The concept of civil society has for so long been complex, elusive and debatable. Time and again it has increasingly dominated both political and academic discourses. For the last two decades, there has been proliferation of civil society organisations especially in developing world whereby the donor community regard them as a universal remedy for underdevelopment and authoritarianism. After failure of several development approaches to do away with poverty, underdevelopment and dictatorial regimes, civil society has been presented as the beacon of freedom, the fountain for the protection of civil rights and of resistance against state repression. It was also regarded as the mobilizing platform of society for the protection and projection of substantive interests, the compelling force for state moderation, the epitome of popular struggles and civil power as well as a centralforce in political and economic reforms. This report presents findings on a study of state-civil society relationship, the case of Uganda. The main objective of this study was to “describe and analyze the reality of civil society in Uganda in relation to the theoretical concept of civil society”, therein comprehending the functions, actors and relationship between state and civil society in Uganda. The study process consisted of a desk study of available documentation on civil society concept.  The main findings indicate that civil society organisations in Uganda are more active in the area of service delivery than policy advocacy. Therefore the bilateral function as service deliverers and policy advocates by civil society is far way from being a reality in Uganda. Findings also indicate that the state is less tolerant and uncomfortable with advocacy CSOs but largely cooperates with CSOs dealing in service delivery. The applicability of civil society concept in Uganda’s context is still far away from being achieved due to the fact that the political environment where civil society operates is constrained by the state. It was also revealed that donor funding is the cornerstone for civil society functioning in Uganda.

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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar as principais especificidades das Organizações da Sociedade Civil e conhecer como essas particularidades (pontos que facilitam ou dificultam) influenciam o desenvolvimento de um planejamento estratégico nessas organizações. Para cumprir os propósitos desta pesquisa, a metodologia estruturou-se na natureza exploratório-descritiva com uma abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de um questionário respondido pela Coordenadora da Casa Ronald McDonald de São Paulo, questionários estes que identificavam a instituição conforme a tabela de classificação internacional de organizações sem fins lucrativos (ICNPO), receita anual, número de colaboradores, nível de importância e influência das especificidades na elaboração do plano, dados sobre o planejamento já existente e o quanto este planejamento contribuiu com a organização (se houve ou não melhorias nos pontos estratégicos trabalhados). Observou-se que o planejamento estratégico no que se refere a empenho dos colaboradores é elevado na instituição, desde que não tenha que disputar o tempo de investimento das estratégias com a operação da organização, neste momento ele ficará em um segundo plano. Os efeitos observados são positivos principalmente nos aspectos de gestão. As especificidades influenciaram de acordo com o nível de maturidade da instituição ou o momento pelo qual ela passou, a Casa Ronald McDonald é uma organização que apresenta muito bom nível de maturidade e vem contribuindo de forma significativa nas ações a que esta destinada. As especificidades mais presentes nessas análises foram classificadas em temas: Gestão do Conhecimento; Formação de Parcerias; Gestão de Projetos; Captação de Recursos; Sustentabilidade; Gestão Financeira; Legitimidade; Recursos Humanos; Gerenciamento do Voluntariado. Em seguida buscou-se compreender, por meio da realização de entrevistas, de que forma as especificidades mais frequentes identificadas na coleta de dados influenciavam facilitando ou dificultando o desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico da instituição. O estudo conclui que as especificidades mais frequentes no desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico variam de acordo com o momento vivido pela organização, o orçamento existente à época do desenvolvimento e dos projetos que a instituição tem para realizar. Na Casa Ronald McDonald em seu primeiro momento, a legitimidade, manter o apoio das instituições mantenedoras e ter uma gestão financeira impecável foram as mais presentes. Na etapa seguinte o foco do planejamento foi influenciado nos aspectos de gestão de Recurso Humanos e do Voluntariado, pois a instituição apresenta um quadro enxuto de funcionários que necessita de um contínuo desenvolvimento técnico e a demanda por voluntários para a realização dos projetos é ininterrupta. Com a expansão de atividades da instituição, a gestão de projetos foi mapeada para o próximo planejamento como especificidade que mais deve ser levada em consideração, pois a estrutura existente é restrita. Entre os achados da pesquisa, destaca-se no desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico da instituição, uma gestão financeira austera, uma tendência de desenvolver projetos com a comunidade local e continuar o processo de formação de novas parcerias. Recomendam-se para estudos futuros, trabalhos que considerem a comparação entre OSCs de diferentes portes dentro do mesmo segmento, possibilitando a verificação de possíveis diferenças. / This study seeks to identify the main specificities of Civil Society Organizations and how such specificities (aspects that facilitate or difficult) affect the strategic planning process within those organizations. The purpose of the research is exploratory, descriptive, with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires answered by the Coordinator of the Ronald McDonald House São Paulo. The questionnaires identified the institution according to the international classification of nonprofit organizations (ICNPO). The matters addressed in the questionnaires included the annual revenue, the number of collaborators, how the identified specificities of nonprofit organizations have influenced the planning process, information on previous planning, and to what extent, if any, the strategic plan implemented contributed to improve any of the institution\'s strategic issues. Collaborators show high willingness to engage in the strategic planning provided that it does not interfere with their daily work; otherwise, the planning process will be put aside. Positive results are attained mostly in respect of management issues. Relevant specificities influenced the planning process according to the institution\'s organizational maturity or due to some specific circumstance. The Ronald McDonald House has a good level of maturity and excellently fulfills its purpose. The main specificities influencing the planning refer to: Knowledge Management, Partnerships; Project Management; Fundraising; Sustainability; Financial Management; Legitimacy; Human Resources; Volunteer Management. Interviews were used to determine how the specificities most referred to during the data collection process influenced (by facilitating or complicating) the development of the institution\'s strategic planning. The study concluded that such specificities vary according to changes in circumstances, projects and budgetary availability at the time of developing the planning documents. The Ronald McDonald House initially focused on Legitimacy, securing financial support from sponsor institutions, and implementing sound financial management. At a subsequent stage, the planning focus was influenced by Human Resources and Volunteer issues, as the institution has an adequate number of employees who need continuous technical training and there is an unending demand for volunteer work for the projects. Upon an increase in the institution\'s activities, the needs of project management have been marked as most important because of the institution\'s limited manpower. A sound financial management, a tendency to develop projects with the local community and to further the process of establishing partnerships stand out from among the key findings of the research. Future studies seeking to compare CSOs of varying size operating within the same segment as the institution are recommended.

This thesis examines the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The relationship between the state and civil society is discussed under the categories of the concepts democratisation, good governance and sustainable development. The nature of the relationship between the state and civil society in Africa is examined to set out parameters for state-civil society debate in Zimbabwe. The discussion of the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe is synthesised into three parts, the post-independence era, the post-1990s and the post-2000. From these discussions it is argued that the relationship between the state and civil society was peaceful in the first decade of independence and this was because the state maintained dominance and control over all sectors of civil society. However, the 1990s saw a collapse of peaceful relations between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The collapse of the peaceful relationship between the state and civil society came as a result of the country’s economic decline and the authoritarian practices in Zimbabwe, which saw the emergence of a confrontational civil society towards the state. In the early 2000s, it is observed that the state became repressive towards civil society through the introduction of repressive laws which include Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIIPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA). For peaceful relations between the state and civil society to exist in a sustainable manner, the state must continuously promote and practice democracy and good governance. In addition, the state should play a pivotal role of enhancing sustainable development in a manner that meets the socio-economic realities of its population. / Thesis (M.A. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This thesis examines the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The relationship between the state and civil society is discussed under the categories of the concepts democratisation, good governance and sustainable development. The nature of the relationship between the state and civil society in Africa is examined to set out parameters for state-civil society debate in Zimbabwe. The discussion of the relationship between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe is synthesised into three parts, the post-independence era, the post-1990s and the post-2000. From these discussions it is argued that the relationship between the state and civil society was peaceful in the first decade of independence and this was because the state maintained dominance and control over all sectors of civil society. However, the 1990s saw a collapse of peaceful relations between the state and civil society in Zimbabwe. The collapse of the peaceful relationship between the state and civil society came as a result of the country’s economic decline and the authoritarian practices in Zimbabwe, which saw the emergence of a confrontational civil society towards the state. In the early 2000s, it is observed that the state became repressive towards civil society through the introduction of repressive laws which include Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIIPA) and the Public Order and Security Act (POSA). For peaceful relations between the state and civil society to exist in a sustainable manner, the state must continuously promote and practice democracy and good governance. In addition, the state should play a pivotal role of enhancing sustainable development in a manner that meets the socio-economic realities of its population. / Thesis (M.A. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar as principais especificidades das Organizações da Sociedade Civil e conhecer como essas particularidades (pontos que facilitam ou dificultam) influenciam o desenvolvimento de um planejamento estratégico nessas organizações. Para cumprir os propósitos desta pesquisa, a metodologia estruturou-se na natureza exploratório-descritiva com uma abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de um questionário respondido pela Coordenadora da Casa Ronald McDonald de São Paulo, questionários estes que identificavam a instituição conforme a tabela de classificação internacional de organizações sem fins lucrativos (ICNPO), receita anual, número de colaboradores, nível de importância e influência das especificidades na elaboração do plano, dados sobre o planejamento já existente e o quanto este planejamento contribuiu com a organização (se houve ou não melhorias nos pontos estratégicos trabalhados). Observou-se que o planejamento estratégico no que se refere a empenho dos colaboradores é elevado na instituição, desde que não tenha que disputar o tempo de investimento das estratégias com a operação da organização, neste momento ele ficará em um segundo plano. Os efeitos observados são positivos principalmente nos aspectos de gestão. As especificidades influenciaram de acordo com o nível de maturidade da instituição ou o momento pelo qual ela passou, a Casa Ronald McDonald é uma organização que apresenta muito bom nível de maturidade e vem contribuindo de forma significativa nas ações a que esta destinada. As especificidades mais presentes nessas análises foram classificadas em temas: Gestão do Conhecimento; Formação de Parcerias; Gestão de Projetos; Captação de Recursos; Sustentabilidade; Gestão Financeira; Legitimidade; Recursos Humanos; Gerenciamento do Voluntariado. Em seguida buscou-se compreender, por meio da realização de entrevistas, de que forma as especificidades mais frequentes identificadas na coleta de dados influenciavam facilitando ou dificultando o desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico da instituição. O estudo conclui que as especificidades mais frequentes no desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico variam de acordo com o momento vivido pela organização, o orçamento existente à época do desenvolvimento e dos projetos que a instituição tem para realizar. Na Casa Ronald McDonald em seu primeiro momento, a legitimidade, manter o apoio das instituições mantenedoras e ter uma gestão financeira impecável foram as mais presentes. Na etapa seguinte o foco do planejamento foi influenciado nos aspectos de gestão de Recurso Humanos e do Voluntariado, pois a instituição apresenta um quadro enxuto de funcionários que necessita de um contínuo desenvolvimento técnico e a demanda por voluntários para a realização dos projetos é ininterrupta. Com a expansão de atividades da instituição, a gestão de projetos foi mapeada para o próximo planejamento como especificidade que mais deve ser levada em consideração, pois a estrutura existente é restrita. Entre os achados da pesquisa, destaca-se no desenvolvimento do planejamento estratégico da instituição, uma gestão financeira austera, uma tendência de desenvolver projetos com a comunidade local e continuar o processo de formação de novas parcerias. Recomendam-se para estudos futuros, trabalhos que considerem a comparação entre OSCs de diferentes portes dentro do mesmo segmento, possibilitando a verificação de possíveis diferenças. / This study seeks to identify the main specificities of Civil Society Organizations and how such specificities (aspects that facilitate or difficult) affect the strategic planning process within those organizations. The purpose of the research is exploratory, descriptive, with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires answered by the Coordinator of the Ronald McDonald House São Paulo. The questionnaires identified the institution according to the international classification of nonprofit organizations (ICNPO). The matters addressed in the questionnaires included the annual revenue, the number of collaborators, how the identified specificities of nonprofit organizations have influenced the planning process, information on previous planning, and to what extent, if any, the strategic plan implemented contributed to improve any of the institution\'s strategic issues. Collaborators show high willingness to engage in the strategic planning provided that it does not interfere with their daily work; otherwise, the planning process will be put aside. Positive results are attained mostly in respect of management issues. Relevant specificities influenced the planning process according to the institution\'s organizational maturity or due to some specific circumstance. The Ronald McDonald House has a good level of maturity and excellently fulfills its purpose. The main specificities influencing the planning refer to: Knowledge Management, Partnerships; Project Management; Fundraising; Sustainability; Financial Management; Legitimacy; Human Resources; Volunteer Management. Interviews were used to determine how the specificities most referred to during the data collection process influenced (by facilitating or complicating) the development of the institution\'s strategic planning. The study concluded that such specificities vary according to changes in circumstances, projects and budgetary availability at the time of developing the planning documents. The Ronald McDonald House initially focused on Legitimacy, securing financial support from sponsor institutions, and implementing sound financial management. At a subsequent stage, the planning focus was influenced by Human Resources and Volunteer issues, as the institution has an adequate number of employees who need continuous technical training and there is an unending demand for volunteer work for the projects. Upon an increase in the institution\'s activities, the needs of project management have been marked as most important because of the institution\'s limited manpower. A sound financial management, a tendency to develop projects with the local community and to further the process of establishing partnerships stand out from among the key findings of the research. Future studies seeking to compare CSOs of varying size operating within the same segment as the institution are recommended.

L’imperméabilisation des surfaces et l’augmentation des débits de pointe sont liés au développement croissant des environnements urbains. Avec cette croissance urbaine, les processus de ruissellement sont largement affectés et représentent un secteur dans lequel des actions doivent être entreprises afin d’assurer à la fois le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement et des ressources en eau. Le ruissellement est fréquemment associé à des pollutions diffuses (Non Point Source) qui ne sont généralement pas prises en compte dans les dispositifs classiques de régulation hydraulique. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’évaluer les performance de dispositifs de filtration sur les micro particules polluantes diffuses issues des chaussées routières et des déversoirs d’orages des réseaux d’assainissement unitaires (Combined Sewer Overflows – CSOs). Le protocole expérimental implique de mesurer, dans un premier temps, la taille et les caractéristiques des particules polluantes diffuses et ensuite, de réaliser une procédure identique à la sortie des installations de filtration et de traitement. Les modifications dans la distribution de la taille des particules et de leurs caractéristiques sont alors analysées. Les quatre principaux dispositifs de filtration disponibles - Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Perlite pour les particules flottantes et Zeolite pour les non flottantes – ont été implanté sur un équipement de test et les résultats comparés. Une modélisation 3D (CFD) a été réalisée afin d’optimiser la conception de la disposition de filtration. / The impermeable area and the peak discharge volume have been consistently increasing due to widening of city development and renewal. Thus, distortion of water cycle has been serious problem compared to the past. When it comes to NPS pollution, lack of information on the load and characteristics of pollutants led to the insufficient reduction measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of filters to control micro particles from non-point sources, especially from road runoff and Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). The study first examined the particle size and characteristics of NPS pollutants, and then analyzed the head loss, treatment efficiency and changes in particle size distribution before and after the treatment using device type facilities. The four most commonly used filters - Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), and Perlite as floatability filtering materials, and Zeolite as non-floatability - were compared. The upward-type filtering equipment was manufactured for the lab experiment, and CFD modeling was conducted to identify optimized design parameters. The results showed that the ratio of micro particles(＜100 ㎛), to which the filtering process can be applied, was highest in samples from the road runoff, followed by one from the bridge, and from the parking lot. The results using road runoff displayed that EPP was most efficient with ratio of 89% to treat SS and COD.

The expert capacity of umbrella NGOs is not adequately addressed in the literature, although it is a key issue. This issue is pointing to the growing demands for accountable and transparent organizations with the expertise needed in the form of professionals who can actively promote the importance and interests of NGOs in a public policy process. Expert capacity is described in this case as the ability to perform analytical work in selected umbrella NGOs which focus on advocating interests and influencing the policy process. The aim of this work is to understand the expert capacity of the umbrella platforms of NGOs in advocating their interests and their influence on policy making and to outline the possibility of more effective cooperation with the state. For this purpose were chosen all-state national umbrella platforms, which defend the interests of organizations throughout the Czech Republic. In the theoretical part, the public policy theories: policy work, policy analytical capacity and evidence-based policy making are presented to facilitate the concept of expert capacities, complemented by the theory of interdependence, which presupposes mutual cooperation between civil society organizations and the state. Second part of the thesis analyzes the policy analytical capacity of two all-round...

Alleviating poverty is central to the Sustainable Development Goals. It is emphasized that strong partnerships are required for achieving this goal. While governments are responsible for reducing the poverty in their countries, the potential of national civil society organisations (CSOs) in solving social problems in the areas they work in allows them to be effective partners in alleviating poverty. Noting that Jordan’s poverty rate Grew between 2010 and 2018. This thesis examines the literature about the multidimensional poverty of the Jordanians and the Syrian refugees in Jordan to access their basic needs of sufficient food and nutrition, water and sanitation, basic healthcare, and basic education. It also analyses the partnership between the Jordanian government and national philanthropic CSOs by interviewing representatives of two Royal CSOs and two non-Royal CSOs that work to help the poor access their needs and improve their income. The study shows that access to basic needs is more challenging for the Syrian refugees than the Jordanian poor in all dimensions, before and during COVID-19. For Jordanians, the income dimension is more challenging than other poverty dimensions, compared with the Syrian refugees. Moreover, the partnership between the national CSOs and the government is not a strategic partnership. National CSOs are the implementers of the partnership’s projects. They are the accountable. They do their own monitoring and evaluation. They do not receive funds from the government. Their communications with the government are not effective for the partnership. Thus, to improve the partnership and facilitate the national CSOs’ work, the study suggests that the partnership’s terms be renegotiated, the communications and interactions are strengthened, and have common and periodic evaluations and monitoring for the different timeframes.

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