Five formula methods and three numerical general methods for determining thermal process lethality were compared with a reference method to demonstrate their applicability to conduction heating foods in cylindrical containers. Hypothetical centerpoint temperature history curves for cans with height to diameter (H/D) ratios of 0.1 to 3.0 were generated for a range of processing conditions using computer simulation. A finite-difference model based on Teixeira et al. (1969b) was used as the basis of the simulation program. The delivered lethality to an organism characterized by Z=10C° was evaluated using each of the methods and compared to the lethality calculated using the reference method. For each of the test methods, simulation data were provided for one minute intervals, but for the reference method, data were provided for intervals of 0.05 min. Each of the selected formula methods was adapted to allow calculations to be done by computer without operator intervention. The most significant part of this adaptation was the development of a system that enabled the computer to select the linear portion of the heat penetration curve to facilitate calculation of the parameters f and j which are required by all of the formula methods. A method for handling large tables was also developed for use with some of the formula methods. For the general methods, the deviations from the reference method were greatest when the heating rate index (fh) and H/D were small and the unaccomplished temperature difference (g) was large. Whereas the the value of fh was the most significant factor affecting the accuracy of calculations done using the general method, it did not greatly affect the performance of the formula methods. The factors that most significantly influenced deviations between the formula methods and the reference method were H/D and g. The largest deviations in all cases occurred when g was large and H/D was close to unity. These errors were mostly on the "safe" side, but the energy use implications could be significant, especially for high retort temperature processes. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

To date, cross-gender friendships in childhood and adolescence have been virtually ignored in the peer relationships literature. The purpose of the present investigation was to chart the territory of cross-gender friendship by examining the domains of friendship conceptions and the selection of friends. Accordingly, 176 students (91 girls, 85 boys) in grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 participated in individual sessions and were asked to describe their beliefs about, and expectations for, both same- and cross-gender friendship. In addition, students participated in a hypothetical decision-making task using a series of information boards on which they were asked to search for, and select, a same- and cross-gender friend. Findings revealed that beliefs and expectations for both same- and cross-gender friendships were observed to follow a common developmental sequence with little evidence that cross-gender friendships lag behind. Although the pattern of gender differences in conceptions of cross-gender friendship was consistent with previous research, the results of this study suggest that for several features of friendship, participants made distinctions on the basis of what is expected in friendships involving girls versus boys. The differential emphasis placed on various expectations in friendship provides support for the notion that same- and cross-gender friendships may represent different types of personal relationships. As compared to conceptions of friendship, observations in the friendship selection task revealed that students engaged in similar predecisional searching regardless of the gender of the target friend. Findings suggest that the process of same- and crossgender friendship selection was somewhat different at different grade levels but did not vary markedly for boys and girls. Indeed, boys and girls at all ages were observed to select same- and cross-gender friends who were highly similar to themselves. The present discussion concludes with a description of the cross-gender friendship experiences of children and adolescents in this sample including consideration of the potential challenges and benefits associated with having a friend of the other gender. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This dissertation is an ethnography about the men and women who take up the practice and performance of a Hindustani (North Indian) drum called tabla, as a way of life. Learning tabla means that percussionists must find a guru, a learned master of the tradition who will guide them in their life long study of this instrument. The relationships formed between gurus and disciples are distinctively different in kind from teacher-student relations in Western knowledge systems. The guru-disciple tradition is a very specific, culturally dependent mode of learning originating from the Indian Brahmanical tradition of religious study. Discipleship is a form of apprenticeship which offers no easy translation, philosophically, culturally or spiritually. My ethnography and analysis of tabla as a way of life is presented from my own situated perspective as a tabla disciple of two tabla masters, Ustad Alia Rakha Khan, his son Ustad Zakir Hussain and as a visiting tabla enthusiast with another teacher of tabla, Ritesh Das. I offer a multi-local ethnography which centres on tabla communities based in Bombay, India, Toronto, Ontario, Vancouver, British Columbia, Seattle, Washington and the Bay Area of California. As tabla travels around the globe, outside of India, the learning and teaching of this tradition changes somewhat in its new environments. However, learning to play tabla whether in Indian or diaspora cultures necessitates adopting Indian ways of knowing, learning and being. For those musicians of non-Indian ethnicity who become dedicated to this art form learning tabla also means learning to embody Indian cultural ways of doing and knowing. I posit that learning the cultural, as in learning tabla, begins in the body and the embodied mind. Knowing through and with the body requires re-conceptualizing anthropological concepts of culture, memory and tradition. Grounding an analytic concept of the body in the emerging critical Anthropology of the Body and the Anthropology of the Senses allows for an examination of the social as something more than cognitive and language based. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

A field study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between television viewing and school children's performance on measures of ideational fluency and intelligence, Alternate Uses and Pattern Meanings tasks (measures of ideational fluency), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Vocabulary and Block Design subtests (measures of intelligence) were administered to Grade four and Grade seven children in three British Columbia towns which varied in television recpetion. All three towns were studied at two times (Phases One and Two), two years and four months apart. One of the towns did not have television reception at the time of Phase One data collection but acquired it soon afterward. Thus at Phase Two, residents of this town had had television reception (CBC) for two years. The second town received CBC at both phases of data collection. The third town received one Canadian (CBC) and three U.S. (ABC, CBS, NBC) channels at both phases. During Phase Two data were collected both from the same children as in Phase One, and from a second cross-sectional sample (Grades 4 and 7) of children in each of the three towns. The total number of subjects in both phases was 443. The results suggested that television exposure is not related to performance on the WISC Block Design and Vocabulary subtests, or to performance on the Pattern Meanings task. The results did indicate, however, that television exposure has a negative effect on performance on the Alternate Uses task. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

[No abstract] / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Includes bibliography. / The present study provides a description of selected core psychodynamic issues pertinent to a male transvestite patient. Case material from an ongoing 11 month psychodynamically-oriented psychotherapy is used for illustrative purposes. The theoretical roles of the 'core complex', castration anxiety; aggression and a particular ego style are thematically outlined and illustrated by a discussion of the therapeutic process. An attempt is made to demonstrate an increased capacity for depression, increased object-relatedness and disidentification from a symbiotically related female introject as the aim and partial gain of the therapy. The transference, case management difficulties and the therapeutic process of what has occurred as well as what is likely to, are considered. The unexpected outcome, in that the patient has ceased to fetishistically cross-dress, given the short space of therapeutic time is discussed. It is concluded that this be viewed tentatively. Finally, some thoughts are raised as to the utility of the psychoanalytic approach as against the general psychiatric-diagnostic approach.

Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2007. / This study is on the impact of copyright law on the provision of information by libraries with special reference to computerized databases. For the purposes of this study, four hypotheses were set, being: the appropriateness of copyright law; the restriction on access to information; author's remuneration for his work; and the interpretation of the law of copyright. A literature review was done on the origin and development of copyright, from the ancient cultures through the Middle Ages and the invention of the printing period to the enactment of the first copyright law in history (the Statute of Anne) which is the fundamental basis of the modern copyright as a legal protection for an author, artist or composer that restricts any form of reproduction. In general, copyright law grants the autln,r an exclusive right to his works and also grants the pucil J the right to use intellectual works within th^ limits of the doctrine of 'fair use* that would not cripple the economic conditions of the author. In chapter three, it is indicated that recent developments in computer technology, telecommunications technology and reprography have made it possible for information to be easily and cheaply copied and transmitted over distances (transborder data flow) for the use of many users. Such indiscriminate access withholds from the copyright holder legitimate royalties for his work and the protection by legal copyright. To restrict such access on the other hand, inhibits the use of the work which is also contrary to the interests of the author and to the intent of copyright law. Libraries are a primary source of disseminated information and as such are required to observe the legal conventions of the country. With the recent developments of a wide range of technological advancements in information transfer, and an increased demand for information sharing, it is becoming increasingly difficult and in some cases impossible for libraries to fully uphold and enforce the provisions of the copyright law. Nowadays, intellectual property has become a tradeable commodity and the recent problem is one of economic threat brought about by changing technology. Librarians depend upon the originality and products of authors and publishers in the provision of information services to users and must therefore observe the copyright law to give incentive to those with the ability to write. The results of this study confirm the hypotheses that copyright law is not appropriate in the reproduction of all forms of copyrighted material from computerized databases; that copyright law restricts the free access to information; that authors have the right to expect remuneration for their works; and that the interpretation of copyright law is a problem and therefore confusing to libraries.

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