This thesis develops a philosophy for management, preservation, and interpretation of Woodlands Farm and Thomas's Wharf in Northampton County on Virginia's Eastern Shore. The U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service methodology for historic properties, including cultural landscapes, is used to complete this study. The National Park Service method includes four interrelated steps: (1) historical research, and (2) inventory and documentation of existing conditions, (3) site analysis and evaluation of significance and integrity, and (4) recommendations for future management. Essential to the future of Woodlands Farm and Thomas's Wharf is continued use of the property while retaining character defining features that make them significant. The most suitable management philosophy for a historic property that allows for protection and maintenance of significant features, as well as future use and development, is Rehabilitation. Thomas's Wharf's significance is derived from fragments of many periods and histories can be read on the landscape; a palimpsest. The U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service evaluates a landscape much as one evaluates a historic building, defining it as a type or from a specific time period. The U.S. Department of the Interior's criteria for significance does not address a landscape, like Thomas's Wharf, as part of the continuum of history. Rather the study of landscapes is limited and the criteria does not acknowledge a site's broader continuum of significance. Landscapes that are records of change and evolution, palimpsests of a people, culture, and place, need to be identified and deemed significant for that quality. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Contemporary novels about Patagonia rely on foundational texts to caricature the region as a sterile, empty, and isolated. This stereotype was the impetus for this study. Through literary texts concerning Patagonia, the author joins the theoretical debate regarding the relationship between marginal and hegemonic cultures. A close analysis of writings on Patagonia reveals that the image of Patagonian space varies considerably depending on the perspective of the narrator, character, or writer. This dissertation analyzes the construction of Patagonian space in six contemporary novels by Chilean and Argentinean writers. It is divided into two sections. The first section discusses novels written about Patagonia by non-Patagonians. These works depend on and repeat the image of Patagonia found in certain foundational texts. The texts analyzed in this section include Patagonia Express, by Luis Seplveda, Final de novela en Patagonia, by Mempo Giardinelli, and La tierra del fuego, by Sylvia Iparraguirre. By contrast, the second part of the dissertation analyzes novels by Patagonian writers. Rather than the familiar stereotypes of Patagonia, these works paint a vibrant picture of the social, economic, cultural, and human realities of Patagonia. The texts of this section include the short stories Caminos y rastrilladas borrosas and Memorias de un carrero patagnico, by Asencio Abeijn and Pap botas altas (a collection of short stories), by David Aracena as well as the novel El corazn a contraluz, by Patricio Manns. The theoretical framework for this dissertation derives from Humanistic Geography an emphasis on the social awareness. Particularly special attention is paid to the ways in which environment shapes human interactions. Within that framework, the use of Cultural Landscape theory serves to illustrate how the social and physical environment shapes the perception of space in Patagonian literature. The ideas of the geographers Edward Soja, Yi-Fu Tuan, Lester Rowntree, Paul Adams, Steven Hoelscher, Karen Till and Edward Casey are used in this dissertation. In addition, the ideas of the literary scholars Arturo Roig, Michael Keith and Steve Pile contributed greatly towards the conclusion that critics must remain constantly aware of how location shapes the perspectives of space and discourses of power.

Abstract I start this project as my master degree project which is the last assignment during my graduate education in Sweden. I own the bachelor degree in industrial design which is the beginning I ponder in a designer’s way. With the accumulation of my knowledge and study, I am willing to attempt different design fields in sustainable perspective, like product design, furniture design, exhibition design and service design. The working and study experiences provide valuable resources for me to recognize self. And the environment in Swedish society also is a school to acquire knowledge and know the world. The project, Lav Förening, was born in these contexts.   The main study fields: Rural depopulation was addressed as a global issues in economical, ecological, socio-political and cultural contexts in sustainability perspectives. The rural economic stagnation can be restore by government policy support. However, the disappearance of cultural landscape would cause irreversible loss. With case studies and fieldwork in Varshult, I define my study field in service design involving lichen study, farm innovation and enterprise framework for re-active rural cultural landscape. It is a proposal, through figuring out local renewable resource (lichen) and integrating stakeholders’ framework, to create an attractive community for rural part-time residents and young active citizens to participate. In order to complete the concept, there are six fields need to be study: depopulation and sustainable rural development, cultural landscape, lichen and essential oil, community agriculture and Boda Glass Factory.   The major findings of my study:  The service in this project is human centered. Through studying Maslow's hierarchy of needs, I analyze the needs of my target group. For the target group in Lav Förening, rural part-time residents and young active citizens, they have a good living conditions and enough spare time for their interests and pursuits. For the organizers and land owners, we are concerning the social phenomenon, rural depopulation, and we devote ourselves to figure out the opportunities to solve the problems and keep the rural cultural landscape alive. We pursue a higher level of psychological, belonging, esteem and self-actualization needs. There are six programs on lichen journey based on the needs study: Varshult visiting & lichen planting, bottles making, lichen collection essential oil extraction & tincture making, handmade workshop and market & exhibition. The proposal will be presented with visualizations and evidences.   The Lav Förening service proposal need to be refined continually. It shows an opportunity to oppose rural depopulation in design field. It is a practice for me to analyze a complicated framework and present it. The design process and report have recorded the development and exploration on my design study.

Esta dissertação busca desenvolver uma etnogeografia sobre a presença dos Galpões no cotidiano de alguns grupos sociais no Vale do Rio Três Forquilhas (Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul), para tanto se aporta em Bonnemaison (2002), como referencial para o entendimento dos acontecimentos na área delimitada, para analisar não somente a arquitetura contemporânea de algumas casas, mas também ressaltar a importância da etnicidade e período das ocupações “não nativas” como vetores dos processos de hibridismo. Para este conceito (hibridismo) serão utilizados textos de Canclini (2006) e Burke (2008). O “Galpão” investigado não é somente o “Galpão gaúcho”, mas também os espaços do habitar, trabalho e lazer de vários grupos étnicos e sociais presentes nesta região (Japoneses, alemães, açorianos, quilombolas e pescadores). Amalgamando-se culturalmente, estes grupos constituem seus territórios domésticos e representações sociais dentro do hibridismo. Os acontecimentos que motivam a ascensão dos diferentes espaços domésticos de representação social, em análise, constroem esta pesquisa; seus vetores, razões e as diversas composições da paisagem cultural (CLAVAL, 2007), como feição praticada do processo geográfico de (re) construção do espaço. / This dissertation aims to develop an ethnogeography about the presence of Galpões on the daily life of some social groups in Três Forquilhas River Valley (North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul). To do so, it is contributed in the formulation of ideas of Bonnemaison (2002) as referential to the understanding of the events in that delimited area in order to analyse not only the contemporary architecture of some houses, but also to highlight the importance of ethnicity and “non native” occupation periods as values of the hybridity process. For the concept of hibridity, Canclini’s (2006) and Burke’s (2008) conception will be used. The investigated “Galpão” is not only the “Galpão Gaúcho”, but also places of habitation, work and leisure of many ethnic and social groups that inhabit that region (japanese, german, azoreans, quilombolas and fishermen). Culturally amalgamating, these groups constitute their domestic territory and social representations inside the hybridity. The events that motivate the rise of distinct domestic spaces of social representation, in analysis, constitute this research; their vectors, reasons and the various compositions of the cultural landscape (CLAVAL, 2007), as practiced feature of the geographical process of (re)construction of spaces.

In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the 'marsh men' who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta. Considering the role of water transport in ancient Egypt we know surprisingly little about the maritime environment along the inland waterways of the Nile Delta. The physical interface between man and river is frequently obscured by the dearth of evidence for Delta waterways and fluvial harbors, and a lack of awareness for ancient hydrological conditions. This thesis provides a preliminary reconstruction of the maritime cultural landscape of one Egyptian city, Thmuis, located in Egypt's eastern Nile Delta during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. It will demonstrate how the inhabitants of Greco-Roman Thmuis perceived, utilized, and interacted with their maritime environment, by incorporating available archaeological, material, geological, and textual evidence from Tell el- Timai (Thmuis). These sources indicate that the Egyptians developed numerous ways to harness the dynamic riverine landscape of the eastern Nile Delta. Methods of irrigation were employed to divert and control the fruitful waters of the flood. Canalization enhanced the connectivity of the Nile Delta when the primary branches of the river were not suitable for sailing. Harbors were specially adapted to the shifting riverine conditions. When physical effort would not suffice, gods and goddesses were invoked to assist in the perils associated with life along the Nile, but also to ensure favorable conditions for navigating the inland waterways and the seas. After three thousand years of interaction with the Nilotic landscape, the Delta people developed a rich and complex relationship with their riverine environment that is evident in the Mendesian ideology, infrastructure, and history.

Eastern Blacksea region has substantial and regional sources with its natural, historic and traditional properties. Contrary to urban settlement, rural areas and settlements have formed in time due to interaction with nature, ethnic cultures and traditional living styles. The village settlements that subject this study have historical and cultural values with architectural buildings in regional character, formed natural tissue and local traditions. Mezras and Yaylas related with village settlements however, provide natural values with diversity of flora, climate and landscape. All these areas that have different status in traditional living style have different values and problems. All the same, these areas that at the present are unoccupied have been degenerating rapidly represent different opportunities and potentials. In this study / characteristic components of a typical Eastern Blacksea rural village settlement are analyzed, values of these components are determined and their conservation problems are identified through a case study in Karacakaya village. In the last chapter solutions are asked for the questions how village settlements take a function upon rural areas in the region scale and how natural, architectural and cultural values are need to be conserved in conservation-use balance.

In collaboration with members of the Comcaac (Seri Indians) community of the central coast of Sonora, Mexico, it has been possible to join oral historical evidence with archaeological, ethnographic, and documentary data towards a better understanding of the Comcaac past and its continuity into the present. Collaborative research creates opportunities for innovative frameworks and methodologies that can integrate diverse historical narratives while responding to Comcaac perspectives and desires. The research approach emphasizes the historical and social context-dependent dialectical nature of material culture and its acquired meaning through social practice. It defines a cultural landscape as an environmental setting that is simultaneously the medium for, and the outcome of, social action. The Comcaac cultural landscape is tied to history, culture, and society, where places localize, commemorate, and transmit traditional knowledge derived from the people's historical memory that is anchored to the land. This study formally, spatially and temporally documented a vast range of social practices that constructed and continues to construct the Comcaac cultural landscape. In tandem with standard archaeological survey techniques, we developed a distinctive methodology for simultaneously recording oral histories and traditions along successive landscape segments. This project improves the discipline of anthropology through methodological advances to build theory that better understands object and people relationships in the past and today. The results not only exemplify a productive collaboration endeavor but also enhance archaeological knowledge of the poorly known Comcaac region.

Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere VI (HOPE VI) is dramatically changing the face of public housing. The HOPE VI program proposes to replace barracks-style and high rise apartments with a new public housing landscape built on the planning principles of New Urbanism: small-scale developments of single family homes and townhouses with front lawns and porches. Academic and governmental analyses of HOPE VI have used economic, political, and social perspectives to analyze this significant financial investment, radical landscape alteration, and change in residents lives. This dissertation analyzes the process of HOPE VI and its attendant landscapes using a critical humanist perspective focused on the human, emotional dimension of public housing policy. By bringing together geography, psychology, sociology, and philosophy literatures on emotion with geographic literatures on critical humanism and the cultural landscape this dissertation shows that specific emotions such as disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment permeate, shape, and direct public housing policy and appearance in different places and across time. More specifically, the dissertation shows that 1) disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment constitute both the political and economic logic essential to HOPE VI and 2) disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment are articulated through and crystallized in reactions to the public housing landscape its aesthetic and social context. The overall contribution of the project is to first, challenge the binaries that often structure academic and governmental analyses of HOPE VI including rational-emotional, outsiders-residents, creation-implementation, and national-local. In challenging these binaries, the project offers an alternative way to think about and understand HOPE VI and housing policy. And second, the dissertation contributes to the methods literature by exploring how to analyze emotion through discourse analysis and how to ask people about emotions.

Esta dissertação busca desenvolver uma etnogeografia sobre a presença dos Galpões no cotidiano de alguns grupos sociais no Vale do Rio Três Forquilhas (Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul), para tanto se aporta em Bonnemaison (2002), como referencial para o entendimento dos acontecimentos na área delimitada, para analisar não somente a arquitetura contemporânea de algumas casas, mas também ressaltar a importância da etnicidade e período das ocupações “não nativas” como vetores dos processos de hibridismo. Para este conceito (hibridismo) serão utilizados textos de Canclini (2006) e Burke (2008). O “Galpão” investigado não é somente o “Galpão gaúcho”, mas também os espaços do habitar, trabalho e lazer de vários grupos étnicos e sociais presentes nesta região (Japoneses, alemães, açorianos, quilombolas e pescadores). Amalgamando-se culturalmente, estes grupos constituem seus territórios domésticos e representações sociais dentro do hibridismo. Os acontecimentos que motivam a ascensão dos diferentes espaços domésticos de representação social, em análise, constroem esta pesquisa; seus vetores, razões e as diversas composições da paisagem cultural (CLAVAL, 2007), como feição praticada do processo geográfico de (re) construção do espaço. / This dissertation aims to develop an ethnogeography about the presence of Galpões on the daily life of some social groups in Três Forquilhas River Valley (North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul). To do so, it is contributed in the formulation of ideas of Bonnemaison (2002) as referential to the understanding of the events in that delimited area in order to analyse not only the contemporary architecture of some houses, but also to highlight the importance of ethnicity and “non native” occupation periods as values of the hybridity process. For the concept of hibridity, Canclini’s (2006) and Burke’s (2008) conception will be used. The investigated “Galpão” is not only the “Galpão Gaúcho”, but also places of habitation, work and leisure of many ethnic and social groups that inhabit that region (japanese, german, azoreans, quilombolas and fishermen). Culturally amalgamating, these groups constitute their domestic territory and social representations inside the hybridity. The events that motivate the rise of distinct domestic spaces of social representation, in analysis, constitute this research; their vectors, reasons and the various compositions of the cultural landscape (CLAVAL, 2007), as practiced feature of the geographical process of (re)construction of spaces.

Esta dissertação busca desenvolver uma etnogeografia sobre a presença dos Galpões no cotidiano de alguns grupos sociais no Vale do Rio Três Forquilhas (Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul), para tanto se aporta em Bonnemaison (2002), como referencial para o entendimento dos acontecimentos na área delimitada, para analisar não somente a arquitetura contemporânea de algumas casas, mas também ressaltar a importância da etnicidade e período das ocupações “não nativas” como vetores dos processos de hibridismo. Para este conceito (hibridismo) serão utilizados textos de Canclini (2006) e Burke (2008). O “Galpão” investigado não é somente o “Galpão gaúcho”, mas também os espaços do habitar, trabalho e lazer de vários grupos étnicos e sociais presentes nesta região (Japoneses, alemães, açorianos, quilombolas e pescadores). Amalgamando-se culturalmente, estes grupos constituem seus territórios domésticos e representações sociais dentro do hibridismo. Os acontecimentos que motivam a ascensão dos diferentes espaços domésticos de representação social, em análise, constroem esta pesquisa; seus vetores, razões e as diversas composições da paisagem cultural (CLAVAL, 2007), como feição praticada do processo geográfico de (re) construção do espaço. / This dissertation aims to develop an ethnogeography about the presence of Galpões on the daily life of some social groups in Três Forquilhas River Valley (North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul). To do so, it is contributed in the formulation of ideas of Bonnemaison (2002) as referential to the understanding of the events in that delimited area in order to analyse not only the contemporary architecture of some houses, but also to highlight the importance of ethnicity and “non native” occupation periods as values of the hybridity process. For the concept of hibridity, Canclini’s (2006) and Burke’s (2008) conception will be used. The investigated “Galpão” is not only the “Galpão Gaúcho”, but also places of habitation, work and leisure of many ethnic and social groups that inhabit that region (japanese, german, azoreans, quilombolas and fishermen). Culturally amalgamating, these groups constitute their domestic territory and social representations inside the hybridity. The events that motivate the rise of distinct domestic spaces of social representation, in analysis, constitute this research; their vectors, reasons and the various compositions of the cultural landscape (CLAVAL, 2007), as practiced feature of the geographical process of (re)construction of spaces.