Luvata Sweden AB, Finspång, tillverkar tunna kopparband till fordons- och elektro-nikindustrin. Koppar har en förmåga att kemiskt reagera med den omgivande luften. Detta orsakar att kopparn missfärgas - det vill säga att metallen får en avvinkade färg. För att undvika att kopparn missfärgas under transport till kund, behandlas banden med ett missfärgningsskydd. Vid enstaka tillfällen fallerar dock detta skydd med missnöjda kunder och reklamationer som följd. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka möjligheten att reducera problemet med missfärgning. Detta har gjorts genom att undersöka möjligheten att dels införa en nyutvecklad kontrollutrustning och dels genom att förbättra produktionsproces-sen. Möjligheten att använda kontrollutrustningen för acceptanskontroll undersöktes grundligt. Parametrar som förekomsten av systematiska och slumpmässiga fel under-söktes. Dessa undersökningar visade att utrustningen inte är lämplig att användas som acceptanskontroll - dels för att utrustningen är svår att använda och ibland ger felaktiga resultat, men framförallt för att produktionsproverna generellt har så dåligt missfärgningsskydd att samtliga prover blir underkända. Möjliga förbättringar av påverkbara parametrar i produktionsprocessen undersöktes. Detta utfördes med ett så kallat flerfaktorförsök (DoE). Undersökningarna visade att det finns parametrar som bör förbättras. Det är emellertid inte möjligt att införa före-slagna förbättringar utan ganska omfattande förändringar i processen. / Luvata Sweden AB, Finspång, manufactures thin copper strips for the auto- and elec-tronics industry. Copper has the ability to react chemically with the surrounding at-mosphere. This will cause the copper to become discolored. To avoid discoloring during transport to customers, a protecting agent is used. In some occasions this protector has failed with dissatisfied costumers and complaints as a result. The aim for this thesis work is to investigate the possibilities to reduce the discolor-ing problem. This has been done by investigating the possibility to introduce a newly developed control equipment and by possible improvements to the production proc-ess. The possibility to use the control equipment for acceptance control was investigated. Parameters such as presence of systematic and random errors were considered. The equipment turned out to be hard to use and occasionally returned faulty readings. The main concern is however that no production sample is good enough to pass the test. It is therefore concluded that this control equipment is not suitable for accep-tance control. Possible improvements to controllable parameters in the production process were investigated. A Design of Experiments (DoE) was used to evaluate these tasks. The DoE indicated possible improvements to some parameters. To introduce the pro-posed improvements, some major alterations of the production process have to be done.

Atualmente o Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) vem sendo largamente utilizado para determinar os fatores de projetos e processos mais significativos afetando uma variável resposta e para estabelecer modelos empíricos entre os fatores, entretanto este método ainda é pouco utilizado e processo de forjamento a quente. O presente trabalho analisa a influência individual e cumulativa de alguns parâmetros controláveis de um processo de forjamento a quente em matriz fechada na força de prensagem necessária para sua realização. Esta análise foi realizada utilizando a técnica de Projeto de Experimentos (DOE). Para a determinação da influência dos parâmetros de processo selecionados na variável resposta do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE), uma série de ensaios variando o lubrificante utilizado, o diâmetro da geratriz e a temperatura de forjamento foram realizados. A variável resposta para o experimento foi definida como a força de prensagem exigida do equipamento para a realização do forjamento. Para este trabalho foi utilizado o material ABNT 4140 fornecido em barras trefiladas de 28,6mm (1.1/8″) posteriormente forjado a quente em matriz fechada. Os resultados mostraram que o fator que mais influencia na força de prensagem para a situação ensaiada é o lubrificante. Os demais fatores, mesmo combinados, não apresentaram uma influência significativa na variável resposta. O presente estudo demonstra que é possível a utilização de técnicas de ajuste e definição de parâmetros de processo de forjamento a quente de maneira confiável e sem a necesside da aplicação dos complexos programas de simulação computacional e os métodos de tentativa e erro ainda presentes na indústria. Finalmente este trabalho reforça a versatilidade do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) ainda pouco aplicado em processos de forjamento. / Nowadays the Design of Experiments (DOE) has been widely used to determine the most significant project and process factors affecting a response variable and to establish empirical models among the factors, although this method is still little used and the process of hot forging. This work analyzes the individual and cumulative influence of some controllable parameters in a closed die hot forging process in the pressing force required for its realization. This analysis was performed using a Design of Experiments (DOE) method. To determine the influence of variable factors selected in response Design of Experiments (DOE), a several tests varying the lubricant, the diameter of the billet and the forging temperature was performed. The response variable for the experiment was defined as pressing force. For this study, it was used the ABNT 4140 steel provided in drawn bars of 28,6mm (1 1/8 ″). The fator that had more influence over the pressing force was the lubricant. Other factors, whether or not combined, did not show a significant influence on the response variable. This study demonstrates that it is possible use techniques to set hot forging process parameters reliably and without necesside the application of complex computer simulation programs or the trial and error system. Finally, this work reinforces the versatility of Design of Experiments (DOE) wich is still little used in forging processes.

Genom att använda statistiska verktyg kan en ökad förståelse av industriella processer och produkter skapas. En kraftfull metod som kan användas inom processoptimering är Försöksplanering. Trots att industrin behöver denna teknik, används försöksplanering inte tillräckligt. En tidigare studie i Sverige visar att brist på kunskap och kompetens är två av orsakerna till denna låga användningsfrekvens av Försöksplanering inom industrin. DMAIC är en metod som används i Sex Sigma projekt för att omvandla ett komplext problem till ett mer hanterbart. Examensarbetets syfte är att illustrera hur Försöksplanering tillsammans med DMAIC kan användas inom en tillverkande industri för att nå ökad förståelse kring en laserskärningsprocess i tjock metallplåt. Examensarbetet har genomförts som en fallstudie på företaget Gestamp HardTech. Företaget tillverkar produkter till bilindustrin och använder sig av fiberlaser för att bearbeta metallplåtar i sina tillverkningsprocesser. Laserskärning av tjocka produkter i höghållfast stål har stora variationer, vilket resulterar i en process med bristande kvalitet. Orsakerna till variationerna i laserskärning är i stort sätt kopplad till en mängd varierande faktorer som ingår i skärprocessen. Vilka faktorer som påverkar variationen mest är okända. Därför har försöksplanering använts för att kunna identifiera de faktorer som har störst påverkan på processens kvalitet. För att underlätta tillämpningen av verktyget Försöksplanering har problemlösningsmetodiken DMAIC använts. Under Define-fasen identifierades en mängd kvalitetsproblem för laserskärning av tjocka metallplåtar varav fyra kvalitetsproblem studerades. Dessa problem var: Sprutmängd på tipp, Slagghjöd, Grovhet på skärytan och Frammatningsstopp. Under Measure-fasen valdes fyra försöksfaktorer: Hastighet, Effekt, Gastryck och Dysavstånd. Ett tvånivåers-faktorförsök med design 24-1 och två replikat och fyra centrumpunkter genomfördes. Under Analyse-fasen har försöksresultatet analyserats och det visade att faktorerna Hastighet, Gastryck och Dysavstånd påverkar Sprutmängd på tipp, Slagghöjd och Grovhet vid position 3. Frammatningsstopp påverkas av Dysavstånd och Grovhet vid position 2 påverkas av Hastighet och Effekt. I enlighet med de sista två faserna av DMAIC har även ett verifieringsexperiment genomförts och potentiella lösningar till problemen ovan har framtagits. / <p></p><p></p>

The doctoral thesis is concerned with the services sector and the area of mass production. Particularly, the optimization of the product portfolio of the travel agency and the optimization of production rounds of ammunition. The theoretical part deals with the current overview of discussed topic. Further, the terminology and methods of the decision-making process are defined to support decision making. The theoretical basis of research focused on the choice of appropriate input variables in the area of services, and on the choice of a particular material option in the production area and appropriate equipment for the production. The theoretical part forms the basis for the practical part of the thesis. For the doctoral thesis was chosen an enterprise operating in the defined sector. Product portfolio for the services sector is optimised using Fuzzy logic and Fuzzy sets so that the enterprise can maintain its competitiveness in todays highly ambitious market. Product portfolio for manufacture is optimised for achieving desired properties of the product. The main aim of the thesis is to propose a new methodological approach for the management of selected business processes in their nonstationary time course. The aim of the practical implementation is to verify the functionality of the proposed methodological approach, both in the area of services and in the field of mass production.

Submitted by Regina Correa (rehecorrea@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T14:10:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMK.pdf: 5392667 bytes, checksum: c586a3d8d82878ee965ad9efb035d228 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:04:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMK.pdf: 5392667 bytes, checksum: c586a3d8d82878ee965ad9efb035d228 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:04:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMK.pdf: 5392667 bytes, checksum: c586a3d8d82878ee965ad9efb035d228 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:05:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMK.pdf: 5392667 bytes, checksum: c586a3d8d82878ee965ad9efb035d228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / Não recebi financiamento / Both, average linear shrinkage and dimensional variation behavior for injection-molded components influence its final application performance, hence the project overall quality and profit [1]. The use of simulation software for estimating dimensional variation is still incipient due to some factors such as lack of proficient users, code simplifications and lack of raw material proper characterization. On the Brazilian context, this third item is particularly critical, once the coefficients for warpage results improvement for the main commercial code available on the market, Autodesk Moldflow Insight (AMI); requires a very specific characterization named ‘corrected residual in-mold stress’ (CRIMS), just generated by the software developers in a quite complex and low cost-benefit process for national resin suppliers. The present work used computational experimentation based on commercial code AMI 2013 aiming both: to generate CRIMS coefficients from correlation studies involving optimization algorithm, based on Cellere and Luchetta work [2]; and to perform a case study proposing a method that make use of optimization algorithm and Monte Carlo Simulation in order to drive both, design and process decisions; in the end providing a estimative of the dimensional variation behavior on early design and mold development phases. The results level of error obtained with the CRIMS coefficients generated on this work is close to the results generated from coefficients generated by the supplier for the same material (confidential data) that represents the state-of-the-art of correction coefficients generation; confirming the potential for the method showed in this work. The adaptable nature of the method described on Cellere and Lucchetta paper [2] was maintained. / Contração média e comportamento de variação dimensional de componentes injetados influenciam o desempenho final de um projeto mecânico e portanto seu nível de qualidade e rentabilidade [1]. O uso de softwares de simulação para estimativa de variação dimensional ainda é incipiente devido a vários fatores, como carência de analistas proficientes, simplificações no algoritmo e falta de caracterização adequada de matérias-primas. No contexto brasileiro, o terceiro item é particularmente crítico, uma vez que os coeficientes para melhorar a previsão do principal código comercial disponível no mercado, Autodesk Moldflow Insight (AMI); requer caracterização específica chamada corrected residual in-mold stress (CRIMS), realizada unicamente pelo fornecedor do software, num processo relativamente complexo e de baixo custobenefício para os fornecedores de resina nacionais. O presente trabalho utilizou de experimentos computacionais a partir do código comercial AMI 2013 com dois objetivos: gerar coeficientes CRIMS a partir de estudos de correlação envolvendo algoritmo de otimização, baseando-se no trabalho de Cellere e Lucchetta [2]; realizar estudo de caso onde se propõe método que faz uso de algoritmo de otimização e simulação de Monte Carlo para auxiliar na tomada de decisão de ambos, parâmetros de projeto e processo, por fim fornecendo estimativa do comportamento de variação dimensional em etapas iniciais de projetos mecânicos e de moldes. O nível de erro nos resultados obtidos com os coeficientes CRIMS gerados nesse trabalho aproximase significativamente dos resultados gerados a partir dos coeficientes de correção gerados pelo fornecedor para o mesmo material e que representa o estado-da-arte para geração dos coeficientes de correção, confirmando o potencial de aplicação do método apresentado nessa dissertação. Foi mantido o caráter adaptável descrito no artigo de Cellere e Lucchetta [2].

Atualmente o Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) vem sendo largamente utilizado para determinar os fatores de projetos e processos mais significativos afetando uma variável resposta e para estabelecer modelos empíricos entre os fatores, entretanto este método ainda é pouco utilizado e processo de forjamento a quente. O presente trabalho analisa a influência individual e cumulativa de alguns parâmetros controláveis de um processo de forjamento a quente em matriz fechada na força de prensagem necessária para sua realização. Esta análise foi realizada utilizando a técnica de Projeto de Experimentos (DOE). Para a determinação da influência dos parâmetros de processo selecionados na variável resposta do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE), uma série de ensaios variando o lubrificante utilizado, o diâmetro da geratriz e a temperatura de forjamento foram realizados. A variável resposta para o experimento foi definida como a força de prensagem exigida do equipamento para a realização do forjamento. Para este trabalho foi utilizado o material ABNT 4140 fornecido em barras trefiladas de 28,6mm (1.1/8″) posteriormente forjado a quente em matriz fechada. Os resultados mostraram que o fator que mais influencia na força de prensagem para a situação ensaiada é o lubrificante. Os demais fatores, mesmo combinados, não apresentaram uma influência significativa na variável resposta. O presente estudo demonstra que é possível a utilização de técnicas de ajuste e definição de parâmetros de processo de forjamento a quente de maneira confiável e sem a necesside da aplicação dos complexos programas de simulação computacional e os métodos de tentativa e erro ainda presentes na indústria. Finalmente este trabalho reforça a versatilidade do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) ainda pouco aplicado em processos de forjamento. / Nowadays the Design of Experiments (DOE) has been widely used to determine the most significant project and process factors affecting a response variable and to establish empirical models among the factors, although this method is still little used and the process of hot forging. This work analyzes the individual and cumulative influence of some controllable parameters in a closed die hot forging process in the pressing force required for its realization. This analysis was performed using a Design of Experiments (DOE) method. To determine the influence of variable factors selected in response Design of Experiments (DOE), a several tests varying the lubricant, the diameter of the billet and the forging temperature was performed. The response variable for the experiment was defined as pressing force. For this study, it was used the ABNT 4140 steel provided in drawn bars of 28,6mm (1 1/8 ″). The fator that had more influence over the pressing force was the lubricant. Other factors, whether or not combined, did not show a significant influence on the response variable. This study demonstrates that it is possible use techniques to set hot forging process parameters reliably and without necesside the application of complex computer simulation programs or the trial and error system. Finally, this work reinforces the versatility of Design of Experiments (DOE) wich is still little used in forging processes.

Plectranthus amboinicus is a herb that was found to have a lot of bioactive compounds, most of them are polyfenolic compounds. Extraction is neccesary to obtain bioactive compounds and to use them subsequently in food or cosmetic industry. Three methods of extraxtion – maceraction, PHWE and PFE, were used in this study. The best yield of extracted polyfenols was observed by maceration. Maceration was, in the next step, optimized using mathematical statistical method of planned experiment (DOE). The optimal conditions found for extraction were: temperature 60 °C, solvent 40% ethanol, time 90 minutes, solid-solvent ratio 1:10. Total phenolic compunds content in this extract was 0,18 ± 0,05 mgGAE·ml-1, which means 1,83 ± 0,53 mgGAE·g-1 of plant. The antioxidant activity was 148,69 ± 26,92 gTEACml-1. Percentage of radical scavenging activity ABTS•+ was 30,03 ± 5,44 %. Further, 27 of volatile aroma compounds were identified in optimal extract, the most important were: -selinene (16,67 %), trans--bergamotene (14,22 %), caryophyllene (14,11 %), 3-carene (8,22 %), -copaene (7,55 %), -terpinene (6,28 %), humulene (5,87 %), cadina-1(10)-4-diene (5,19 %).

This master´s thesis is aimed at the strategy and implementation of DOE (planned experiment) and QFD (quality function deployment) in business. There are described about these methods. It deals with their use for a given problem. The last section provides a possible procedure in the enterprise.

During cooperation with the Bender Robotics company a need for operational safety assessment of an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) emerged. Operational safety evaluation is a step towards mass production of the studied robot. Market entry of a product requires a string of various actions and safety assessment is one of them. For risk identification and severity rating were used legal requirements, best practice given by standards, FMEA method, experiment and RIPRAN method. Threats, possible scenarios and risks analysis is systematically discussed through all areas of operation of the robot, from design and construction to control software. All the steps are described in logical order. Starting with information research, going on with series of analysis and ending with suggestions for increased operational safety of autonomous mobile robots.

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is a promising route for converting abundant natural gas resources into more useful chemicals like paraffins and olefins (primarily C2). However, to date, there is no current OCM production plant due to low overall conversion and selectivity to the desired product(s). In this work, different operating factors are studied experimentally and through simulation with respect mainly to three responses: CH4 conversion, C2 main product selectivity, and COx side product selectivity. The aim is to identify the best operating condition for maximum ethylene production combined with COx production. Design of experiments (DoE) method was used to analyze the experimental results by applying the full factorial approach. Simulation results were studied by finding the correlation strength between input factors and responses. It was found that the performance of an OCM reactor could be greatly improved under optimal operating conditions. Operating temperature and CH4/O2 ratio have the highest influence while catalyst weight and flow rate have the lowest influence on the OCM responses and mainly depend on rector dimensions.