kommuner var skillnaden mellan utgångspris och slutpris dessutom för liten för att kunna klassas som lockpris. / The difference between the marketed price and the selling price is something the media has been focusing on during the last few years and the focus is still the same today. Real estate agents are said to use too low prices in order to attract customers when marketing their listings. The amount of reports to FMI (the authority that supervise real estate agents in Sweden) reached record levels during 2015. According to the real estate agents themselves, this is due to the good work they do. The real estate agents cannot influence how the individual bidder will act during bidding. I therefore looked at how bidding affects the difference between the listed price and the selling price in this study. Six different municipalities in Stockholm are examined, each with 156 observations from year 2011-2015. I tried to see the relationship between the difference in price and bidding in each of the municipalities with the help of multiple regression models. The factors I selected within bidding was the "contract date", "amount of bids" and "amount of bidders". Statistics were also generated to see the average difference between the listed price and the selling price in each municipality. This was done to discuss the occurrences of too low prices. The study shows a weak relationship between the difference in price and the chosen factors. The conclusion was that the amount of bids and the amount of bidders did not single-handedly cause the difference between the listing price and selling price. These factors could instead, alongside with other factors, account for the selling price. The difference between the listing price and selling price in all of the municipalities was too insignificant to be classified as "price to catch customers".

The law does not regulate the bidding process; it’s the seller who, in consultation with the estate agent, decides the rules. If the estate agent does not inform all the bidders about conditions  attached to the bids,it means that a bidder bid against something he s not fully informed about. This means that the lack of transparency in the bidding process leads to asymmetric information between the bidders and this could be detrimental to a bidder and for the benefit of another. This paper has been written in order to investigate how consumers and the housing market is Affected by the law not regulating the estate agent to inform all the bidders of conditions attached To the bids. Previously nothing has been written on this subject, which means that this paper is of an explorative--‐  and investigative character. Since there was no access to any secondary data in this study, the major part of the work was to collect primary data. The collection of data consisted of a survey to estate agents, a survey/interview to  uyers/speculators And interviews with a number of individuals with special expertise in the subject. The investigations carried out, resulted in a discussion and analysis of how consumers are affected by The estate agent not having to provide information about conditional bids to all bidders. The answers in interviews is not conclusive, there are both pros and cons of not having the bidding Process regulated by law. The conclusion also includes a discussion on how housing prices can be affected by the bidding not being regulated by law regarding conditions. This conclusion is that the prices could both increase and decrease by a regulation of the bidding process, depending on the scenario.

This is a master thesis performed on behalf of WSP, aiming to investigate scenarios for future energy balances in bidding zone 3 in Sweden during year 2040, based on different production alternatives and consumption scenarios. This report aims to highlight the challenges of transitioning to a more electrified energy system where a greater proportion of renewable sources, mainly from hydro, wind, solar and bioenergy, are integrated into the energy system. Increasing the share of weather-dependent electricity production, such as solar- and wind power, set higher standard on the ability to maintain system balance and guaranteeing sufficient power when consumption is high. Higher consumption will be caused by increased electrification of different sectors, and urbanization, which will be necessary in order to achieve climate goals. Production from other power sources, import of electricity from other bidding zones, and flexibility will have to be considered when the demand for electricity cannot be met by solely the production that takes place in bidding zone 3. In this study, EXCEL is used to build a model that calculates future energy balances and presents the extent that future imports of electricity and flexibility, that will be needed to supply enough electricity to bidding zone 3 in the year 2040. With four different production alternatives and three consumption scenarios, 12 different cases of future energy balances are presented.

In the southern part of Sweden, specifically in price zone SE4, there is an increasing cost of electricity and a contemporary supply deficit. This research aims to elaborate on the deficit in electrical generation to consumption in SE4. The found values indicate a 42% unmet demand, equaling 5.152 TWh annually. However, long-term solutions on a European and Swedish regional level require years to be implemented, and the complications of permitting and public acceptance of new renewable projects pose a delaying factor. Henceforth, repowering aging wind farms, which are nearing the end of their operational lifetime, presents a viable solution. In this research, a case study for SE4 old wind sites has been identified and assessed, using three repowering scenarios: Scenario I - wind, Scenario II - wind & solar, and Scenario III - wind, solar & storage system. The scenarios have been simulated using the available renewable resources in the case study area and retrofitted within the exact required surface area that the current case study system occupies of 42.71 km2. The results have shown that all scenarios have great potential to limit the 42% deficit of supply in SE4 when implemented. The share of annual generation found for each scenario was 0.939 TWh, 3.08 TWh, and 3.962 TWh, respectively. These annual generations will contribute to 7.7%, 25.32%, and 32.5% of the annual electrical consumption found for SE4. The first scenario of only wind energy is the most economical and has the highest capacity to productiveness of area ratio, at a 22.27 GWh/km2/year for 68 MW installed capacity.

The monetary quantification of inconveniences caused to the road users by ongoing construction activities is known as the Road Users Costs (RUCs). While the importance of RUCs is widely known, some highway agencies lack an appropriate methodology to compute RUCs. Thus, there is a need to develop a framework to compute RUCs that can be adopted quickly by highway agencies. This study reviewed existing literature and conducted a nationwide survey to identify and summarize the current practices of computing RUCs. It developed an enhanced framework and tool to compute RUCs that balances the effort required to calculate RUCs and the accuracy of the results. This enhanced framework accounts for the spatiotemporal variation of RUCs. The results of the study are expected to enable highway agencies to quickly and accurately compute RUCs to make better project management decisions, such as selecting the best contractor that minimizes the agency costs and RUCs.

Unforeseen changes in production or consumption in power systems lead to changes in grid frequency. This can cause damages to the system, or to frequency sensitive equipment at the consumers. The system operator (SO) is the responsible for balancing production and consumption in the system. The regulating market is the market place where the SO can sell or purchase electricity in order to balance unforeseen events. Producers acting on the regulating market must be able to change their production levels fast (within minutes) when required. Hydropower is therefore suitable for trading on the regulating market because of its flexibility in power production. This thesis describes models that hydropower owners can use to generate optimal bidding strategies when the regulating market is considered. When planning for trading on the market, the prices are not known. Therefore, the prices are considered as stochastic variables. The planning problems in this thesis are based on multi-stage stochastic optimization, where the uncertain power prices are represented by scenario trees. The scenario trees are generated by simulation of price scenarios, which is achieved by using a model based on ARIMA and Markov processes. Two optimization models are presented in this thesis: * Model for generation of optimal bidding strategies for the regulating market. * Model for generation of optimal bidding strategies for the spot market when trading on the regulating market is considered. The described models are applied in a case study with real data from the Nordic power system. Conclusions of the thesis are that the proposed approaches of modelling prices and generation of bidding strategies are possible to use, and that the models produces reasonable data when applied to real data. / Oväntade produktions- eller konsumtionsändringar i kraftsystem leder till ändringar i nätfrekvens. Detta kan orsaka skador på systemet eller på frekvenskänslig utrustning hos konsumenterna. Systemoperatören (SO) är den ansvarige för att balansera produktion och konsumtion i kraftsystemet. Till sin hjälp har SO reglermarknaden, som är den handelsplats där SO köper eller säljer el för att balansera oväntade händelser i systemet. Producenter som agerar på reglermarknaden måste snabbt (inom minuter) kunna ändra sina produktionsnivåer om så behövs. Vattenkraft är därför lämplig för handel på reglermarknaden på grund av dess flexibilitet i kraftproduktion. Denna avhandling beskriver modeller som vattenkraftägare kan använda för generering av optimala budstrategier då reglermarknaden beaktas. När en producents planering för handel på marknaden utförs är marknadspriserna okända. Dessa är därför betraktade som stokastiska variabler. Planeringmodellerna som presenteras i denna avhandling är baserade på multi-periodisk stokastisk programmering, där de osäkra marknadspriserna är representerade av ett scenarieträd. Scenarierna i trädet genereras genom simulering av marknadspriser. En prismodell, baserad på ARIMA- och Markovprocesser, har därför utvecklats. Två olika optimeringsmodeller presenteras i denna avhandling: * Model för generering av optimala budstrategier för reglermarknaden. * Model för generering av optimala budstrategier för spotmarknaden då handel på reglermarknaden beaktas. Modellerna tillämpas i en studie där data från den nordiska elmarknaden appliceras. Slutsatser i avhandlingen är att de föreslagna ansatserna för modellering av priser och generering av budstrategier är möjliga att anvÄanda, samt att modellerna producerar rimliga resultat när applicerade på verkliga data. / QC 20101217

Com o crescimento da população, os países, estados e cidades identificam a necessidade de realizar investimentos em infraestrutura, transporte e outros. A proposta do presente trabalho é apresentar uma ferramenta, utilizada para atender a demanda de um edital de licitação, expondo à Companhia de Trens Metropolitanos de São Paulo, um exemplo da parte de um edital internacional para aquisição de um meio de transporte rápido e eficiente. Para tal finalidade, são analisadas e filtradas as informações contidas no edital para realizar a simulação de marcha de uma composição ferroviária, através de um software específico. Por fim, na forma gráfica ilustram-se os cálculos cinemáticos e elétricos do comportamento que o sistema de potência irá desempenhar, mostrando que atende aos requisitos do edital de licitação. / With growing of population, countries, states and cities have identified the necessity to perform investiments in infrastructure, transportation, among others. The purpose of this dissertation is to present a tool, used to meet the request of a bidding document, presenting to Metropolitan Train Company of São Paulo one example of part of an international bidding to an acquisition of a rapid and efficient transportation. For this purpose, information of bidding document are analised and filtered to make a running simulation of a train composition throught a specific software. Finally, one application of this method is presented in a graphical form containing kinematic and electrical calculations of the behavior that power system will perform, showing that system meets the requiriments of bidding document.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Albuquerque Zan.pdf: 1534547 bytes, checksum: 3f461970382dc4ce5f24db44a9bbc82f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work, without pretending to exhaust the subject, aims to offer a systematic examination pertaining to bidding crimes to the Theory of Criminal Law well. Separately examining the historical evolution of the legal asset, its concept and functions, we consecrate its importance in the social and democratic rule of law. It is essential institute to give empirical basis to the Criminal Law and linking this with the reality of social values. Extending the study to the Federal Constitution, as the highest expression of the guiding principles of the legal system, the legal right to have her endorsement own dignity. In this context, the principle of minimum intervention determines that only the most expensive legal interests of individual life and society on a constitutional reading, can be part of the fragment will be safeguarded by criminal law and only the conduct that most violate these value will be criminalized . Still, it should be done considering the need of the criminal front protects the failure of other branches of law. On the study of the principle of proportionality, especially in its aspect of sealing the poor protection, criminal law and the institute is duty of the State with a view to effective action. It s essential to analyze the criminalization warrants, the universal legal values and legitimacy of abstract danger crime for the formation of a Criminal Law concatenated with the fundamentals and objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Application of the Theory of Criminal Legal Values is a safe basis for critical analysis of public bidding crimes. Public bidding process is not a mere administrative procedure to choose the best contract, but is instrument for achieving social rights. So we try to show that the legal interest of specific offenses for your protection is not only the public purse, but the administrative probity and public interest of good administration. Under this test, if the criminal value has dignity and necessity of penal treatment, must be effectively guarded. The criminal policy should be optimized so that the constitutional mandate is fulfilled properly. It is from this understanding that will be assessing the public bidding crimes / O presente trabalho, sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, pretende oferecer um exame sistemático atinente aos crimes licitatórios à luz da Teoria do Bem Jurídico Penal. Examinando separadamente a evolução histórica do bem jurídico, seu conceito e funções, consagramos sua importância no Estado Social e Democrático de Direito. É instituto essencial a conferir base empírica ao Direito Penal e vinculação deste com a realidade dos valores sociais. Estendendo o estudo à Constituição Federal, como expressão máxima dos princípios inspiradores do ordenamento jurídico, o bem jurídico deve ter nela respaldo para possuir dignidade. Nesse contexto, o princípio da intervenção mínima determina que somente os bens jurídicos mais caros à vida individual e em sociedade, diante uma leitura constitucional, podem fazer parte do fragmento que será salvaguardado pelo Direito Penal e apenas as condutas que mais violarem esses bens serão criminalizadas. Ainda assim, deverá ser feita a análise da necessidade da tutela penal frente a insuficiência dos outros ramos do Direito. Diante do estudo do princípio da proporcionalidade, principalmente em sua vertente da vedação da proteção deficiente, o instituto do bem jurídico penal representa dever do Estado com vistas a uma atuação eficaz. Imprescindível a análise dos mandados de criminalização, dos bens jurídicos universais e da legitimação dos crimes de perigo abstrato para a formação de um Direito Penal concatenado com os fundamentos e objetivos da República Federativa do Brasil. A aplicação da Teoria do Bem Jurídico Penal é embasamento seguro para análise crítica dos crimes licitatórios. A licitação não é mero procedimento administrativo para escolha do melhor contrato, mas é intrumento de consecução de direitos sociais. Portanto, procuraremos demonstrar que o bem jurídico dos crimes tipificados para sua proteção não é somente o erário público, mas a probidade administrativa e o interesse público da boa administração. Sob este exame, se o bem jurídico penal apresenta dignidade e necessidade de tratamento penal, deve ser eficazmente resguardado. A política criminal deve ser otimizada para que o mandado constitucional seja cumprido adequadamente. É a partir desse entendimento que será feita apreciação dos crimes licitatórios

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Blanco Garcia Guimaraes Fleury.pdf: 1343341 bytes, checksum: 7fe6474c605c38190ffb1fa5a6253c19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / It is intended, through this work, investigate administrative violations and sanctions provides in Laws 8.666/93, 10.520/02, 12.462/11 e 12.846/13, applicable to bids and contracts. To achieve this purpose, first we analyze the defining elements of the legal and administrative violation and sanctions, studying its structure, contents and implementation. That done, we studied the aspects and topics related to them of the administrative violations and sanctions. At the end, set these premises, we fixed the content, scope and application of the administrative violations and sanctions provided in these laws, from the interpretation of the rules that form part of its legal system / Pretende-se, por meio deste trabalho, investigar as infrações e sanções administrativas previstas nas Leis 8.666/93, 10.520/02, 12.462/11 e 12.846/13, aplicáveis às licitações e contratos administrativos. Para tanto, primeiramente nos debruçamos sobre os elementos definidores das infrações e sanções jurídicas e administrativas, estudando a sua estrutura, o seu conteúdo e sua aplicação. E, ao assim proceder, aprofundamos o estudo dos ilícitos e penalidades administrativas, enfrentando cada um dos seus aspectos e os temas a eles correlatos. Por fim, com amparo nestas balizas, gizamos o conteúdo, alcance e aplicação das infrações e sanções administrativas em espécie, previstas nas Leis de Licitação; do Pregão; do RDC; e de Anticorrupção, a partir da interpretação das normas que integram o seu regime jurídico