Summary in Chinese. / Thesis (MBA)--Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: 96-97 l.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 172 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical reference.

Introduction: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) debuted in 2006 within the U.S market as novel tobacco products and have been gaining popularity since. Without enforced regulations, prevalence of awareness and use has significantly increased. The purpose of this study is to explore the evolving landscape of ENDS using the Host, Agent, Vector, Environment (HAVE) model with a focus on manufactured e-liquids and do it yourself (DIY) e-liquids as the Agent. Methods: Content analysis of e-cigarette web forums was conducted to identify popular brick and mortar point of sales (POS) for the purchase of ENDS products. POS were mapped out within a 1-, 2-, and 3- mile radius from three college campuses using Google Maps. An environmental scan was then conducted on randomly selected POS sites (N=17) where observations on e-liquid flavors and characteristics were identified. In addition, a content analysis of web forums was used to qualitatively characterize DIY e-liquids in depth. Results: A total of 602 flavors were profiled in the POS environmental scans and five main flavor categories of e-liquids were identified: 1) Tobacco and Menthol (16.6%); 2) Desserts and Candies (16.6%); 3) Fruits (20.6%); 4) Drinks (10.1%); 5) Other (36.0%). Most flavored e-liquids were sold in stand-alone vials (91.0%). When sold with manufactured products, flavored e-liquids were sold in E-Hookahs (10.6%) compared to E-Cigarettes (4.7%). Most (96.8%) flavored e-liquids were available with and without nicotine. Based on content analysis of e-cigarette web forums, the words with the highest frequency in the DIY transcripts were: “flavor”, “mixing”, “liquid”, “calculators”, and “nicotine”. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that for both manufactured and DIY e-liquids, flavors are a distinguishing and primary characteristic. Given these findings, increased surveillance efforts to monitor ENDS and e-liquids are necessary to inform regulatory science.

Thesis (M.P.H.M.)--Mahidol University, 1999.

M.Comm. / Gegewe die agtergrond en probleemstelling van die studie, kan die doelwitte van die studie sons volg gefonnuleer word: Die eerste doel van die studie is om te bepaal of handelsmerklojaliteit wat sigarette betref, nog by verbruikers bestaan en 'n rol speel by die keuse van 'n handelsmerk. Die tweede doel met die studie is om te bepaal watter faktore die verbruiker se keuse van 'n spesifieke handelsmerk van sigarette beInvloed, dit wil se watter faktore beInvloed handelsmerklojaliteit. Wat die faktore betref, sal daar hoofsaaklik gekonsentreer word op die invloed van die elemente van die bemarkingsmengsel, naamlik: Produk ; Prys ; Distribusie ; Bemarkingskommunikasie. Met hierdie studie sal dus gepoog word om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die verbreding van die bestaande kennis oor handelsmerklojaliteit en die rol daarvan vir geslaagde sigaretbemarking.

No description available.

In this report, we analyze trends in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), as a function of smoking behaviors and race, using a clinic-based case-control design. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from a multiethnic cohort of 120 PLWH to measure IL-6 in culture supernatant. The data indicated that stimulated PBMC produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 in smokers than nonsmokers. However, as expected, this relationship was substantially modified by race. The distinctive production of IL-6 across different racial groups highlights the need for additional studies and suggests that African American smokers have enhanced production of IL-6 than other groups. Additional analyses indicate that higher IL-6 levels are related to the predicted use of mentholated cigarettes, which are more frequently used by African Americans. These findings warrant further investigation and indicate the critical need for tailored preventive interventions.

We investigated the prevalence of vaping among college students in South-central Appalachia in the United States and explored factors which were associated with and could predict vaping among the college students. A sample of 498 enrolled students voluntarily completed a self-report REDCap health survey questionnaire in 2018. Outcome variable was use of electronic cigarettes categorized as yes/no. Independent variables included risky behaviors such as texting or emailing while driving, riding in a car with someone who had been drinking, history of protected and unprotected sexual intercourse, age at first intercourse, and type of contraceptive used. Covariates were age, gender, ethnicity/race and high school location. The first category was used as reference. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with and predicting vaping. Mean age of participants was 20.93(± 8.26), 62.9% were female, a majority (76.5%) were non-Hispanic White, and 43.2% reported vaping at some point in their lives. Initial univariate analysis showed gender (p < 0.0001), seat belt usage (p = 0.002), texting or emailing while driving (p = 0.002), riding in a car with someone who had been drinking (p = 0.001), history of sexual intercourse (p < 0.001), coitarche (p = 0.026), use of birth control pills and withdrawal method were associated with vaping. Adjusting for co-variates, gender (p < 0.002), county of high school (p < 0.009) and texting and e-mailing while driving (0.05), seat belt usage (0.04) remained significant. Vaping was highly prevalent (43.2%) among our participants. Gender, location of high school, texting/emailing while driving and seat belt usage are predictors of vaping among these students.

No description available.

Le marché de la cigarette électronique est en constante expansion. La majorité des utilisateurs de cigarette électronique sont également des fumeurs de cigarette de tabac. Un nombre croissant de jeunes commencent à utiliser la cigarette électronique, sans avoir fumé la cigarette de tabac au préalable. Outre le propylène glycol et le glycérol, le liquide de la cigarette électronique peut contenir différentes concentrations de nicotine et se décliner dans près de 15 000 mélanges de saveurs. Le glycérol est un substrat métabolique impliqué dans la production de glucose en période de jeûne, et de lipides en période d'excès de glucides. Les impacts de la cigarette électronique sur la santé restent à déterminer. L'hypothèse générale de cette thèse est que l'utilisation de la cigarette électronique perturbe la biologie pulmonaire et métabolique. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer les effets de la variation des paramètres physiques de la cigarette électronique ainsi que la composition du liquide de vapotage sur la taille des particules d'aérosols générée. L'extension e-cigarette InExpose (SCIREQ) a été utilisée. Différentes concentrations de nicotine, saveurs et proportions de propylène glycol et glycérol ont été utilisées. La taille des particules des vapeurs de cigarette électronique a été analysée par un Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer (SMPS 3080, TSI Inc). Nous avons montré qu'une puissance de la cigarette électronique plus élevée augmente la taille des particules émises. Nous avons également montré qu'une plus grande proportion de glycérol, la présence de nicotine et de vanilline augmente la taille des particules. Ces changements modifient la déposition pulmonaire prédite des particules de cigarette électronique. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d'investiguer les effets pulmonaires de la double exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique et à la fumée de cigarette. L'exposition de souris BALB/c femelles à la fumée de cigarette 3R4F a été effectuée dans un système automatisé de type « whole-body » (SIU24, Promech Lab AB). L'exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique a été réalisée dans un système « whole-body » développé dans notre laboratoire, et en utilisant un liquide de vapotage sans saveurs et sans nicotine. Pour les deux types d'expositions, les souris ont été exposées successivement 2h/jour, 5 jours/semaine pendant 8 semaines. Nous avons montré que les souris exposées aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique et à la fumée de cigarette présentent des changements dans l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la régulation du cycle circadien. Nous avons montré une augmentation de la fréquence des cellules dendritiques, macrophages, neutrophiles, lymphocytes B ainsi que lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ au poumon comparativement aux souris exposées seulement à la fumée de cigarette. L'exposition aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique a également modulé les niveaux d'immunoglobulines dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire et le sérum. Une augmentation de la résistance des voies aériennes a été observée pour les souris exposées aux vapeurs de cigarette électronique, avec ou sans exposition concomitante à la fumée de cigarette. Le troisième objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les effets de l'inhalation de vapeurs de glycérol sur le métabolisme énergétique hépatique. Les souris ont été exposées aux vapeurs de glycérol en utilisant notre système d'exposition de type « whole-body ». Des souris C57BL/6 mâles et femelles ont été exposées de manière aigüe pour une exposition de 6h. Bien que des changements mineurs ont été observés suivant l'exposition aigüe, l'exposition aux vapeurs de glycérol semble prévenir les effets métaboliques du jeûne. Par la suite, des souris C57BL/6 mâle et femelle, âgées de 6 ou 12 semaines, ont été exposées 2h/jour, 5 jours/semaine pour 9 semaines. Aucun changement dans le poids ou la composition en tissu adipeux n'a été observé. Nous avons montré une diminution de la tolérance au glucose chez jeunes souris mâle et femelle. Nous avons également observé une augmentation de la concentration hépatique de triglycérides et de phosphatidylcholine chez les souris femelles, sans augmentation chez les souris mâles. Aucun changement dans les marqueurs d'inflammation, de remodelage ou de stress du réticulum endoplasmique n'a été observé dans les tissus hépatiques. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse mettent en lumière les effets de la cigarette électronique sur la santé pulmonaire et métabolique. Davantage d'études sur les effets des composantes de la cigarette électronique sont nécessaires afin de caractériser les mécanismes responsables de ces changements. / The electronic cigarette market is in constant expansion. A majority of electronic cigarette users are also tobacco cigarette smokers though an increasing number of young people are starting to use electronic cigarettes without having to smoke tobacco cigarettes first. In addition to propylene glycol and glycerol, vaping liquids in electronic cigarettes contain different concentrations of nicotine and nearly 15,000 flavours are available. Glycerol is a metabolic substrate involved in the production of glucose during fasting and lipids after feeding. The impacts of electronic cigarettes on health remain to be determined. The general hypothesis of this thesis is that the use of electronic cigarettes disrupts lung and metabolic processes. The first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of the variation in the electronic cigarette model as well as the composition of the vaping liquid on the size of the emitted particles generated. Using the InExpose e-cigarette extension (SCIREQ), different concentrations of nicotine, flavours and proportions of propylene glycol and glycerol were assessed. The particle size of electronic cigarette aerosols was analyzed by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer (SMPS 3080, TSI Inc). We have shown that increasing electronic cigarette power increases the size of the particles emitted. We have also shown that a greater proportion of glycerol or the presence of nicotine and vanillin led to increased particle size. These changes alter the predicted pulmonary deposition of e-cigarette particles. The second objective of this thesis was to investigate the pulmonary effects of dual exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke. Exposure of female BALB/c mice to 3R4F cigarette smoke was performed in an automated whole-body system (Promech Lab AB SIU24). Exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols was carried out in a whole-body system developed in our laboratory, using a flavourless and nicotine-free vaping liquid. For both types of exposure, mice were exposed successively 2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. We showed that mice exposed to electronic cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke exhibit changes in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. We found increases in the frequency of dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in lung tissue compared to mice exposed only to cigarette smoke. Exposure to electronic cigarette aerosols also modulated immunoglobulin levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage and serum. An increase in airway resistance was observed in mice exposed to electronic cigarette aerosols, with or without concomitant exposure to cigarette smoke. The third objective of this thesis was to characterize the effects of glycerol vaping liquid aerosol inhalation on energy metabolism. Mice were exposed to glycerol aerosols using our whole-body exposure system. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were acutely exposed for 6 hours. Although only minor changes were observed, acute exposure to glycerol aerosols appears to prevent the metabolic effects of fasting. Separately, male and female C57BL/6 mice of 6- or 12-week-old, were exposed for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week for 9 weeks. No change in weight or body fat composition was observed. We showed decrease glucose tolerance of young male and female mice. We also observed an increase in hepatic triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine concentration in female mice, without effect in male mice. No changes in markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, or remodeling were observed in liver tissue. The work presented in this thesis highlights the effects of electronic cigarettes on lung and metabolic health. More studies on the effects of the components of electronic cigarettes are needed to further characterize the mechanisms involved in these changes.