<p>När en kommersiell hamn byggs ut fordras omfattande muddringsarbete för att säkerställa ett brukligt djup för sjöfart. Då stora delar av muddermassorna ofta är förorenade av tungmetaller och miljögifter krävs särskilt omhändertagande av dessa. Traditionella omhändertagningsalternativ består av att deponera massorna på särskild avsedd plats på land eller tippa till havs, något som inte tillåts för förorenade sediment. En relativt ny metod är stabilisering/solidifiering (S/S) som innebär att muddermassorna behandlas med ett bindemedel för att sedan kunna användas som fyllnadsmaterial i exempelvis kajkonstruktioner. Dessa alternativ behöver noga vägas mot varandra med hänsyn till ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Föreliggande studie undersöker  ventuella brister i de ekonomiska värderingar som genomförts inför  utbyggandet av Oxelösunds hamn. Vidare genomförs en begränsad cost-benefit analys (CBA) för att värdera alternativen utifrån emissionsnivåer till luft och vatten. Resultatet visar att S/S innan nyttiggörande är det samhällsekonomiskt mest attraktiva alternativet.</p> / <p>When a commercial port is expanding its activities there is need for dredging to secure a safe depth for water borne traffic. The sediments are to a large extent contaminated by metals and toxins which calls for certain treatment. Traditionally sediments have either been disposed of at a specific location on land or dumped at sea; the latter is however not permitted by law. A relatively new method is stabilization/solidification (S/S) which means that the sediments are treated using a solidifying agent after which it is possible to use the dredged materials as filling in construction of jetties. These alternatives need to be carefully compared with respect to economical and environmental aspects. This thesis investigates the potential shortcomings of conducted economical evaluations prior to the expansion of Oxelösund port. Further, a limited cost-benefit analysis is conducted to evaluate the alternatives with respect to emissions of contaminants to air and water. The results show that S/S before utilization of the dredged materials is the most attractive alternative from an economical point of view.</p> / STABCON

Kuok, Chiu Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-154). / Abstract and appendix also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Impact of Malignant Diseases and Multiple Myeloma --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Pharmacoeconomics --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Macao Healthcare System --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Study Hypothesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Study Objectives --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Perspective of the Study --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Hematopoietic System --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Specific Blood Cell Lineages and Blood Cells --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bone Marrow Microenvironment --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Hematologic Malignancies --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Leukemia --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Lymphoma --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Plasma Cell Disorders --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Multiple Myeloma --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Pathology --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Clinical Presentation and Disease Complications --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Classification and Diagnostic Criteria --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Disease Staging and Prognosis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Treatment --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.6.1 --- Treatment Regimens and Strategies --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.1 --- Standard Chemotherapy --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.1.1 --- Melphalan-based Regimens --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.1.2 --- VAD-based Regimens --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.1.3 --- High-dose Glucocorticoid Regimens --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.2 --- Treatment Strategies --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.2.1 --- Initial Chemotherapy --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.2.2 --- High-dose Chemotherapy --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.2.3 --- Newer Therapeutic Agents for Multiple Myeloma --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.6.1.2.4 --- Salvage Chemotherapy --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.6.2 --- Treatment Responses --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.6.3 --- Treatment for Disease Complications --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Design --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2 --- Patients Selection Criteria --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- For Retrospective Cost Analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- For Health-related Quality of Life Measurement --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Patient Screening --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Collection --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5 --- Overview of Assessment Methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Outcomes --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Cost Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cost Effectiveness Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Cost Utility Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Health-related Quality of Life Assessment --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.7 --- Ethic approval --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- Study Population --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Cost and Pharmacoeconomic Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Health-related Quality of Life Assessment --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Study Results --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison of All Patients --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Differences in Treatment Protocols --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Differences in Treatment Responses --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Differences in Treatment Outcomes --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Differences in Treatment Costs --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison for Patients Treated by Melphalan-based Regimens and VAD-based Regimens --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Differences in Treatment Responses --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Differences in Treatment Outcomes --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Differences in Treatment Costs --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Melphalan-based Regimens Versus VAD-based Regimens by Patients with Different DS Staging --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Patients in Stage 3-A MM --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Patients in Stage 3-B MM --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Melphalan-based Regimens versus VAD-based Regimens in Patients with Different IS Staging --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Patients in Stage I MM --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Patients in Stage II MM --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Patients in Stage III MM --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Comparison for Patients with and without Transplantation --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Cost-effectiveness Assessment --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Cost-utility Assessment --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Health-related Quality of Life Assessment --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion and Conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of Results --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implication for Treatment --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3 --- Economic Evaluation --- p.129 / Chapter 5.4 --- Health-related Quality of Life --- p.132 / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.134 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion and Implications for Future Studies --- p.135 / Appendix --- p.137 / References --- p.139

När en kommersiell hamn byggs ut fordras omfattande muddringsarbete för att säkerställa ett brukligt djup för sjöfart. Då stora delar av muddermassorna ofta är förorenade av tungmetaller och miljögifter krävs särskilt omhändertagande av dessa. Traditionella omhändertagningsalternativ består av att deponera massorna på särskild avsedd plats på land eller tippa till havs, något som inte tillåts för förorenade sediment. En relativt ny metod är stabilisering/solidifiering (S/S) som innebär att muddermassorna behandlas med ett bindemedel för att sedan kunna användas som fyllnadsmaterial i exempelvis kajkonstruktioner. Dessa alternativ behöver noga vägas mot varandra med hänsyn till ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Föreliggande studie undersöker  ventuella brister i de ekonomiska värderingar som genomförts inför  utbyggandet av Oxelösunds hamn. Vidare genomförs en begränsad cost-benefit analys (CBA) för att värdera alternativen utifrån emissionsnivåer till luft och vatten. Resultatet visar att S/S innan nyttiggörande är det samhällsekonomiskt mest attraktiva alternativet. / When a commercial port is expanding its activities there is need for dredging to secure a safe depth for water borne traffic. The sediments are to a large extent contaminated by metals and toxins which calls for certain treatment. Traditionally sediments have either been disposed of at a specific location on land or dumped at sea; the latter is however not permitted by law. A relatively new method is stabilization/solidification (S/S) which means that the sediments are treated using a solidifying agent after which it is possible to use the dredged materials as filling in construction of jetties. These alternatives need to be carefully compared with respect to economical and environmental aspects. This thesis investigates the potential shortcomings of conducted economical evaluations prior to the expansion of Oxelösund port. Further, a limited cost-benefit analysis is conducted to evaluate the alternatives with respect to emissions of contaminants to air and water. The results show that S/S before utilization of the dredged materials is the most attractive alternative from an economical point of view. / STABCON

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser. ISBN tilldelat efter tryckningen.

Public expenditures are a very important part of public finance. These expenditures are one kind of state interventions. In long term we can observe an increasing trend of public expenditures. Very often, these expenditures are spended inefficiently and uneconomically. To be spend efficiently and economically, it should be obvious to evaluate their effectiveness. But the current situation of this problem in the Czech Republic is not ideal and usually effectiveness is not evaluated. Absence of this evaluation is a big problem of system of public finance. This thesis solves the problem of evaluating effectiveness of the public expenditure programs on the real program, called "Flood prevention". This program is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and itś main aim is to increase the protection against flood in the Czech Republic. The first phase of this program was realized in the years 2002-2007 (the second phase has been realized in the years 2007-2012). This thesis is devoted to the first phase and the main aim is to evaluate this program with an available method. One hypothesis was set: That the program "Flood prevention" was effective and all the targets were realized. In this work I tried to find, if this hypothesis is true or fals.

Public projects are still subject of heated discussions, especially with the respect to their efficiency that is usually not sufficient enough. In spite of existence of many ways how to increase their efficiency, it is readily possible to identify one fundamental criterion which is high-quality information for decision-making. It is important to deliver high-quality information to those who make decision in order to reduce wastage of the public funds on not efficient public projects. All substantial information about effects incurred by project's realization can be offered by the Cost-Benefit analysis. The Cost Benefit analysis should be prepared for each significant public project to prevent from realization of ineffective ones. It is essential to process each Cost-Benefit analysis in required qualitative level for making right decision. Purpose of this thesis is appraisal of usefulness of the Cost-Benefit analysis for specific purposes of the public sector and assessment of indexes used in the Analysis. In the thesis will be introduced public projects, related public sector and evaluation of public projects. Subsequently, the Cost-Benefit analysis itself will be presented as well as steps for processing high-quality Cost-Benefit analysis. The emphasis will be focused at discount rate and its determination, since I consider it as the critical issue of the Cost-Benefit analysis. A practical example of the Cost-Benefit analysis will be presented at the end of this thesis.

The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project in the public sector. Evaluation is based on C&B analysis, which is primarily intended for evaluating investments and interventions in the public sphere. Its aim is to give all the financial impacts of the project, whether positive or negative in order to evaluate the benefits arising from the implementation in relation to financial investments made in the project. The criterion for the success of these projects is not profit, but social benefits arising from them. The higher these benefits are, the greater is the efficiency of investment. The thesis is divided into three parts (excluding introduction and conclusion). The first section explains the important concepts that readers bring to the evaluation of investment efficiency in the public sector. In the second part contains the theoretical basis from which comes out the practical part. In her is then applied method of CBA and determined the final results.

This diploma thesis compares the profits and costs of the prohibition adopted in the Czech Republic during September 2012. The prohibition that lasted two weeks was a reaction of the Czech government on series of intoxication due to the proof of toxic methanol. The thesis detects, based on the comparison of the value of saved lives and costs that the prohibition cause, the effectivity of the government interference on the market oriented economy. The profits of the prohibition are defined as a value of saved lives of people, who would die because of the intoxication if the prohibition would not be adopted. The value of the human life is defined by DALY (disability-adjusted life years), the willingness to pay for prolongation of own life and the amount of potential juridical refunds. The costs of the prohibition are formulated as a value of unsold goods and services. Diploma thesis considers also impact of prohibition on tax collection. We can state that, based on the cost-benefit analysis, the adopted prohibition was economically effective.