Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Civil Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-275).

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07011.pdf: 7802124 bytes, checksum: c62d7e8f87af8c7b183c8aa37b808bff (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The main objective of the research discussed in this thesis was to evaluate the methods and materials used by builders in ancient Ostia to produce mortar for masonry structures. The work was conducted with an eye toward understanding why the ancient builders selected specific materials and employed specific techniques. The research design included scientific investigations of mortar samples from selected structures in Ostia, all dated from brick stamp evidence to the 2nd century CE. The methods employed for this study included thin section petrography, modal analysis via point counting, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and image analysis. Results concluded the samples comprised lime binder and primarily volcanic tuff aggregates derived from the Colli Albani and Monti Sabatini volcanic districts. The selection of these aggregates was integral to mortar performance, as they contained alteration products that would have facilitated pozzolanic reactions during the production phase, greatly improving long term mortar performance and durability. Three distinct types of mortar representing unique mix designs were identified based on the material properties of the mortar samples and the dominant aggregate types. Unique mixes may have been proprietary to specific groups of builders in Ostia, which had been identified by other researchers comparing the architectural features and construction styles of various structures. The results of material analyses showed that the builders from 2nd century Ostia were highly skilled, used sophisticated techniques to produce high quality mortar, and that separate groups of builders employed unique mix designs to achieve similar results.

Recent observations have shown that many sandstone buildings, including important components of the UK's cultural heritage, are becoming covered with green algal growths. This is likely to result from recent changes in air quality and the impacts of a changing climate. The northern regions of the UK in particular have an abundance of sandstone heritage and, given the likelihood of warmer, wetter winters here, algal growth on vulnerable monuments is likely to become a primary conservation concern over the next 50 years. Observations of sandstone monuments in the northern regions of the UK, in particular in Belfast (Northern Ireland), Sheffield and Edinburgh have highlighted that algal greening is notably patchy. This is likely due to the array of factors which affect the bioreceptivity of host substrates such as sandstone. The bioreceptivity of a substrate (its ability to become colonised by microbes such as green algae) is dependent on inherent, external and architectural factors. The role of these factors and the interrelationships between them requires further study. This thesis aims to investigate the inherent, external and architectural factors which encourage colonisation of sandstone by green algae through an integrated programme of laboratory and field experimentation. The primary objectives of this study are: to develop improved laboratory experimental methods to control and monitor algal growth, to investigate the role of external, inherent and architectural factors and to explore the fundamental role of moisture in the development of algal greening. In order to address these objectives, laboratory and field experiments have been linked within an integrated overall methodology. Short-term laboratory experiments have investigated the bioreceptivity of four British sandstones (Peak Moor, Dungannon, St Bees and 'baluster stone') to single and mixed green algal treatment with Stichococcus bacillaris, Chlorella vulgaris and Desmococcus olivaceus, under controlled conditions. Two field experiments have also been conducted. The first exposed unweathered blocks of Dungannon sandstone in the wet environment of Derrygonnelly, Northern Ireland for 30 months. The second exposed reclaimed sandstone balusters in a shaded and exposed site in central Oxford for 12 months. The laboratory and field experiments presented utlilise a range of simple and accessible methods to monitor biofilm development (for example novel methods to map biomass) and changes in substrate condition (such as monitoring surface moisture movements with weight change and hand-held moisture meters, and using light microscopy to help visualise the impact of green algal biofilms). The results presented in this thesis confirm that moisture plays a fundamental role in the development of green algal biofilms. In laboratory experiments, colonisation often occurred within a consistent moisture zone and preferential greening in field experiments was observed in areas of frequent moisture movement. External factors have been shown to have a strong influence, in laboratory experiments where marine salts were applied, these were found to delay colonisation by around seven days. Furthermore, salts resulted in inhomogeneous patterns of colonisation, similar to those observed in scoping studies conducted in Sheffield. Laboratory experiments have also demonstrated that inherent substrate factors such as high porosity and presence of certain minerals (such as clay laminations in Dungannon) can increase the primary bioreceptivity of sandstone surfaces. Field experiments have demonstrated that architectural factors such as aspect and geometry can increase the bioreceptivity of exposed samples. In particular, preferential greening was observed on the dynamically wetted south west facing blocks in Derrygonnelly and on exposed compared with shaded balusters in Oxford. Greening was also concentrated in areas of rainwater flows and stores. Investigation of the role of external, inherent and architectural factors in the development of algal greening as provided by this project, supplies useful information for those managing our sandstone cultural heritage. This will enable more informed decisions to be made over appropriate management and conservation strategies for the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:20:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000798581.pdf: 2736337 bytes, checksum: cd924a4561d669cd7b37f493c7411fdb (MD5) / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da viabilidade da utilização do pó de mármore (resíduo de construção civil) como material fino na confecção de concreto autoadensável (CAA) e a substituição de parte dos agregados graúdos e miúdos por poliestireno expandido (EPS), na proporção de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40%, em volume. Na busca de soluções ambientalmente corretas, com intuito de minimizar a inadequada disposição desses resíduos no meio ambiente, reutilizando-os, e na melhoria reológica no do CAA. Foram otimizadas as composições e realizados ensaios no estado fresco para a validação do CAA, incluindo Slump Flow Test, Slump Flow T50 Test, V-Funnel Test, L-Box Test, Ensaio de Peneiramento e Ensaio da Massa Específica Aparente. Também foram realizados ensaios do CAA no estado endurecido, para 7 dias e 28 dias, envolvendo os ensaio de compressão axial e diametral, módulo de elasticidade, e de absorção aos 35 dias, com os testes no estado fresco, observou-se no influências no sentido de que a incorporação gradativa de EPS ao pó de mármore contribuiu para o aumento dos valores das propriedades que dependem da viscosidade do concreto, de modo a minimizar os efeitos de segregação e de exsudação; ainda, houve aumento da fluidez. Quanto aos testes no estado endurecido, observou-se que, quando se aumentou a porcentagem de poliestireno expandido, os valores da resistência do concreto e do módulo de elasticidade apresentaram diminuições proporcionais aos valores dos incrementos; e, com relação aos ensaios de absorção, verificou-se o aumento do valor desta com os valores de incrementos de EPS / This paper presents a study on the feasibility of using marble powder (civil construction residue) as fine part in the making of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and the replacement of amounts of the large and small parts by expanded polystyrene (EPS) in the proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. In the search of correct environmental solutions to minimize the inadequate disposal of this material in the environment re-using them and rheological improvement in the hardened state of SCC. The compositions were optimized and the tests were performed in the fresh state for the validation of the SCC, including the Slump Flow Test, Slump Flow T50 Test, V-Funnel Test, L-Box Test, Sieving Test, Apparent Specific Mass Test. Tests of the hardened state of SCC were also performed for 7 and 28 days, involving the tests of axial and diametral compression, modulus of elasticity, and absorption at 35 days. In the fresh state, there was influence in the sense that the gradual incorporation of EPS to the marble powder contributed to the increase of the property values that depend on the concrete viscosity, to minimize the effects of segregation and exudation; also, contributed to the increase of fluidity. As for the tests in the hardened state, it was noticed that when the expanded polystyrene percentage was increased, the values of the concrete resistance and the modulus of elasticity presented a proportional decrease to the increment values; and, regarding the absorption tests, there was an increase on the values of the absorption with the values of EPS increments

o revestimento de uma fachada é em si um sistema de complexa resolução. Envolve uma série de variáveis como concepção de projeto, especificação de materiais, execução e manutenção. E, mesmo com todos os aspectos bem atendidos, não se pode determinar a vida útil do sistema, pois o meio tem forte interferência na sua durabilidade. O uso de rochas ornamentais como elemento de revestimento é outro item que necessita de atenção, uma vez que as rochas têm composição não controlável, são anisotrópicas em relação à resistência, são normalmente instáveis frente às intempéries e, quando em placas, suas espessuras têm sido reduzidas, fragilizando-as e diminuindo a proteção ao corpo da edificação. O presente trabalho trata de um estudo de caso onde foram usadas placas de rocha (200x400xl0 mm) do granito 'cinza andorinha', fixadas por ancoragem química com auxílio de grampos, em uma região com alta umidade, grande insolação, sujeita à névoa marinha e a poluição, Região Metropolitana de Recife. Através do método proposto por Lichtenstein (1986) foi feita a vistoria da fachada, na qual foram encontradas diversas patologias como desplacamento, infiltração e oxidação de grampos, e as placas de granito apresentavam alteração química, física e biológica, como mudança de tonalidade, cristalização de sais, eflorescência, oxidação de minerais, desagregação, fissuração e ataque por microorganismos. Como resultado, foram tecidas as seguintes considerações sobre a fachada: método construtivo, enfatizando a importância do projeto (especialmente do detalhe construtivo); especificação de materiais compatíveis às situações as quais são submetidos; execução e manutenção. Também a alteração do granito foi analisada. Aspectos como mudança de composição (oxidação da biotita) e da microestrutura (cristalização de sais) foram estudados com o intuito de contribuir para um uso mais racional deste material de construção específico / A facade coating is, by itself, a system of complex solution. It envelops a series of variables such as project conception, material specification, execution and maintenance. And, even with all aspects well attended, one can not determine the system useful life, because the environment has a strong influence in its durability. The use of dimension stones as coating element is another item that needs attention, since rocks have an uncontrollable composition, are anisotropic regarding resistance, are normally unstable before inclemency of the weather and being tile its thickness has been reduced, weakening them and diminishing protection to the building body. This work is about a case study where granite tiles (200x400xl0 mm), commercially named "cinza andorinha" have been used, fixed by chemical anchorage, held by clamps, in a region with high humidity, high isolation, subjected to sea mist and pollution, Recife (PE) metropolitan region. Through the method proposed by Lichtenstein (1986) it was made a facade inspection and several pathologies were found, such as tiles fall, infiltration and clamps oxidations and the granite tiles preseting chemical physical and biological alteration such as change in color, salt crystallization, efflorescence, mineral oxidation, disagregation, cracking, and microorganism aggression. As a result, the following cosiderations were done about the facade; constructive method, emphasizing the project importance (specially the constructive detail): material specification in compatibity with the situation subdued; execution and maintenance. Likewise, the granite alteration was analyzed. Features as change in composition (biotite oxidation) and in microstructure (salt crystallization) were studied aiming to contribute for a more rational use of this specific building material

Diante da iminente escassez de recursos naturais disponíveis e dos problemas ambientais decorrentes das inadequadas deposições irregulares de resíduos nos centros urbanos, o presente trabalho busca analisar as características físicas de blocos e agregados de resíduos de construção e demolição RCD proveniente da indústria da construção e demolição do município de Petrolina-PE. A construção civil como qualquer outro setor produtivo é gerador de resíduos devido aos desperdícios e à demolição após o uso ou catástrofes. Uma das aplicações para o resíduo é como agregado alternativo, em substituição total ou parcial ao natural, usados para a produção de blocos. O emprego desses resíduos como agregados para argamassas e concretos não estruturais tem bastantes estudos difundidos na literatura brasileira e no mundo inteiro. Neste trabalho, é analisada a viabilidade na confecção de blocos com uso de agregados miúdos reciclados para uso em alvenaria de vedação e o desempenho do mesmo diante de blocos com agregados naturais, confeccionados no município de Petrolina-PE, utilizando-se um traço padrão 1:6 (cimento: agregado miúdo). Os resultados indicaram que a substituição de 25; 50; 75; e 100% da areia natural por agregados miúdos reciclados não afeta significativamente as propriedades mecânicas dos blocos, cujos valores de resistência chegaram a 3,67 MPa, 2,63 MPa, 2,44 MPa e 2,03 MPa respectivamente . Por outro lado, essa substituição apresenta elevada porosidade, requerendo estudos mais aprofundados com o intuito de minimizar esse efeito para que se possa obter uma maior durabilidade das edificações construídas com essa composição / Given the imminent shortage of available natural resources and environmental problems arising from inadequate irregular deposition of waste in urban centers, this paper seeks to analyze the physical characteristics of blocks and aggregates, construction waste and demolition RCD from industry of construction and demolition of municipality of Petrolina-PE. The construction as any other productive sector is to produce waste due to waste and the demolition after use or disasters. One application for the residue is added as an alternative to replace all or part of natural, used for the production of blocks. The use of waste as aggregates for mortar and concrete do not have enough structural studies disseminated in the Brazilian and worldwide. In this work, we analyzed the feasibility of making the blocks with the use of recycled fine aggregate for use in masonry sealing and performance in the face of blocks with natural aggregates, manufactured in the municipality of Petrolina, using a dash pattern 1: 6 (cement: aggregate kid). The results indicated that replacing 25; 50; 75; and 100% of natural sand by recycled fine aggregate did not significantly affect the mechanical properties of blocks, whose resistance values reached 3,67 MPa, 2,63 MPa, 2,44 MPa e 2,03 MPa respectively. On the other hand, such replacement presents high porosity, requiring more detailed studies in order to minimize this effect for which to obtain greater durability of buildings constructed with that composition