Considerando a atual subutilização do espectro de rádio frequências para comunicação sem fio, o rádio cognitivo é visto como um conceito chave para permitir uma melhoria da utilização deste recurso de comunicação. A implementação de dispositivos de rádio cognitivo deve basear-se nas quatro principais funções cognitivas: sensoriamento espectral, decisão espectral, compartilhamento espectral e mobilidade espectral. Através dessas funções, um dispositivo de rádio cognitivo é capaz de procurar canais livres para transmitir de forma oportunista em uma rede de rádios cognitivos. No entanto, as redes de rádios cognitivos devem ser gerenciadas, com o objetivo de garantir seu pleno funcionamento, melhorando o desempenho destes dispositivos. Este gerenciamento deve melhorar o conhecimento do administrador sobre o funcionamento da rede. Assim, a configuração, o monitoramento e a visualização das funções cognitivas são fundamentais para o processo de aprendizagem contínua do administrador de rede. Neste trabalho, propõe-se Kitsune, um sistema de gerenciamento com base em um modelo hierárquico que permite gerenciar as informações sobre as funções cognitivas em redes de rádios cognitivos. Kitsune é projetado para gerenciar todas as quatro funções cognitivas, permitindo que o administrador da rede possa configurar os dispositivos de rádio cognitivo, monitorar os resultados de cada função cognitiva e analisar importantes visualizações destes resultados. Além disso, um protótipo de Kitsune foi desenvolvido e avaliado por meio de um cenário experimental baseado na norma IEEE 802.22. O resultado obtido mostra que Kitsune fornece ao administrador um melhor conhecimento sobre a rede, melhorando a taxa de transferência média para cada canal. / Considering the current underutilization of radio frequency spectrum for wireless communication, the Cognitive Radio is seen as a key concept to enable the improvement of the radio frequency spectrum utilization. The implementation of cognitive radio devices must be based on the four main cognitive functions: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility. Through these functions, a cognitive radio device is able to search for vacant channels to opportunistically transmit in a cognitive radio network. However, cognitive radio networks should be managed, aiming to guaranty the proper operation of the cognitive radio devices, improving the performance of these devices. This management should improve the administrator knowledge about the cognitive radio network operation. Therefore, the configuration, monitoring and visualization of the cognitive functions are fundamental to the continuous knowledge building process of the network administrator. In this paper we propose Kitsune, a management system based on a hierarchical model allowing to manage summarized information about cognitive functions in radio networks. Kitsune is designed to manage all four cognitive functions, enabling the network administrator to configure the cognitive radio devices, monitor the results of each cognitive function, and make important visualizations of these results. Moreover, a Kitsune prototype was developed and evaluated through an experimental IEEE 802.22 scenario. The result obtained show that Kitsune allows the administrator to achieve a better knowledge about the network and improve the average throughput for each channel.

Considerando a atual subutilização do espectro de rádio frequências para comunicação sem fio, o rádio cognitivo é visto como um conceito chave para permitir uma melhoria da utilização deste recurso de comunicação. A implementação de dispositivos de rádio cognitivo deve basear-se nas quatro principais funções cognitivas: sensoriamento espectral, decisão espectral, compartilhamento espectral e mobilidade espectral. Através dessas funções, um dispositivo de rádio cognitivo é capaz de procurar canais livres para transmitir de forma oportunista em uma rede de rádios cognitivos. No entanto, as redes de rádios cognitivos devem ser gerenciadas, com o objetivo de garantir seu pleno funcionamento, melhorando o desempenho destes dispositivos. Este gerenciamento deve melhorar o conhecimento do administrador sobre o funcionamento da rede. Assim, a configuração, o monitoramento e a visualização das funções cognitivas são fundamentais para o processo de aprendizagem contínua do administrador de rede. Neste trabalho, propõe-se Kitsune, um sistema de gerenciamento com base em um modelo hierárquico que permite gerenciar as informações sobre as funções cognitivas em redes de rádios cognitivos. Kitsune é projetado para gerenciar todas as quatro funções cognitivas, permitindo que o administrador da rede possa configurar os dispositivos de rádio cognitivo, monitorar os resultados de cada função cognitiva e analisar importantes visualizações destes resultados. Além disso, um protótipo de Kitsune foi desenvolvido e avaliado por meio de um cenário experimental baseado na norma IEEE 802.22. O resultado obtido mostra que Kitsune fornece ao administrador um melhor conhecimento sobre a rede, melhorando a taxa de transferência média para cada canal. / Considering the current underutilization of radio frequency spectrum for wireless communication, the Cognitive Radio is seen as a key concept to enable the improvement of the radio frequency spectrum utilization. The implementation of cognitive radio devices must be based on the four main cognitive functions: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility. Through these functions, a cognitive radio device is able to search for vacant channels to opportunistically transmit in a cognitive radio network. However, cognitive radio networks should be managed, aiming to guaranty the proper operation of the cognitive radio devices, improving the performance of these devices. This management should improve the administrator knowledge about the cognitive radio network operation. Therefore, the configuration, monitoring and visualization of the cognitive functions are fundamental to the continuous knowledge building process of the network administrator. In this paper we propose Kitsune, a management system based on a hierarchical model allowing to manage summarized information about cognitive functions in radio networks. Kitsune is designed to manage all four cognitive functions, enabling the network administrator to configure the cognitive radio devices, monitor the results of each cognitive function, and make important visualizations of these results. Moreover, a Kitsune prototype was developed and evaluated through an experimental IEEE 802.22 scenario. The result obtained show that Kitsune allows the administrator to achieve a better knowledge about the network and improve the average throughput for each channel.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos de dois tipos de programas de treinamento do equilíbrio e marcha, um baseado no Nintendo Wii Fit® e o outro baseado em exercícios convencionais sem a utilização do videogame, na eficiência da marcha, funções cognitivas e funcionalidade de idosos saudáveis. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico, cego e randomizado realizado no Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional no Laboratório de Aprendizagem Sensório-Motora (LASM) da Universidade de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 32 idosos saudáveis que foram randomizados em grupo experimental (n=16) e grupo controle (n=16). Ambos os grupos realizaram 14 sessões individuais de treinamento, duas vezes na semana por sete semanas. As sessões eram divididas em duas partes: a primeira parte era composta de 30 minutos de exercícios globais que incluíam alongamento e fortalecimento muscular além de mobilidade axial; a segunda parte era composta de 30 minutos de exercícios de equilíbrio e marcha. O grupo experimental realizou os exercícios de equilíbrio e marcha por meio de 10 jogos do vídeogame Nintendo Wii Fit®, que promoviam a estimulação cognitiva e motora por meio da realimentação visual e auditiva. Já o grupo controle realizou os exercícios sem nenhuma estimulação cognitiva associada. As principais medidas do estudo foram: (1) Functional Gait Assessment (FGA); (2) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); (3) Índice do Andar Dinâmico (IAD); (4) Falls Efficacy Scale (FES-I); (5) Teste da marcha de 30 segundos em condição de simples tarefa e dupla tarefa. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da ANOVA de medidas repetidas e pós hoc teste de Tukey para a verificação de possíveis diferenças entre grupos e avaliações, que foram realizadas antes, depois e após 60 dias do término do treinamento. Apenas o grupo experimental apresentou melhora na FGA, MoCA, IAD, FES-I e Teste da marcha 30 segundos em simples e dupla tarefa. Concluiu-se que o treino de equilíbrio e marcha associado ao Nintendo Wii Fit® mostrou-se mais eficiente na melhora da eficiência da marcha, das funções cognitivas e da funcionalidade de idosos saudáveis em comparação ao treinamento convencional / The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two types of balance and gait training programs, one based on Nintendo Wii Fit® and the other based on conventional exercises without the use of video games, in the gait efficiency, cognitive functions and functionality in healthy elderly. This is a blind and randomized clinical trial, conducted at the Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy at the Laboratory for Sensory-Motor Learning (LASM) at the University of São Paulo. The study included 32 healthy elderly individuals who were randomized into an experimental group (n = 16) and control group (n = 16). Both groups underwent 14 sessions of individual training, twice a week for seven weeks. The sessions were divided into two parts: the first part consisted of 30-minute global exercise that included stretching and muscular strengthening exercises as well as axial mobility; the second part consisted of 30 minutes of balance and gait exercises. The experimental group performed balance and gait exercises through 10 Nintendo Wii Fit® video games, which promoted cognitive and motor stimulation through visual and auditory feedback. The control group performed the exercises without any cognitive stimulation associated. The main measures of the study were: (1) Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), (2) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), (3) Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), (4) Falls Efficacy Scale (FES-I); (5) 30-second gait test in simple and dual-task condition. Statistical analysis was performed by repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to check for possible differences among groups and evaluations, which were performed before, after and 60 days after the end of the training. Only the experimental group showed improvement in FGA, MoCA, DGI, FES-I and 30-second gait test in simple and dual-task. It was concluded that balance and gait training associated with Nintendo Wii Fit® was more efficient in improving the gait efficiency, cognitive function and functionality of healthy elderly compared to conventional training

Les personnes civiles traumatisées (ESPT) de la guerre du Congo rapportent de nombreuses intrusions de pensées par des images et des scènes des évènements vécus. Ces intrusions apportent une souffrance clinique importante. Elles font revivre le traumatisme en permanence sans aucun contrôle cognitif ne soit apparemment possible. Dans notre travail de thèse nous soutenons l’idée que ces intrusions sont la conséquence d’une modification profonde des processus cognitif de contrôle chez les personnes civiles traumatisées de la guerre du Congo. Plus particulièrement, nous supposons que le processus susceptible d’être en cause dans l’absence de contrôle sur les images et les pensées serait un déficit du mécanisme d’inhibition cognitive. Afin de mettre nos hypothèse à l’épreuve nous avons construit différentes tâches composées pour chacune d’un matériel à valence « neutre » et d’un matériel à valence « traumatique, négative ». Ces tâches sont reconnues pour mesurer les capacités de contrôle cognitif. Il s’agit de la tâche de Stroop (Stroop, 1935), de la tâche d’Oubli dirigé (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1998), d’un matériel issus du paradigme DRM (Deese, 1959 ; Roediger, & McDermott, 1995) et R/K (Tulving, 1985) et enfin d’une épreuve de glissement de mémoire (Jacoby, 1991 ; Haye, & Jacoby, 1996, 1999 ; Guerdoux, 2009). Ces tâches ont été administrées à une première population de personnes civiles traumatisées de la guerre du Congo en comparaison à une population de personnes du Burkina-Faso non traumatisées. Nos résultats ont invalidé nos hypothèses quant à l’existence d’un déficit d’inhibition notamment en présence d’un matériel verbal émotionnel en lien avec les évènements traumatiques vécus. Les résultats de nos études militent pour un hypercontrôle et une hyperinhibition de tout matériel en lien avec le traumatisme. C’est pourquoi, nous tentons d’expliquer cet hypercontrôle comme le signe d’un refoulement émotionnel tel que défini par Freud (1926) ou bien encore le signe d’une dissociation psychique définie par Janet (1986, 1987). / The traumatized civil persons (PTSD) of the Congo War bring back numerous interventions of thoughts by images and scenes of the lived events. These interventions bring an important clinical suffering. They make relive the trauma permanently without any cognitive control is apparently possible. In our work of thesis we support the idea that these interventions are the consequences of a deep modification of the processes cognitive of control at the civil persons traumatized by the Congo War. More particularly, we suppose that the process susceptible to be involved (to be in question) in the absence of control over the images and the thoughts would be a deficit of the mechanism of cognitive inhibition. To put our hypothesis in the test we built various tasks consisted for each of a material with "neutral" valency and a material with "traumatic, negative" valency. These tasks are recognized to measure the capacities of cognitive control. It is about the task of Stroop (Stroop, 1935), of the task of directed Forgetting (Bjork, Bjork, & Anderson, 1996), of a material stemming of paradigm DRM (Deese, 1959; Roediger, & McDermott, 1995) and R/K (Tulving, 1985) and finally a memory–slip test (Jacoby, 1991; Hay, & Jacoby, 1996, 1999; Guerdoux, 2009). These tasks were administered to a first population of civil persons traumatized by the Congo War in comparison to a population of persons of the Burkina Faso not traumatized. Our results invalidated our hypotheses as for the existence of a deficit of inhibition in particular in the presence of an emotional verbal material in connection with the lived traumatic events. The results of our studies militate for a hypercontrol and a hyperinhibition of any material in connection with the trauma. That is why we try to explain this hypercontrol as the sign of an emotional expulsion such as defined by Freud (1926) or the sign of a psychic dissociation defined by Janet (1986, 1987).

Les dernières années témoignent d'une remarquable accélération dans la compréhension des facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la déficience intellectuelle (DI) et de nombreux gènes responsables ont été identifiés. Néanmoins, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires sous-jacents à la DI sont encore mal connus. Une hypothèse attractive est que les mutations à l’origine de DI affectent la neurogenèse hippocampique adulte (NGA), une forme de plasticité qui joue un rôle crucial dans la mémoire. L'objectif de ce projet est d’entreprendre une analyse comparative de la NGA chez trois modèles murins de pathologies d’origine génétique, menant à une DI sévère, impliquant des gènes localisés sur le chromosome X et participant à différentes voies de signalisation susceptibles de moduler la NGA : le syndrome de Coffin-Lowry (gène rsk2), la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (gène dmd) et une DI liée au gène pak3. Mes recherches actuelles montrent que ces trois modèles présentent des déficits cognitifs dépendants de l’hippocampe, dont des altérations de la fonction de séparation de patterns. Nous avons également mis en évidence des altérations de la NG adulte, avec, entre autres, des altérations du recrutement des jeunes neurones par l’apprentissage qui pourraient contribuer aux déficits cognitifs observés en particulier dans la fonction de séparation de patterns. Toutefois, selon les gènes en cause, les déficits ne sont pas observés dans les mêmes étapes de la NGA ni dans les mêmes situations comportementales. L’ensemble de ces résultats laisse donc suggérer que chacun des gènes étudiés pourrait jouer un rôle différent dans la NGA, mais qu'in fine des altérations de cette forme de plasticité contribuent, au moins en partie, aux déficits cognitifs associés à la DI dans les trois modèles. Ensemble, ces résultats apportent des informations supplémentaires qui seront directement pertinentes pour d’autres pathologies neuro-développementales conduisant à des déficits cognitifs liés à des altérations de la NG, et pourraient ouvrir de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques. / Recent years have shown a remarkable acceleration in the understanding of genetic factors involved in intellectual disability (ID) and many genes responsible have been identified. However, the cellular and molecular underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. An attractive hypothesis is that mutations causing ID may affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis (ANG), a form of plasticity that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. The objective of this project was to undertake a comparative analysis of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in three mouse models of genetic diseases involving genes located on the X chromosome and participating in different signalling pathways that may modulate ANG: the Coffin-Lowry syndrome (rsk2 gene), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd gene) and ID due to mutation of the pak3 gene. My current research shows that these three models present hippocampal dependent cognitive deficits. Among these deficits, major deficits in spatial pattern separation function have been highlighted. We also showed specific alterations of basal ANG, together with alterations in the recruitment of young newborn neurons by learning that could contribute to the observed cognitive deficits, in particular in pattern separation function. However, depending on the genes involved, the deficits are not observed in the same steps of adult NG and in the same behavioural situations. In all, the results suggest that each of the genes plays a different role in ANG, but finally that alterations of this form of plasticity may contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with ID in the three models. Together, these results provide additional information that will be directly relevant to other neurodevelopmental disorders leading to cognitive deficits related to NG alterations, and could open new therapeutic tracks.

The aim of the thesis is to find out clinical usability of tablet application Cognitive for training of memory and attention of patients after stroke, in occupational therapist's view. Occupational therapists train cognitive functions (for instance memory and attention) of patients in various ways. Therapy using modern technologies, particularly tablet, is involved. Whereas in foreign countries tablets are used in occupational therapy in many means, in the Czech Republic their use is still minimal. The theoretical part contains a summary about this area. The application Cognitive, which is currently being developed, might help change the situation in the Czech Republic. Cognitive application contains two games, one for memory and the other one for attention. Is this application usable in occupational therapist's practice, though? Within the practical part, a study has been created, that found out the usability of new application Cognitive in practice with six patients after stroke. Occupational therapist trained memory and attention with them for 3 weeks, every weekday, each for 30 minutes. Data was processed in a form of a case study and using statistical methods. The study has found out that the application has a major drawback in poor variability of game elements, which is necessary for...

Although, it is well established that regular exercise has a positive effect on various domains of cognitive functions, effects of a single session (acute) exercise on cognitive functions of an young adult is under debate. While a numbers of research have found positive associations between acute exercise and cognitive performance, multiple research have found no effect of acute exercise on the cognitive functions. There are also evidences that suggest that acute exercise reduces brain function of healthy young adults. This thesis took on a meta-analytical approach to determine the effect of a single session exercise on the cognitive functions of healthy young adults, and metaregression analyses were performed to identify the moderators that may influence the effect of acute exercise on cognitive functions of healthy young adults. After a comprehensive electronic search 59 experimental studies were found to be eligible for inclusions based on the pre-specified criteria. Results indicated that acute exercise has a small but significant effect on the cognitive functions of healthy young adults. However, larger effects are possible for particular cognitive outcomes (reaction time), when specific exercise parameters are used (5 minutes of exercise duration, moderate intensity exercise), and when specific assessment task is used (visual span board task, and serial subtraction of 7). The overall findings of this study is consistent with previous research. However, more research is needed to get a clear understanding of the acute exercise effect moderators.

Title: The influence of alcohol on memory in the elderly Objectives: To estimate association between alcohol consumption and memory in the elderly above 60 years of age. Methods: The master's thesis is a cross-sectional study. All data were acquired from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project. For the purpose of this research, the participants were divided into four categories according to the highest acquired level of their education. For data analysis, Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferoni's correction for post - hoc analysis were employed. The testing of participants involved immediate and delayed recall of 10 words. Results: In this research, a total of 36 534 participants were used. Out of this, 20 389 were females and 16 145 were males. In most categories, there were statistically significant differences in both tests, surprisingly preferring alcohol consumption (p<0.001). In males, who had problems with alcohol abuse during their life, the results of both tests were significantly worse (p<0.001). Conclusions: Results indicate statistically significant association between memory and alcohol consumption. Keywords: memory, cognitive functions, alcohol consumption, elderly, SHARE

Диссертационное исследование посвящено выявлению эффективности дистанционных занятий по модифицированной системе пилатес и их влиянию на коррекцию когнитивных функций людей пожилого возраста. В ходе исследования была выявлена положительная динамика большинства когнитивных функций. Также была доказана возможность проведения дистанционных занятий по оздоровительной физической культуре с людьми пожилого возраста. / The dissertation research is devoted to the identification of the effectiveness of distance learning on the modified Pilates system and their impact on the correction of cognitive functions of elderly people. The study revealed positive dynamics of most cognitive functions. The possibility of conducting distance classes on health-improving physical culture with elderly people was also proved.

The instrumental enrichment is a worldwide extended method of cognitive functions development, which has been used in the Czech Republic since 2000. Its author, Reuven Feuerstein, is strongly convinced that human being is able to modify oneself and to develop one's abilities. This method is based on elaborated theoretical concepts - especially on the theory of structural cognitive modifiability and mediated learning. This Diploma Thesis brings essentials information about the concepts related to the cognitive modifiability and considers tools of its application. In the qualitative study, we focus on Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment. In the course of ten moths we observed six clients of the DYS-Centrum Praha we attempted to map changes (or their manifestations) which might have appeared during the intervention. We acquired data by the process of observation (participative observation and video-analysis) and via semistructured interviews. We were interested in changes of cognitive functions manifestations, quality of language, quality of autonomous work and ability to process with the information efficiently. We registered changes in each of these areas. Some of them, were notable only during the FIE lessons, others also displayed at home or at school environment. Key words: cognitive...