In this study, coke oven tar addition over a range of 0 – 8 wt.% was evaluated as a possible substitute for imported coals fractions. Coke oven tar used was collected from coke oven tar decanters of the by-products section of the coke making plant. Moisture content in coke oven tar varied depending on the residence time and water carryover from coke oven tar separators to storage tanks. Therefore, various moisture ranges were considered in order to observe its effect on coal blend, carbonization and coke properties. The optimum moisture content in coke oven tar was found to be 3% with a coke oven tar addition of 6 wt.% in the coal blend. At the same coke oven tar addition of 6 wt.% in the coal blend but with 6% moisture content in coke oven tar, coke properties improved, coke yield showed up to 4% decrease. On the other hand, with 1% moisture content in coke oven tar of 6 wt.% in the coal blend, coke yield increased by 1% and low coke properties such as I40 of 42.9 and Stability of 50.3 were achieved. The latter process was characterized by excessive increased in wall pressure and pushing energy. Both wall pressure and pushing energy increase are less desirable due to their detrimental effect on the physical condition of the oven walls. Furthermore, addition of coke oven tar with 1% moisture content to coal blend can be prohibited by its high viscosity. At 3% moisture content in coke oven tar addition of 6 wt.% in the coal blend, coke properties improved. When the amount of coke oven tar was increased to 8 wt.% at the optimum coke oven addition, coke yield was not affected but low CSR of 57.8 against a target of ³60 was achieved as opposed to CSR of 65.4 at 6 wt.%. Also, coke stability of 52.2 at 8 wt.% as opposed to 56.1 at 6 wt.% was achieved. Moreover, the highest I40 of 50.9 was achieved at 6 wt.% whereas with 8 wt.% coke oven tar, I40 of 47.9 was achieved. However, up to 2% decrease in coke yield was observed. Despite this 2% decrease in coke yield, coke oven tar addition is a positive and viable option based upon economic factors (i.e. this reduces the quantity and cost of imported coals and still achieves improved coke quality which result in improved blast furnace operation and better hot metal quality).

Este trabalho apresenta a arquitetura de hardware, software e os resultados da implantação de um sistema automação industrial em ambiente siderúrgico, especificamente nas Baterias de Coque do grupo Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais S/A Usiminas, precisamente na Usina de Cubatão, localizada no município de Cubatão, estado de São Paulo - Brasil. O sistema de automação monitora em tempo real o processo de coqueificação através da obtenção da temperatura na exaustão dos gases do processo de aquecimento do carvão mineral. O objetivo é estabelecer a relação da temperatura dos gases de exaustão, proveniente do aquecimento do carvão mineral versus a determinação do tempo ideal para o respectivo desenfornamento. O ganho de produção gerado pela implantação deste sistema é apresentado ao final deste trabalho. / This work presents the architecture of hardware, software and the results of implantation of a steel industrial automation environment, specifically in the group of Coke Drums Steel Units of Minas Gerais S/A - Usiminas, precisely in Cubatão Plant, located in Cubatão, state of Sao Paulo - Brazil. The automation system monitors the real time coking process by raising the temperature in the exhaust gases of the heating process the coal. The aim is to establish the relationship between the temperatures of the exhaust gases, from the heating coal versus determining the optimal time for the respective furnace charging. The gain in output generated by the deployment of this system is provided at the end of this work.

Este trabalho apresenta a arquitetura de hardware, software e os resultados da implantação de um sistema automação industrial em ambiente siderúrgico, especificamente nas Baterias de Coque do grupo Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais S/A Usiminas, precisamente na Usina de Cubatão, localizada no município de Cubatão, estado de São Paulo - Brasil. O sistema de automação monitora em tempo real o processo de coqueificação através da obtenção da temperatura na exaustão dos gases do processo de aquecimento do carvão mineral. O objetivo é estabelecer a relação da temperatura dos gases de exaustão, proveniente do aquecimento do carvão mineral versus a determinação do tempo ideal para o respectivo desenfornamento. O ganho de produção gerado pela implantação deste sistema é apresentado ao final deste trabalho. / This work presents the architecture of hardware, software and the results of implantation of a steel industrial automation environment, specifically in the group of Coke Drums Steel Units of Minas Gerais S/A - Usiminas, precisely in Cubatão Plant, located in Cubatão, state of Sao Paulo - Brazil. The automation system monitors the real time coking process by raising the temperature in the exhaust gases of the heating process the coal. The aim is to establish the relationship between the temperatures of the exhaust gases, from the heating coal versus determining the optimal time for the respective furnace charging. The gain in output generated by the deployment of this system is provided at the end of this work.

Mémoire (M.Eng.)-- Universite du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Eng.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutmi, 1998. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Calcined coke is a high quality carbon material produced by calcining green petroleum coke. Calcining is the process of heating green petroleum coke in a kiln to remove excess moisture, extract all remaining hydrocarbons, and modify the crystalline structure of the coke into a denser, electrically conductive product. The final product, calcined coke, is primarily used to make carbon anodes for the aluminum industry and recarburizing agent for industries such as the steel industry. If not appropriately controlled, the calcining process could lead to excess production of particulate emissions from either handling or storing of raw coke, or from the stack emissions during the production of calcined coke. Though calcined coke has shown low hazard potential in human populations due to low volatile content, there remains some public health concern regarding the emissions from these facilities. This study is designed to evaluate the emissions of petroleum coke calcining facility and assess the public health concern from the processes engaged in the handling and storage of green coke as well as from the calcining process. The ambient air levels were measured from a calcining facility and compared with the standards promulgated by USEPA. The results showed that pollutant contribution from the facility, measured by monitoring carbon fraction of the emissions, was de-minimis. The current research also studied whether the exposure levels and health risks specified in various epidemiological studies correlate with the standards promulgated by USEPA to protect public health from petrochemical emissions.

Notre travail est consacré à l’étude des matériaux carbonés utilisés comme réducteurs pour la production des alliages de manganèse dans le four électrique à arc immergé. Le choix du réducteur est important pour l’optimisation du procédé métallurgique et sa réactivité au CO2 est le paramètre le plus important utilisé par les producteurs de ferroalliages pour évaluer sa qualité. Les objectifs de notre travail sont : ? d’établir les critères de sélection du coke métallurgique ou réducteur de remplacement, utilisés pour la production des alliages de manganèse dans le four électrique, en utilisant la réactivité au CO2 comme le principal paramètre pour évaluer sa qualité ; ? d’un point de vue plus fondamental, apporter une meilleure compréhension des réactions du carbone dans le réacteur industriel. Dans l’optique d’une modélisation globale du four électrique, notre travail fournit des paramètres cinétiques d’une des réactions les plus importantes du procédé : la réaction de Boudouard. L’étude de la réductibilité des oxydes de manganèse pourrait donc être une nouvelle étape vers la construction d’un modèle global du réacteur industriel. Un troisième volet d’expériences utile à la modélisation serait l’étude de l’influence de la nature et du calibre du réducteur sur la résistivité électrique de la charge. / The main aims of our work have been to establish criteria useful for reductant selection, using coke reactivity to CO2 as the main parameter for reductant quality assessment and, from a fundamental point of view, to develop a better understanding of carbon reactions inside the industrial reactor. Therefore, Boudouard reaction has been studied on three increasing scales: intrinsic chemical reaction, coke lump, and coke bed scales. Several different types of carbonaceous materials have been studied. They represent the variety of reductants commonly used in the production of manganese ferroalloys in the electric furnace. It has been shown that this extended range of reductants introduces large differences between their characteristics, mainly between their reactivity to CO2. Regarding the coke lump gasification kinetics, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model has been used to represent the intrinsic rate of the Boudouard reaction. A good correlation has been found between the initial gasification rates of the coke beds and the single coke lumps. The difference between these rates increases with increasing reductant reactivity. It is possible to determine coke gasification regime inside the industrial electric arc furnace using single particle and coke bed gasification models. The overall rate at which coke reacts with CO2 inside the industrial reactor is probably limited by the intrinsic chemical reaction. Therefore, a reactivity index, based on the initial gasification rate of the reductant, measured in the chemical-kinetics controlled regime, seems to be adapted to the reductant quality assessment. An additional technique could be the microtextural analysis.

L'hydrodésulfuration (HDS) est un procédé majeur du raffinage pétrolier pour enlever le soufre des charges, typiquement avec un catalyseur CoMoS/Al2O3. Pendant un cycle du procédé d'HDS, la désactivation du catalyseur est due à trois causes principales : dépôt de coke, dépôt de métaux et ségrégation de la phase active. L'objectif de ce travail a été l'étude de l'effet du cokage et modifications de la phase active sur la désactivation du catalyseur d'HDS (de type CoMoS/Al2O3) appliqué à l'HDS des gazoles et la recherche des paramètres clés pour l'obtention d'un catalyseur usé comparable à celui issu de raffinerie. Des tests de vieillissement accéléré ont été réalisés avec différentes charges (différentes teneurs en aromatiques), couverture en hydrogène, durée et un pré-traitement de réduction. Après chaque test, les catalyseurs ont été caractérisés en termes de texture (méthodes BET et BJH), coke (Raman, IR, TPO, RPE, ToF-SIMS) et phase active (MET/EDX, XPS, TPR). En termes de texture et coke, une teneur élevée en aromatiques dans la charge et une couverture en hydrogène faible favorisent la formation de coke. Pour augmenter l'organisation du coke par rapport au catalyseur industriel, nous avons proposé un test plus long. En termes de phase active, une longue durée, couverture en hydrogène élevée et une pré-réduction favorisent plus d'hétérogénéité des teneurs en soufre et cobalt de la phase active et la formation d'agglomérats de sulfure de cobalt. La pré-réduction semble être efficace pour simuler l'exposition à des températures élevées pendant un cycle d'HDS, ce qui conduit à la ségrégation de la phase active, une caractéristique d'un catalyseur usé industriellement / Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a major process of petroleum refining for sulphur removal, where CoMoS/Al2O3 is the typical catalyst. During the cycle of a HDS process, deactivation of the catalyst is attributed to three main causes: coke deposition (with loss of pore volume), metals deposition and segregation of the active phase. The aim of this work was to study the effect of coking and active phase changes on the deactivation of the HDS catalyst (of CoMoS/Al2O3 type) applied to the HDS of a diesel feed and find the key operating conditions to obtain a spent catalyst comparable to the industrial one. Accelerated aging tests have been performed with different feedstocks (different amounts of aromatics), hydrogen to oil ratio, duration and a pre-reduction treatment. After each test, catalysts have been characterized in terms of texture (BET and BJH methods), coke (Raman, IR, TPO, EPR, ToF-SIMS) and active phase (TEM/EDX, XPS, TPR). In terms of texture and coke, a high amount of aromatics on the feedstock and low hydrogen to oil ratio favor the formation of coke. In order to increase the organization of graphitic coke, we have proposed a longer test. In terms of active phase, a long duration, high hydrogen to oil ratio and a pre-reduction treatment favor loss of dispersion of sulphur and cobalt contents of the active phase and formation of cobalt sulfide agglomerates. Pre-reduction seems to be an effective treatment to simulate the exposure to high temperatures during a HDS cycle which results in segregation of the active phase, a fingerprint of an industrial spent HDS catalyst

Thesis (MTech(Environmental Health)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / Coke ovens may occur in the aluminium, steel, graphite, electrical, and construction industries. In the work area coke-oven workers may be exposed to various chemical compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as human carcinogen, are primary compounds in coke oven emissions (COEs) generated in the coking process. Coke oven workers are often exposed to PAHs and can lead to a variety of human diseases.The primary routes of potential human exposure to coke oven emissions are inhalation and dermal contact. Occupational exposure may occur during the production of coke from coal, or while using coke to extract metals from their ores to synthesize calcium carbide, or to manufacture graphite and electrodes. Workers at coking plants and coal tar production plants, as well as the residents surrounding these plants, have a high risk of possible exposure to coke oven emissions.It is known that coke production could be carcinogenic to humans (Group-1) by IARC. There has been sufficient epidemiological evidence suggesting an etiological link between carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) exposure and lung cancer risk among coke-oven workers. Lung cancer among coke-oven workers has been classified as one of the eight prescribed occupational cancers in China, and its incidence rate was about 10 times that of the general population. Therefore, lung cancer of coke-oven workers is still a critical issue in the field of prevention and control of occupational cancers in China.This thesis explores the various exposure levels of workers to PAHs at a steel plant in China. The measurement will focus on the exposure difference of personal sampling among workers in selected job classifications given the job descriptions and the coking process. The Benxi Steel Industry in Liaoning province of China (BXSI) was selected as the research location. Liaoning province is in the North of China and the location of various heavy industries in China. The measurements will be done two separate coke ovens in Benxi Steel Industry. One new coke oven was built in the 90's last century (coke oven N) and the other older coke oven was built in the 1940's in last century (coke oven O). In this research, the total number of employees that were selected in the sample for both coke ovens are 64 samples included 54 coke oven exposure workers and 10 non-exposure administrative workers working at the plants.

Sous la forêt boréale albertaine, dans l'Ouest canadien, repose la deuxième plus grande réserve de pétrole mondiale. Son exploitation détruit l'écosystème, en plus de générer de grandes quantités de résidus phytotoxiques, dont les principaux sont le sable résiduel (TS) et le coke. Selon la loi provinciale, avant la fin de l'exploitation, les terres doivent être restituées dans leur état original. Cependant, la réhabilitation des terres demeure un défi significatif compte tenu du volume de résidus qui seront générés par l'industrie pétrolière en Alberta. Les plantes actinorhiziennes sont des végétaux très résistants, qui colonisent souvent des habitats hostiles : dépôts volcaniques, dunes de sable, sols érodés à la suite d'un glissement de terrain, sols contaminés. La plupart de ces milieux sont pauvres en azote, en conséquence, l'établissement de la symbiose avec un actinomycète fixateur d'azote atmosphérique, Frankia spp., leur confère un avantage indéniable. Parmi les plantes actinorhiziennes, l'aulne actinorhizé revêt un intérêt particulier. À maintes reprises, il a prouvé son utilité dans le cadre de diverses pratiques agroforestières ou de réhabilitation de sites contaminés par des métaux lourds, des résidus chimniques et des hydrocarbures. Des 47 espèces d'aulnes distribuées mondialement, 7 sont indigènes du Canada, dont l'aulne rugueux et l'aulne crispé. Puisque ces deux espèces ont déjà été utilisées à grande échelle au Canada pour réhabiliter des terres perturbées, leur emploi dans le cadre de la revégétalisation des sites albertains est pertinent. Ce projet de recherche en microbiologie environnementale avait comme objectif d'évaluer la capacité des aulnes Symbiotiques à coloniser directement les principaux résidus de l'industrie pétrolière albertaine. Il tentait également d'évaluer l'impact qu'auraient ces résidus sur la symbiose de l'aulne crispé et de l'aulne rugueux avec Frankia. L'hypothèse de recherche stipule donc que l'aulne crispé et l'aulne rugueux peuvent croître directement en TS et en coke, et que la symbiose avec la bactérie du genre Frankia améliore le développement des aulnes croissant dans ces résidus. Afin d'investiguer la question, des aulnes crispés et rugueux ont été cultivés en conditions gnotobiotiques, en absence ou en présence de Frankia, dans du TS ou du coke. Par la suite, ils ont été récoltés, et leur développement a été évalué. Que ce soit en présence de TS ou de coke, Frankia a établi la symbiose avec l'aulne crispé et l'aulne rugueux. Cette symbiose a permis aux aulnes de survivre en substrats résiduels et a assuré un meilleur développement de ceux-ci. Dans le cas du coke, une étude terrain a confirmé ces résultats. En conclusion, l'aulne rugueux et l'aulne crispé détiennent les qualités nécessaires pour participer à la revégétalisation des sites perturbés par l'industrie pétrolière albertaine, et la présence de la symbiose actinorhizienne améliore significativement le développement de ces végétaux en présence de stress environnemental.