O progresso científico e tecnológico das últimas décadas registra um avanço significativo no processo de obtenção da cal, porém, há uma lacuna de conhecimento de base referente à sua ação quando empregada em conjunto com o cimento Portland. O uso da cal nas argamassas mistas de acabamento tem sido associado positivamente apenas à plasticidade no estado fresco e à sua deformabilidade no estado endurecido. Maiores informações são necessárias sobre a ação da cal na evolução das propriedades da argamassa no estado fresco, vinculadas à hidratação do cimento. Este conhecimento é importante para o desenvolvimento de formulações que atendam ao desempenho desejado em diferentes aplicações. O entendimento do mecanismo de hidratação do cimento em presença da cal constitui uma plataforma para estudos de adições minerais ativas ao clínquer, com adição de cal hidratada como fonte externa de cálcio, na produção de novos materiais cimentícios sustentáveis. O estudo em pasta realizado teve como foco a interação cimento-cal visando identificar os fenômenos químicos e físicos relevantes que se sucedem à adição de água ao sistema. Foram caracterizadas as idades iniciais de hidratação do cimento por meio de ensaios de calorimetria de condução, termogravimetria (TG/DTG) e difratometria de raios X em material no estado fluido e em regime consecutivo de coleta de dados. Os experimentos envolveram as proporções 1:1 e 1:2 de cimento Portland tipo CP II E com cales hidratadas tipos CH I e CH III de natureza cálcica e dolomítica, respectivamente. A cal CH I incorpora à mistura elevado teor de hidróxido de cálcio com imediata saturação do meio por íons hidroxila e íons cálcio; a cal CH III incorpora também, em maior quantidade, filler carbonático. Por efeito químico, devido à presença da cal, há alteração da velocidade de hidratação, mas com formação dos produtos de reação característicos da hidratação do cimento. Por efeito físico, o filler carbonático e a fração insolúvel do hidróxido de cálcio da cal, presente no meio saturado, atuam como nucleador para precipitação de fases hidratadas. O efeito combinado desses fenômenos promoveu aceleração da hidratação do cimento Portland, principalmente no período de indução, quando prevalecem as reações de formação de etringita e de aluminatos de cálcio hidratados. / In the last decades, scientific and technological progress has shown a significant advance in the process of obtaining lime; however, there is gap knowledge with relation to its action when employed together with Portland cement. The use of lime in finishing mix mortars has only been positively associated to the fresh state plasticity and ability to deformation in the hardened state. It is necessary to collect data about the role of lime in the gradual development of the properties of mortars in the fresh state, linked to cement hydration. Such knowledge is important to develop formulas which can meet the required performance in different uses. The current demand of sustainable materials has favored the addition of minerals to the composition of Portland cement, and hydrated lime as an extern source of calcium, is a feasible alternative to the composition of byproducts and mixtures to be used as alternative binders. This research focused the cement-lime interaction aiming at identifying relevant chemical and physical phenomena which succeed the addition of water to the system. The paste study characterized the early ages of hydration by means of isothermal calorimetric, thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction in material in the fluid state analysis collecting data in a consecutive basis. The experiments were carried out by using two proportions of Portland cement type CP II E with hydrated lime types CH I and CH III, calcic and dolomitc, respectively. By adding lime CH I to the cement-water system, calcium hydroxide is abundantly incorporated, with immediate saturation by means of hydroxide ions and calcium ions. The addition of lime CH III, also incorporates, in greater amount, finely ground limestone. Due to chemical effect because of the presence of lime, there is alteration in speed of hydration, forming products characteristics to the cement hydration process. Due to physical effect, the filler and the lime insoluble fraction of calcium hydroxide, present in the saturated environment, work as facilitators to the precipitation of the hydrated phases. The combined effect of these two phenomena accelerated hydration of Portland cement, mainly in the induction period, when ettringite and hydrated calcium aluminates formation reactions prevail. The advancement made in terms of knowledge permits to broaden comprehension on the behavior of mixtures in early stages, when hardening and consolidation processes are applied to mortars and help rheologic studies which involve their application. The understanding of the hydration mechanism in the presence of lime sets a base to study additions of active minerals to the clinker and produce new sustainable cementious compounds.

O aumento da longevidade da população mundial e dos acidentes com consequências traumáticas nas últimas décadas provocaram um incremento na demanda de materiais e tecnologias destinados à substituição de alguma função ou porção do organismo humano para assegurar a qualidade de vida do ser humano. Neste contexto, o desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais para a ortopedia e odontologia baseados nos fosfatos de cálcio é relevante, uma vez que estes apresentam composição química semelhante à fase mineral de ossos e dentes. Os cimentos de fosfatos de cálcio (CPC) possuem composição de fases cristalinas e resposta biológica similares às biocerâmicas de fosfato de cálcio utilizadas como material de implante por excelência devido à sua alta biocompatibilidade e excelente bioatividade; mas com a diferença de que estes podem ser facilmente moldados e adaptados ao local de implantação, injetados através de vias minimamente invasivas, ou misturados com diversos fármacos para obter uma ação terapêutica determinada e localizada no local de implantação. Em geral, tanto as biocerâmicas como os CPC apresentam baixas resistências mecânicas, pelo qual o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a obtenção de novas formulações de CPC com propriedades mecânicas melhoradas mediante a adição de componentes de cimento Portland tradicional ou de cimento de aluminato de cálcio. Outras propriedades que se pretende melhorar com a adição de compostos portadores de silício são a bioatividade e osteogenicidade dos materiais resultantes, uma vez que os cimentos baseados em silicato de cálcio são altamente osteogênicos. Para isto, foi escolhido o sistema baseado em a-Ca3(PO4)2 e foram desenhadas diferentes formulações através da introdução de Ca3SiO5 (C3S) ou CaAl2O4 (CA), fases majoritárias dos cimentos Portland e cimentos de aluminato de cálcio que apresentam uma excelente resistência mecânica, além de ser biocompatíveis e bioativas. Do estudo realizado verificou-se que a adição de um 5% de C3S ao cimento baseado em a- Ca3(PO4)2 produz um incremento das propriedades mecânicas em longo prazo (14d) e melhora a bioatividade e citotoxicidade dos CPC tradicionais; no entanto, retarda a pega do cimento e a hidrólise do a-Ca3(PO4)2 e aumenta a o grau de degradação dos materiais. A introdução de SiO2 como modificação de esta formulação, embora diminuiu o pH resultante, retardou a pega do cimento provocando uma perda notável da resistência mecânica durante os primeiros estágios da reação. Por outro lado, a introdução de CA provocou uma diminuição da resistência à compressão dos cimentos, independente do teor adicionado, e não se observou a melhoria desta propriedade com o aumento do tempo. Contudo, a presença de CA permitiu a obtenção de materiais menos citotóxicos, e por consiguiente mais biocompatíves, assim como o aumento da bioatividade em relação aos CPC tradicionais. / The increased longevity of the world population and the growth of traumatic accidents in last decades, led to an increase in demand of materials and technologies for replacement of any portion or function of the human body to ensure the quality of human life. In this context, the development of new biomaterials for orthopedics and dentistry based on calcium phosphates is relevant, since they have similar chemical composition to the mineral phase of bones and teeth. The calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have composition of crystalline phases and biological response similar to calcium phosphate bioceramics used as implant material par excellence due to its high biocompatibility and excellent bioactivity; but with the difference that these can be easily shaped and adapted to the site, injected through minimally invasive means, or mixed with various drugs for a specific therapeutic action at the site of implantation. In general, both bioceramics such as CPC have low mechanical strength; whereby, the main objective of this study was to obtain new formulations of CPC with improved mechanical properties by adding components of traditional Portland cement or calcium aluminate cement. Other properties that are intended to improve with the addition of silicon compounds, are the bioactivity and osteogenic potential of the resulting materials, as it cements based on calcium silicate are highly osteogenic. For this, we chose a system based a-Ca3(PO4)2 and different formulations were designed by introducing Ca3SiO5 (C3S) or CaAl2O4 (CA), majority phases of Portland cement and calcium aluminate cements that have an excellent mechanical strength, and are biocompatible and bioactive. From the study it was found that the adittion of a 5% C3S to the a-Ca3(PO4)2 based cement, produces an increase in the mechanical properties in the long term (14d) and enhances bioactivity and cytotoxicity; however, enlarge the setting times and the degree of degradation ofaand hydrolysis of materials. The introduction of SiO2 as a modification of this formulation, resulted in a pH decreased, but in the increased of the setting times causing a noticeable loss of strength during the early stages of the reaction. Moreover, the introduction of CA reduced the compressive strength of cements, regardless of content added, and there was no improvement of this property with increasing time. However, the presence of CA allowed the production of materials less cytotoxic, and thereby to more biocompatible, as well as the increase in bioactivity relative to traditional CPC.

O cimento Portland, em seus diferentes tipos e classes, é o principal constituinte dos concretos e das argamassas, e é aplicado em todas as tipologias de obras de construção civil. Caso as propriedades do mesmo sofram variações, em função de diversos fatores, esta variabilidade influenciará nas propriedades do concreto, pelo fato do cimento Portland ser seu principal constituinte. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visa analisar a variabilidade de diferentes tipos e marcas de cimentos produzidos no Brasil através do cálculo da média, do coeficiente de variação, da resistência característica à compressão, bem como determinar os coeficientes de crescimento de resistência à compressão entre as idades preconizadas, conforme as especificações normativas de cada cimento. Os dados para o estudo pertencem ao registro de ensaios efetuados pelo Laboratório de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, compreendidos entre o período de 1992 a 2012. Este banco de dados permitiu a realização das análises considerando duas faixas de tempo relacionadas a dois distintos momentos da economia brasileira, entre 1992 a 2003, referente ao pequeno crescimento do país e da indústria cimenteira, e entre 2004 a 2012, relacionado à retomada do crescimento do Brasil e consequente aumento do consumo de cimento. Da mesma forma, foi possível, separar os fabricantes de cimento que possuem o selo de qualidade segundo os padrões da Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland (ABCP) – “Com Selo” – dos que não possuem – “Sem Selo”. Dentre as principais conclusões, pode-se ressaltar que quando analisado de forma geral, por tipo de cimento, os índices de consistência médios variam de 165mm para o CP I S a 186 mm para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 7,77% para o CP II Z 32 a 13,70% para o CP IV 32 RS; as superfícies específicas Blaine médias variam de 3480 cm²/g para o CP I S a 5170 cm²/g para o CP V ARI RS, com coeficientes de variação entre 6,21% para o CP I S 32 a 12,2% para o CP IV 32 RS; as resistências mínimas especificadas em norma foram respeitadas para todas as idades, tomando as resistências médias à compressão; em contraposição, somente os cimentos CP II Z 32 e CP II Z 32 RS atingiram as resistências características à compressão mínimas em relação à norma para todas as idades. / The Portland cement, in its different types and classes, is the main component of concrete and mortar and is applied in all types of civil construction works. If its properties suffer changes, depending on various factors, this variability will influence the properties of the concrete, because the Portland cement being its main constituent. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the variability of different types and marks of cement produced in Brazil by calculating the mean, coefficient of variation, characteristic compression strength, and determining the coefficients of the development of compressive strength among the recommended ages, according to the normative specifications of each cement. The database for the study belong to the record of tests conducted by the Laboratory for Civil Construction Materials of Foundation of Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul state , ranging from the period 1992-2012. This database allowed the analyzes considering two time slots related to two distinct moments of the Brazilian economy, between 1992 and 2003, concerning the small development of the country and cement industry, and between 2004 and 2012, related to the resumption of development in Brazil and consequently an increase in cement consumption. Similarly, was possible to separate the cement manufacturers who have the seal of quality standards in the ABCP (Brazilian Association of Cement Portland) – “With Seal” - of those without the seal – “Without Seal”. Among the main conclusions, can be noted that when analyzed in general, by type of cement, the rate of medium consistency ranging from 165mm to 186mm for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.77% to 13.70% for the CP II Z 32 to CP IV 32 RS; averages Blaine specific areas ranging from 3480cm²/g to 5170cm²/g for the CP I S to CP V ARI RS, with coefficients of variation ranging from 6.21% to 12.2% for the CP I S 32 to CP IV 32 RS; the minimum resistance specified in the standard have been respected for all ages, taking the average compressive strength; in contrast, only CP II Z 32 and CP II Z 32 RS cements reached the resistance characteristics to the minimum compression relative to the standard for all ages.

The work deals with the summarization of knowledge concerning issues of fiber cement. There are characterized feedstock, production technologies, properties and surface finish corrugated fiber covering. Furthermore, the paper describes the normative requirements for Corrugated Sheets, affecting the quality of manufactured roofing. In the practical part of the thesis were sampled corrugated sheets, which have been investigated possible influences affecting the quality of the surface finish. Was also solved the issue of insufficient adhesion of acrylic paint on selected plates in the factory CEMBRIT a.s. in Šumperk.

L’encrassement des façades d’immeuble est causé par un phénomène d’altération biologique essentiellement esthétique. Leur vieillissement naturel favorise la colonisation de micro-organismes. La cinétique de biodétérioration dépend de plusieurs paramètres, tels que la situation géographique, les conditions environnementales et les caractéristiques physico-chimiques du matériau. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’établir un lien entre la composition chimique de mortiers à base de ciments et leur cinétique de colonisation par des microorganismes. Deux bancs d’essais sont utilisés : un banc d’essai in situ et un banc d’essai de biodétérioration accélérée de laboratoire. Deux ciments Portland (OPC) et deux ciments alumineux (CAC) de minéralogies différentes ont été sélectionnés. L’effet de la porosité, de la rugosité et de la carbonatation a également été étudié. Le microorganisme sélectionné pour les essais de laboratoire est l’algue Klebsormidium flaccidum qui se développe de manière prépondérante sur les façades en France. Les résultats obtenus en laboratoire et in situ montrent que la biocolonisation des mortiers à base de CAC est plus lente que celle des mortiers à base d’OPC. Lorsque la porosité augmente, la vitesse de biocolonisation augmente et l’effet de la composition chimique est en grande partie masqué. La biocolonisation des mortiers carbonatés se réalise plus rapidement que celle des mortiers non carbonatés surtout dans le cas des mortiers à base d’OPC. Enfin, les mortiers de surface rugueuse sont colonisés plus rapidement quelle que soit la formulation testée. Cet effet est plus marqué pour les mortiers exposés in situ que pour ceux testés en laboratoire. / The fouling of building-facade is caused by a main aesthetic phenomenon of biological weathering. The natural weathering favors the micro-organisms development. The biofouling kinetics depends on several parameters such as geographical situation, environmental conditions and physicochemical parameters of substrates. The main objective of this study is to highlight the influence of the mortar chemistry in relationship with its physical properties on the algal growth. The biofouling kinetics was followed on samples exposed outdoor and on samples tested in a laboratory bench which consists in spraying an algal culture on mortar specimens. In order to characterize the influence of the mortar chemistry on biofouling, two Portland cements (OPC) and two calcium aluminate cements (CAC) were tested. The influence of roughness, porosity and carbonation was also studied. The green algae Klebsormidium flaccidum were chosen for the accelerated laboratory tests because of its representativeness. The results obtain in laboratory and in situ show that CAC based mortars slow down the colonization kinetics compared to OPC based mortars. When porosity increases the biofouling kinetics increases and the effect of the mortars chemical composition is largely hidden. The carbonated mortars biofouling is achieved more quickly than uncarbonated ones especially for OPC based mortars. Finally, the rough surfaces are colonized faster whatever formulation tested. This parameter is mostly highlighted for in situ tests.

Up to present, ettrigite has been prepared by two means in the Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components of the BUT Faculty of Civil Engineering: originally by the hydration of the yeelimite clinker; recently by the direct synthesis of ettringite from calcium hydroxide and aluminum sulfate, the latter being considered more suitable in qualitative and quantitative terms. This diploma thesis focuses on the comparison of both means, using ettringite produced by the latter as control sample. This endeavor focuses on monitoring the stability of ettringite and its possible conversion to other minerals using X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

This diploma thesis is focused on long term monitoring of thermodynamic stability of ettringite under selected conditions and its possible destabilization or transformation into another AFt phase, especially thaumasite. Ettringite samples were made in two ways, by hydrating the yeelimite in the system with the alite and by addition of aluminium sulphate and calcium hydroxide.

This diploma thesis is focused on methods of using cement kiln by-pass dust in building materials technology. By-pass dust was treated to remove chlorides and could then be used as other constituent to various types of cements in the amount of 0–5 wt. % according to ČSN EN 197-1. The properties of dusts before and after chloride removal were examined and after incorporating modified by-pass dust into the cement, the properties of fresh and hardened cement pastes and mortars were studied. It was found that modified by-pass dust after incorporation into cement fulfill requirements of ČSN EN 197-1.

This thesis deals with refractory concrete binding system based on aluminous cement and phosphoric acid. The prepared refractory concretes were fired at 1 000 °C. Various effects on compressive strength of refractory concrete were studied. The influence of aluminous cement content and phosphoric acid content, the influence of various admixtures, the influence of plasticizers and the influence of time and method of sample storage were studied. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis of the basic unfired sample were performed. Finally, selected refractory concretes were fired at 110, 200, 400, 600, 800, 900, 1 000 and 1 100 °C. The compressive strength of these samples was measured and powder X ray diffraction analysis was performed. The compressive strength of refractory concretes under intermediate temperatures (800–1 100 °C) was most increased in samples with metakaolin and gray microsilica.

Polymerem impregnované cementové materiály představují zajímavou a perspektivní alternativu klasických portlandských cementových past. Hlavním zástupcem těchto materiálů jsou macrodefect-free (MDF) kompozity, složené z anorganického pojiva a organického polymeru. I přes řadu vynikajících mechanických vlastností je plné zavedení MDF kompozitů na trh omezené především z důvodu jejich relativně nízké odolnosti vůči vlhkosti. Jednou z možností jak zvýšit odolnost výsledného MDF vůči vlhkosti je „in situ“ síťování polymeru. V této práci byla připravena počáteční série MDF kompozitů na bázi hlinitanového cementu a polyvinylalkoholu se třemi typy organo-titanátových síťovacích činidel (Tyzory). Efekt modifikace MDF kompozitů byl hodnocen na základě zkoušek pevnosti v tahu za ohybu po uložení materiálů v různých vlhkostních podmínkách.