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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marconato_gm_me_botib.pdf: 1870781 bytes, checksum: 0d621004fea34b8a98aeadc7b29d7d9e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Bioma Floresta Atlântica sofreu com o agressivo desmatamento de sua vegetação devido, principalmente à busca de agricultores por terras ricas em solo e água para desenvolverem suas culturas. A vegetação mais prejudicada foi a mata ciliar que, entre outras funções, exerce proteção das nascentes e cursos d' águas. Sofreram ainda mais as florestas paludosas, com sua vegetação especifica e sensível a qualquer alteração ambiental, já que necessitam de uma área com solo hidricamente saturado para sobreviverem. Estas áreas, também degradadas como a maioria das matas vizinhas aos cursos d'água, apresentam ainda mais dificuldades em serem restauradas, por causa da saturação hídrica do solo. Conseqüentemente estas áreas têm sido freqüentemente abandonadas e isoladas numa tentativa de promover a regeneração natural, o que nem sempre ocorre. Assim, foi desenvolvido um estudo objetivando avaliar quatro métodos de restauração florestal em uma área permanente brejosa no município de Mineiros do Tietê, SP, às margens do Ribeirão São João. Os métodos de plantio testados foram convencional, montículos, rustificação e em época seca, empregando-se seis espécies florestais arbóreas: Callophylum brasiliensis Cambess. (Clusiaceae), Cilharexylon myrianthum Chamo (Verbenaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) e Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae). Após 12 meses houve sobrevivência de grande proporção das mudas plantadas para todas as espécies estudadas. Sangra-d'água apresentou os melhores resultados em praticamente todas as condições avaliadas. Verificou-se que o plantio em montículos foi o que apresentou, em geral, os melhores resultados quanto ao desenvolvimento, para a maior parte das espécies, seguido do plantio sob rustificação e em época de seca, sendo o pior desempenho... / The Brazilian Atlantic Forest Biome has suffered an aggressive deforestation, mainly due to the search for fertile agricultural areas performed by farmers. Therefore many plant and animal species have become locally extinct, with a decrease in quantity and quality of the waters of springs and streams. The riparian forest was the most affected. Among other functions, these forests perform protection of springs and water courses. The swampy forests were the most affected because this vegetation has specific needs in relation to the water amount in the soil and is very sensitive to any environmental changes since they need an area with soil saturated in relation to water to survive. The restoration of these areas is very difficult. As a consequence these areas have often been abandoned or isolated as an attempt to promote natural regeneration, which rarely happens. Thus, a study was made to evaluate four methods of forest restoration in a permanent wetland area in the municipality of Mineiros Tietê, São Paulo State, Southeastem Brazil, along the banks of the São João Creek. Four tillage methods were tested, ie conventional method, mounds method, a hardening method and a tillage method in the dry season. Six forest tree species were employed: Callophylum brasiliensis Cambess. (Clusiaceae), Citharexylon myrianthum Chamo (Verbenaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae). After 12 months there was survival of a large proportion of seedlings planted for ali species. Croton showed the best results in almost ali conditions evaluated. It was found that planting in mounds presented, in general, the best developmental results for most species, followed by planting on hardening and in dry season. The worst method was the conventional tillage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O Bioma Floresta Atlântica sofreu com o agressivo desmatamento de sua vegetação devido, principalmente à busca de agricultores por terras ricas em solo e água para desenvolverem suas culturas. A vegetação mais prejudicada foi a mata ciliar que, entre outras funções, exerce proteção das nascentes e cursos d' águas. Sofreram ainda mais as florestas paludosas, com sua vegetação especifica e sensível a qualquer alteração ambiental, já que necessitam de uma área com solo hidricamente saturado para sobreviverem. Estas áreas, também degradadas como a maioria das matas vizinhas aos cursos d'água, apresentam ainda mais dificuldades em serem restauradas, por causa da saturação hídrica do solo. Conseqüentemente estas áreas têm sido freqüentemente abandonadas e isoladas numa tentativa de promover a regeneração natural, o que nem sempre ocorre. Assim, foi desenvolvido um estudo objetivando avaliar quatro métodos de restauração florestal em uma área permanente brejosa no município de Mineiros do Tietê, SP, às margens do Ribeirão São João. Os métodos de plantio testados foram convencional, montículos, rustificação e em época seca, empregando-se seis espécies florestais arbóreas: Callophylum brasiliensis Cambess. (Clusiaceae), Cilharexylon myrianthum Chamo (Verbenaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) e Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae). Após 12 meses houve sobrevivência de grande proporção das mudas plantadas para todas as espécies estudadas. Sangra-d'água apresentou os melhores resultados em praticamente todas as condições avaliadas. Verificou-se que o plantio em montículos foi o que apresentou, em geral, os melhores resultados quanto ao desenvolvimento, para a maior parte das espécies, seguido do plantio sob rustificação e em época de seca, sendo o pior desempenho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest Biome has suffered an aggressive deforestation, mainly due to the search for fertile agricultural areas performed by farmers. Therefore many plant and animal species have become locally extinct, with a decrease in quantity and quality of the waters of springs and streams. The riparian forest was the most affected. Among other functions, these forests perform protection of springs and water courses. The swampy forests were the most affected because this vegetation has specific needs in relation to the water amount in the soil and is very sensitive to any environmental changes since they need an area with soil saturated in relation to water to survive. The restoration of these areas is very difficult. As a consequence these areas have often been abandoned or isolated as an attempt to promote natural regeneration, which rarely happens. Thus, a study was made to evaluate four methods of forest restoration in a permanent wetland area in the municipality of Mineiros Tietê, São Paulo State, Southeastem Brazil, along the banks of the São João Creek. Four tillage methods were tested, ie conventional method, mounds method, a hardening method and a tillage method in the dry season. Six forest tree species were employed: Callophylum brasiliensis Cambess. (Clusiaceae), Citharexylon myrianthum Chamo (Verbenaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae). After 12 months there was survival of a large proportion of seedlings planted for ali species. Croton showed the best results in almost ali conditions evaluated. It was found that planting in mounds presented, in general, the best developmental results for most species, followed by planting on hardening and in dry season. The worst method was the conventional tillage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rita de Cassia Sindrônia Maimoni-Rodella / Coorientador: Claudia Mira Attanasio / Banca: Sergius Gandolfi / Banca: Maria Teresa Toniatto / Mestre

Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_JoaoPauloSoaresde_M.pdf: 1085430 bytes, checksum: b91b8aa1a5e343fd2e7183340d769a25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A conservação dos recursos naturais é importante dado os inúmeros serviços ecossistêmicos que estes proporcionam, como é o caso do Território Portal da Amazônia, localizado no Norte do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Esta área é classificada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente como de extrema importância biológica e por conseqüência recomendada para ações com o objetivo de conservação da biodiversidade. O Território registra as mais altas taxas de desmatamento na região amazônica em função da principal atividade agrícola, a pecuária, que ocupa mais de 90% da área aberta e que continua a se expandir aceleradamente. Este trabalho procurou responder sobre a viabilidade de aplicação de instrumento econômico, o Pagamento por Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PSE), para o fornecimento de dois serviços, o seqüestro de carbono e a biodiversidade. O emprego da análise multicritério mostrou ser mais indicado para uma proposta de política ambiental para essa área, o estabelecimento de ação combinada de recuperação de matas ciliares com o reflorestamento de áreas degradadas. O link entre esse resultado e os princípios básicos que devem orientar a formulação de PSE permitiu concluir ser possível a implementação de um programa Território / Abstract: The conservation of natural resources is important because of the innumerous ecosystem services that those can provide, as occurs in the Território Portal da Amazônia, located in the North of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This area is classified by the Ministry of the Environment as being of extreme biological importance and consequently recommended for action with the objective of conserving the biodiversity. The territory registers the highest rate of deforestation in the Amazonian area due to the main agricultural activity, livestock, which occupies more than 90% of the agricultural area and continues to expand quickly. This work tried to answer the question about the viability of applying the economical instrument, the Payment for Ecosystems Services (PES), in order to supply two services, the carbon sequestering and biodiversity. The use of the multicriterial analysis appeared to be more appropriate for a proposal of ambiental politics in this area, the establishment of combined action for recovery of cilliary forests with the reforestation of degraded areas. The union between this result and the analysis of the basic principles should orientate the formulation of the PES, permitted to conclude that it is possible to implement such a program in this Territory / Mestrado / Economia do Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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Montane evergreen forests in northern Thailand have been severely fragmented and converted to agricultural lands and other forms of development that affect wildlife. The objectives of this study were to examine patterns and changes in montane evergreen forest patches, and document wildlife responses in terms of species diversity, abundance, and distribution. The study was conducted in Om Koi and Mae Tuen Wildlife Sanctuaries, Chiang Mai and Tak Provinces. LANDSAT TM imagery, aerial photographs, GIS, and the spatial pattern analysis program FRAGSTATS were employed to examine landscape patterns and changes. I found that Om Koi still maintained large patches (>400ha) with connectivity while Mae Tuen was comprised mainly of small isolated patches (<100 ha). Mae Tuen lost 2,640 ha of montane evergreen forest within 50 years compared to 888 ha in Om Koi. Road development and cabbage cultivation in Mae Tuen played a major role in accelerating forest loss. For the wildlife survey, I compared 4 forest patches in Mae Tuen, which are heavily fragmented and disturbed, with another 4 in Om Koi, where human influences are less. I used 1-km transects to survey animals in each patch. For mammals, 156 5 x 1m track recording stations were set up in each location for recording footprints. Over a 9-month period from September 1997 to June 1998 I found 9 species of mammals in Mae Tuen and 19 in Om Koi. I also found 89 species (1,238 detections) of birds in Mae Tuen and 119 (1,192) in Om Koi. Large patches (>400 ha) with connectivity still supported large mammals, primates, and a high diversity of birds. Bird diversities were significantly greater (P = 0.011) in large patches in Om Koi than in the small patches in Mae Tuen. Large frugivorous birds such as hornbills were found in Om Koi but there were none in Mae Tuen. Small patches (<100 ha) in Mae Tuen were still valuable for forest birds and virtually no penetration by clearing birds was found. Track counts gave 886 mammal tracks in Mae Tuen and 2,016 in Om Koi. Om Koi patches still support large mammals such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), tiger (Panthera tigris), Asiatic black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), and sambar (Cervus unicolor) but there were none in Mae Tuen. Three species of primates existed in Om Koi but they were virtually extinct from Mae Tuen. There were traces of a positive relationship between bird and mammal diversities and patch size. The distribution model for elephants suggests that villages in the middle of elephant seasonal migratory paths must be restricted from development and slash-and-burn cultivation to reduce the impact on elephant populations. The small population of bantengs (Bos javanicus) was confined to a small area as revealed by the distribution model. These animals need urgent and effective protection to avoid extirpation. Hunting, burning, and domestic cattle dispersing into the forest are other influences threatening wildlife in the areas. / Graduate

Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. / Forests are being depleted and the land becoming bare, with little to no vegetation in the Etayi constituency and in Namibia at large. People rely on the resources of forests for different reasons. Areas that had trees years back have turned into a desert-like environment due to deforestation. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that the cutting of natural forests has had in the Etayi constituency in the Omusati Region, Namibia. This examination has become necessary because forests in the Omusati region have undergone a rapid depletion over the past years. However, it should be noted that these environmentally degrading activities have contributed to the household income in the form of employment to the indigenous people. Forests has an important role to play in terms of the conservation of biodiversity. They also harbour unique and endemic species that are mainly adapted to extreme ecological conditions. They provide vital benefit to the ecosystem, such as wood for fuel, medicine, fodder for animals and tradable goods, like furniture. Furthermore, forests provide the soil with nutrients and reduce wind velocity, thus controlling wind erosion and the retardation of water and moisture depletion. With increasingly uncertain climatic conditions and their related impact across the continent at large, there is a need for new approaches towards the management of indigenous forests that support and promote land-users’ resilience to climatic variability and change. The role of forests in climate change mitigation is important as it sustains the ecosystem. The maintenance of ecological systems has been acknowledged as one of the most important facets of sustainable development. Subsequently, the involvement of several international and local policies and regulations has been established to ensure that natural resources, such as forests, are sustainably utilised. In rural areas/villages, overdependence on wood for fuel has been identified as one of the biggest threats to the forests. This has led to environmental degradation that includes, among others, deforestation, desertification, the extinction of species and soil erosion. Based on the many issues caused by the over-reliance on wood for fuel, this research sought to investigate the impact of the over-exploitation of natural forests in the environment. Ninety-seven (97) respondents, comprising of 51 females and 46 males, were used in this study. Four (4) villages in the Etayi Constituency were chosen for the study. The study employed a qualitative and quantitative approach, which included the following methods of data collection: questionnaires, observation and interviews with respondents in the Etayi community. A quantitative method enabled the researcher to ask questions such as how many and how often? It helped the researcher further to plot the responses into graphs and diagrams. Government representatives from the Constituency Council and Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry and Traditional Authorities in the four villages were interviewed. The study identified key threats to the forests as a result of high fuelwood collection. These threats include high levels of poverty, overdependence on the forests, a lack of understanding about the importance of forests for the environment, little or a lack of information regarding other alternative sources of energy and the lack of coordination in the management of fuelwood resources. Apart from fuelwood being used as a source of energy for cooking and lighting, the exploitation of local fuelwood has become commercialised to supplement household income. Since there is a lack of coordination in the management of natural resources, fuelwood resources are not being managed at all. A main argument identified by this study is that forest management must be a combined approach by all stakeholders. The roles of traditional leaders in forest management should be made public. The lack of an awareness campaign on the importance of forests, a lack of management coordination as well as poverty, makes it difficult for the forests policies to be implemented and for the traditional authorities to manage the forests efficiently. The study recommends that educational programmes, proper coordination between key stakeholders and awareness campaigns regarding the environmental importance of forests to residents would alleviate deforestation and over-exploitation of forests resources. Additionally, an emphasis on the relationship between traditional and local governance in the management of forests as sources of fuelwood and the physical environment should receive attention.

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Environmental evidence shows that 10,000 years ago North China was primarily a lush deciduous forest. Like many other regions of the planet, this landscape has been dramatically transformed by human activity, yet unusually this mostly occurred long ago under pre-industrial conditions. Fortunately China has a long recorded history of human activity. Complementary environmental evidence helps to extend this record into prehistory, for even prehistoric Chinese substantially altered their environment. The first half of this study examines historical and physical evidence in order to better explain how North China's forests disappeared. Only recently have there been regional scale activities focused on reversing this tragic trend. Despite many claims of successes in afforestation, there are serious shortcomings in the collection of government statistics and known limitations to area-based forest assessments, so it is difficult to say with much confidence what is happening with North China's forests today. Phenological measurements from space-based instruments have been effectively used to characterize vegetation trends. In the second half of this study, MODIS sensor observations for 2000-2009 are collected for five study sites and are used to characterize vegetation change over the past decade, independent of government statistics and area-based estimates. Forests provide tangible benefits to environmental and human well-being. Forest health and growth are critical to addressing global climate change. Much attention has been focused on China's efforts to combat deforestation. A better understanding of North China's forest trends — both past and present — may offer valuable lessons for our environmental future. / Master of Science

In this thesis, I study the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations' (FAO) depiction of West African forests in its Forestry Outlook Study for Africa: Subregional Report, West Africa, which attempts to describe all of West Africa's forests simultaneously. The FAO is a large international development agency that produces agricultural and environmental information for individual states and other international agencies, such as the World Bank. The FAO's forestry studies pander to Western fears of environmental degradation, assumptions of African backwardness, and the assumed "rational" behavior of private investors in a free market by depicting West African forests as rapidly, uniformly, and irreparably degrading due to "irrational" resource management. The FAO presents privatization as a natural goal of international development, and requisite for "rational" land use. Unless private investors are given control of forests, the FAO implies, "irrational" deforestation will destroy West African forests. The FAO has thus incorporated Western fears about the environment into their neoliberal economic agenda. Academics have challenged the FAO's description of West African forests and have found that, in many cases, the FAO's attempts to provide generalizations and recommendations over large regions do not adequately reflect the economic and geographical diversity of the region. Current academic literature challenges the representation of West Africa, and the environmental discourse of international development. I find that even critics of environmental discourse do not adequately challenge the underlying neoliberal assumptions that motivate the FAO. I propose that critics must further distance themselves from the assumptions inherent to international development by incorporating economic philosophy into their critique. / Master of Arts