Uma biografia científica é geralmente escrita com o objetivo de interpretar tanto o caráter mutante da prática científica quanto as características individuais dos cientistas. Pela identificação dos interesses pessoais de cientistas pode ocorrer uma mudança no modo como a ciência é entendida. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o desenvolvimento da ciência e da psicologia no Brasil tendo a biografia científica de Carolina Bori como ponto de partida. Escrever sobre Carolina Martuscelli Bori é escrever sobre uma pesquisadora que teve um grande impacto sobre o desenvolvimento científico no Brasil. Pode-se dizer que mesmo depois de sua morte a memória de Carolina Bori influencia pesquisas, planejamento de cursos, debates sobre ciência, etc. Exemplos disso incluem os pelo menos 11 artigos sobre ela, escritos entre 2004 e 2012. Além disso, ela já havia sido homenageada com uma edição especial da revista Psicologia USP. Para atingir este objetivo, foi necessário reunir informações sobre ela disponíveis nesses materiais, em depoimentos de uma sobrinha dela, uma funcionária da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, e de 15 pesquisadores de diferentes áreas que trabalharam com ela. Utilizou-se, também, cartas pessoais que ela trocou com o psicólogo estadunidense Fred S. Keller (1899-1996), que se tornou um mestre e amigo pessoal, bem como nos artigos assinados por ela. Carolina Martuscelli nasceu em São Paulo em 4 de janeiro 1924 e era a filha mais velha de sua família, entre outros quatro filhos. Seu pai era italiano e sua mãe era brasileira. Frequentou uma escola alemã desde os seis anos de idade e formou-se como professora. Como pedagoga, estudou motivação do ponto de vista Gestalt sob orientação de Tamara Dembo durante seu mestrado nos Estados Unidos, e com Annita Cabral durante seu doutorado, no Brasil. No início de 1950, Carolina se casou com um italiano, cujo nome de família ela assumiu e com quem teve um filho. Eles se divorciaram alguns anos após o nascimento de seu filho, mas ela manteve o nome de casada. Depois de um problema pessoal com a chefe da cadeira onde trabalhava, Carolina Bori foi afastada da universidade. Na ocasião, Bori foi convidada para coordenar o departamento de psicologia do curso de pedagogia em Rio Claro. Durante esse tempo, ela foi aluna de Fred S. Keller, e, juntos, escreveram os primeiros trabalhos em um campo que desenvolveram no Brasil e que alguns psicólogos ofereceram resistência. Em 1962, ela foi convidada para criar e coordenar o departamento de psicologia da Universidade de Brasília, na capital brasileira recém-fundada. O curso, com base na experimentação e técnicas comportamentais, começou em 1964, mas em 1965 o governo militar invadiu a universidade e o departamento foi extinto. Com isso, Bori voltou à USP e se tornou a principal pesquisadora no campo da Instrução Programada e PSI no país. Em 1969, ela se submeteu ao concurso de livre-docência, no entanto, devido a rivalidades políticas, seu certificado foi negado. Ela também orientou teses de mestrado e doutorado, dirigiu sociedades científicas que lutaram por melhores condições de ensino e pesquisa no país, contribuiu para o reconhecimento legal da Psicologia no Brasil e foi fundamental para a criação do sistema de ciência e tecnologia brasileira. A partir da biografia científica de Bori pode-se observar uma série de características da ciência e da psicologia no Brasil e como algumas preocupações pessoais e problemas podem levar ao desenvolvimento do campo. / A scientific biography is usually written with the aim of interpreting both the mutant character of scientific paractice and the individual characteristics of scientists. Identifying the personal interests of scientists brings about a change in the way science is understood. Writing about Carolina Martuscelli Bori is to write about a researcher who had a great impact on the scientific development in Brazil. One may say that even after her death, the memory of Carolina Bori proceeds to influence researches, cost planning, discussions concerning science etc. Examples of those include at least 12 articles about her written from 2004 to 2012. Furthermore, she had already been honored with a special edition of the Psicologia USP journal. Once scientific activity is necessarily identified with the identities of its paractitioners, the aim of the present work is to analyze the development of science and psychology in Brazil having the biography of Carolina Bori as a starting point. In order to achieve that aim it is necessary to gather the information about her available in those materials, in the accounts of a relative of hers and of 14 researchers from different fields who worked with her, in personal letters she exchanged with North-American psychologist Fred S. Keller (1899-1996), who became a master and friend of hers, as well as in the articles she signed. Carolina Martuscelli was born in São Paulo on January 4th 1924 and she was the eldest daughter in her family, among four other children. Her father was Italian and her mother was Brazilian. She attended a German school from the age of six and graduated as a teacher. As a pedagogue, she studied motivation from the gestalt point of view with Tamara Dembo during her masters degree in the United States, and with Annita Cabral during her doctorate in Brazil. In the early 1950s, Carolina married an Italian man, whose family name she assumed and with whom she had a son. They divorced few years after the birth of their son but she kept her married name. After a personal problem with her supervisor, Carolina Bori was withdrawn from university. On that occasion, Bori was invited to coordinate the psychology department of the pedagogy course in Rio Claro. In 1962, she was invited to create and coordinate the Psychology Department of Brasília University, in the recently founded Brazilian capital. The course, based on experimentation and behavioral techniques, started in 1964, but in 1965 the military government invaded the university and that Department was extinct. Therewith, Bori returned to USP and became the main author in the field of Programmed Instruction and PSI within the country. In 1969 she took an aptitude test which certifies the candidates quality of teaching and researching skills, however, due to political rivalries her certificate was denied. She also tutored nearly a hundred masters and doctorate theses, she was bound to scientific societies struggling for better teaching and researching conditions in the country, she contributed to the legal recognition of Psychology in Brazil and she was pivotal in the creation of the Brazilian science and technology system. From Boris scientific biography one can observe a number of characteristics of science and psychology in Brazil and how some personal concerns and problems may lead to the development of the field.

O papel do Oceano Atlântico Sul na manutenção do clima global é de extrema importância uma vez que compõe uma das partes fundamentais da circulação Termohalina Global. Nesse contexto, o Sudoeste do Atlântico Sul é uma região complexa e energética, onde duas correntes de contorno oeste de sentidos opostos se encontram formando a Confluência Brasil-Malvinas. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar mudanças de longo período na variabilidade da latitude de separação da Corrente do Brasil (CB) da Plataforma Continental, considerada um delimitador do limite sul do Giro Subtropical do Atlântico Sul na região do Sudoeste do Atlântico Sul. Para tal, foi usado resultados do modelo HYCOM em um experimento datado denominado ATIa0,25. O modelo foi forçado por dados da reanálise do NCEP e seus resultados abrangem o período de 1960 a 2010. A latitude de separação da CB da costa foi definida neste trabalho como o ponto em que a isoterma de 18°C cruza a isóbata de 1000 metros de profundidade. A variabilidade da latitude de separação da CB pode ser dividida em três momentos principais: no começo a latitude de separação está ao sul de sua média, na década de 70 está a norte de sua posição média até a década de 90; depois dos anos 90 a posição começa a se deslocar para sul até 2010. As tendências encontradas são 0,37 ± 0,02°/década entre 1960 e o final da década de 70 e 0,10 ± 0,01°/década de 1980 a 2010. Os transportes das correntes do Brasil e das Malvinas, as latitudes dos rotacionais nulo e máximo do vento e o índice do Modo Anular Sul são também analisados no período de 1960 a 2010, como possíveis forçantes da variação da latitude da separação da CB. Todas a séries obtidas apresentam mudança ao intensificação das tendências entre as décadas de 70 e 80 - assim como na série de separação da CB. Esse comportamento pode estar relacionado ao Modo Anular Sul. Este modo de variabilidade climática afeta as forçantes de separação da CB em escalas de tempo diferentes. O deslocamento para sul do limite sul do Giro Subtropical do Atlântico Sul observado nesse trabalho inicia-se no início da década de 90 e está relacionado com mudanças nos regimes de vento da bacia causadas provavelmente por mudanças nos campos de temperatura de superfície do mar. / The role of South Atlantic Ocean on global climate is highly important since it compounds one of the most significant parts of Thermohaline Circulation, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In this sense, the Southwestern South Atlantic is a complex and energetic region, where two western boundary currents, coming in opposite directions, encounter each other forming the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence. The goal of this work is to investigate long-term changes in the latitude of separation of the Brazil Current, considered as the southern limit of the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre in the Southwestern South Atlantic. In this investigation, results of a numerical experiment with the model HYCOM, dubbed ATIa0.25, were used. The model was forced with NCEP reanalysis products and its results cover the period of 1960 to 2010. The Brazil Current separation latitude was defined as the point where the 18°C isotherm crosses the 1000 meters depth isobath. The variability of the CB separation latitude can be divided in three periods: at the beginning of experiment, the separation point has a tendency to move southward of it\'s mean position; From the 70\'s to the 90\'s, it shows a northward tendency; after the 90\'s it started again a southward shift until 2010. The trends of the northward shifts are of 0.37 ± 0.02°/decade in the 70\'s and 0.10 ± 0.01°/decade between 80\'s and 2010\'s. Brazil and Malvinas currents transports, the latitude of zero and maximum value of the wind stress curl and the Southern Annular Mode index are also analyzed for the 1960-2010, period as possible forcing mechanisms of BC separation latitude. All series obtained presents changes or intensification on trends between 70\'s and 80\'s decades - so do the series of BC separation latitude. This behavior can be related to the Southern Annular Mode. This climatic mode of variability affects the forcing mechanisms of the BC separation latitude in different time scales. The southward shift of the southern limit of South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre observed in this work starts in the beginning of 90\'s decade and is related with changes in wind patterns, probably due to changes in sea surface temperature distribution.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Sociology, August 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

My dissertation analyzes the work of the artist group 3Nós3 (the name is a pun in Portuguese meaning "three knots/ we three"), who performed artistic actions in public space that they referred to as "urban interventions" on the streets of São Paulo from 1979 to 1982. These ranged from placing garbage bags over the heads of monumental sculptures to taping Xs across the doorways of art galleries along with signs reading "What is inside remains the same; what is outside expands." Within the context of the military regime that had ruled Brazil since 1964, the urban interventions targeted symbols of authority ranging from public sculpture to the art world establishment. My research focuses on one of the most noteworthy traits of the group's activities: their almost complete absence from the history of Brazilian art. In spite of the recent popularity on the international artistic circuit of contemporary Brazilian art with a performative edge (the artists Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Clark being the best examples of this type of work) the work of 3Nós3 has remained obscure, even within Brazil. The explanations for this lack of attention to 3Nós3 include the transitional political nature of the abertura period during which the interventions took place, the artists' own denial of traditional artistic circuits and involvement in youth subcultures, the ephemeral nature of the interventions themselves, and a lack of understanding of the reasons why the artists chose to work in public space, particularly in regard to the interventions' relationship with their audience. The goal of my dissertation is to argue for the inclusion of the interventions into the history of art without relying on arguments related to their quality, i.e. whether or not they constitute "good art." Rather, it is only through a detailed consideration of the specific cultural and political contexts in which the works occurred that they start to make sense. I conclude by examining the present-day conditions that could make the inclusion of 3Nós3 into larger international artistic movements such as street art and "the interventionists" (including Eduardo Srur and the Grupo Contra Filé, among others) possible. / text

The Lower Cretaceous tectonosequence constitutes a major chronostratigraphic interval in the Recôncavo Basin, Northeast Brazil. It encompasses a time span of ca. of 24 Ma and forms a continental sedimentary package that exceeds 5 km in thickness within its depocenters. The tectonosequence is bounded by two basinwide unconformities, the rift onset unconformity at its base and the breakup unconformity at its top. The basal deposits of the tectonosequence characterize transitional rift conditions. The bulk of the succession constitutes the record of the rift phase in the basin. Biostratigraphy in the Recôncavo Basin is based on nonmarine ostracods. The tectonosequence encompasses ostracod zones NRT 002 through NRT 009. Tectonic, sedimentologic, and paleoecologic characteristics permit the recognition of six tectono-depositional intervals within the tectonosequence. Tectono-depositional intervals cover a time span between 2 Ma and 7.5 Ma, and their boundaries are distinct marker beds. Lithologic, paleontologic, and geochemical characteristics of the marker beds suggest low sediment input at the time of their deposition. Tectonic and/or paleoclimatic changes may account for phases of marker bed creation. Within tectono-depositional inteivals II, IV, and V sedimentary cyclicity occurs. Sedimentary cycles spanning tens to hundreds of thousands years are termed tectono-depositional episodes. Such an episode is comparable in scale with a parasequence, and is also bounded by marker beds reflecting flooding events. Depositional systems within the tectonosequence show a change from lacustrine-dominated sedimentation at the base to fluvial-dominated deposition at the top. Reservoir potential increases toward the top of the tectonosequence, source rock and sealing conditions, however, follow the opposite path. The bulk of known hydrocarbon accumulations in the Recôncavo Basin occurs at the prerift/rift interface. Accumulation rate estimates show increasing values toward the top of the tectonosequence. This may be related to a better integration of the drainage system that fed into the basin and removal of possible structural barriers located along the basin's margins. Analysis of the sedimentary record of the tectonosequence suggests, besides tectonism, paleoclimate was an important mechanism controlling facies distribution and evolution. / text

In the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, along the northeast coast of Brazil, the lacustrine, middle rift sequence is composed of the Lower Cretaceous Morro do Chaves and Coqueiro Seco Formations. Subsurface analysis permitted recognition and mapping of four principal types of depositional systems that infilled the basin with more than 3,000 meters of clastic-carbonate sediments: Morro do Chaves carbonate platform, Coqueiro Seco fluvial-deltaic, Coqueiro Seco fan delta, and Coqueiro Seco slope systems. The generally poor quality of seismic profiles in this rift sequence precludes conventional seismic stratigraphic approaches. Morro do Chaves lacustrine carbonate platform sediments were deposited on shallow positive areas flanking the principal point sources (rivers), and are composed of massively bedded, high energy limestones. Contemporaneous with shallow-water sedimentation, deepwater euxinic and bituminous lacustrine shales were deposited under starved basin conditions. Sublacustrine canyon excavation attested to the presence of a destructional slope episode. Coqueiro Seco fluvial-deltaic, fan delta, and slope sediments are principally terrigenous. Fluvialdeltaic and fan delta facies display high sand/shale ratios and blocky to massive E-log patterns; slope facies display serrate to digitate E-log patterns and are less sandy. Delta plain channel-fill facies and coarse-grained meanderbelt fluvial facies are dominant in fluvial-deltaic systems, and proximal to medial conglomerates and coarse conglomeratic sandstones are dominant facies in fan delta systems. Slope facies are composed of sublacustrine fans composed of fine-to medium-grained sandstones enveloped by thick, subbituminous shales, and thin, marly, lacustrine limestones. Coqueiro Seco clastic systems prograded across the basin and buried Morro do Chaves carbonate platforms in response to tectonic pulses related to rift development. Cyclic sedimentation occurred in the highly unstable Alagoas Sub-basin where fluvial-deltaic and slope systems are dominant, but fan delta and slope systems in the less complex Rio São Francisco Sub-basin do not exhibit cyclicity. Coqueiro Seco fluvial-deltaic, fan delta and slope sedimentation terminated because of continued basin subsidence and diminishing sediment supply as source areas were leveled. Consequently, the basin became the site of lacustrine shale deposition represented by the Ponta Verde Formation in the Alagoas Sub-basin. The rift sequence is truncated by a pre-Aptian unconformity in the Rio São Francisco Sub-basin. Evaluation of petroleum occurrences in relationship to defined depositional systems permitted recognition of several types of plays characterized by unique structural and stratigraphic relationships exhibited by reservoirs, source beds and structure. The Coqueiro Seco slope play, formed by updip pinchout of turbidite fans, is judged the most promising in the sequence. / text

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